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Reference


Dr. Michael Izady

All infographs, maps and their accompanying texts, statistics and data that are hosted by this Gulf/2000 web site are original, authored and produced by Dr. Michael Izady for theAtlas of the Islamic World and Vicinity (New York, Columbia University, Gulf 2000 Project: 2006-present).. He retains exclusive copyright to them all. They are frequently upgraded by him as well as the new ones being posted.



These infographs and maps may be used for personal use by noting the origin as Dr. Izady (as the author) and Gulf/2000 (as the host). For publication or any other public and commercial usage, please contact him to obtain the relevant and required licenses atIzadyM@Yahoo.com orIzady@RiskReductionStrategies.org.

Methodology: This Atlas collection is largely infographic not cartographic. An infograph is a unique and original production based on textual, statistical, and/or monographic raw data. To create it, the raw data is processed, altering them if need be based on other trustworthy information (personal or anthropological observations), before plotting the outcome into a graphic. Infographs are appended by one or more articles, explaining the methodology, the math and the process of decision making. New statistics and the resultant pie- and/or bar charts are also appended. The entire product is then completed by a list of bibliography of the consulted material for the creation of the given infograph.

Conversely, a cartograph/map is just a visual work, often borrowing or even copying piecemeal the works already in existence. If including anything new, a map does not explain the what or the how: in short, maps are often generic just visual entities.







  1. Lower Persian Gulf, Political (detailed)Small |Large
  2. US Military Bases and Facilities in the Middle East and Vicinity, mid. 2024Small |Large
  3. Ancient Persian Gulf and its Extent into Iran, Iraq and KuwaitSmall |Large
  4. Arrival of the Indo-European Peoples into the Middle East: the Early PhaseSmall |Large

  • Section A, Ethnicity:

    1. Afghanistan, Ethnic Groups (detailed)Small |Large
    2. Afghanistan, Ethnic Groups (summary)Small |Large
    3. Baghdad, Iraq, Ethnic composition in 1940Small |Large
    4. Baghdad, Iraq, Ethnic composition in 2003Small |Large
    5. Baghdad, Iraq, Ethnic composition in 2006Small |Large
    6. Baghdad, Iraq, Ethnic composition in early 2007Small |Large
    7. Baghdad, Iraq, Ethnic composition in late 2007Small |Large
    8. Baghdad, Iraq, Ethnic composition by the end of 2009Small |Large
    9. Baghdad, Iraq, Ethnic composition in 2015Small |Large
    10. Baghdad, Iraq, Ethnic composition in 2020Small |Large
    11. Baghdad Ethnic Changes and Resource ComparisonSmall |Large
    12. Baluch Ethnic Distribution in Southwest AsiaSmall |Large
    13. Caucasus and Vicinity, Ethno-Linguistic GroupsSmall |Large
    14. Caucasus, Ethno-Linguistic Makeup (summary)Small |Large
    15. Caucasus, Ethno-Linguistic Makeup (detailed)Small |Large
    16. Central Asia and Vicinity, EthnicitySmall |Large
    17. Central Asia Ethnic composition of Core (summary)Small |Large
    18. Central Asia Ethnic composition of Core (detailed)Small |Large
    19. Central Iraq, Ethnic Composition in 2003 (summary)Small |Large
    20. Central Iraq Ethnic Makeup in 2015 (summary)Small |Large
    21. Central Iraq Ethnic Makeup in 2020 (summary)Small |Large
    22. Central Iraq Ethno-Religious Makeup and Group Divisions in AD 2020 (detailed)Small |Large
    23. Golan Heights and Vicinity: Ethnoreligious Composition in AD 2020 (detailed)Small |Large
    24. Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, Palestine), Ethnic Composition and Group Divisions (detailed)Small |Large
    25. Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, Palestine), Ethnic Composition and Group Divisions (summary)Small |Large
    26. Iran, Ethnic Composition (summary)Small |Large
    27. Iraq, Ethnic Groups, 2000 (summary)Small |Large
    28. Iraq, Ethnic Groups, 2015 (summary)Small |Large
    29. Iraq, Ethnic Groups, 2015 (detailed)Small |Large
    30. Iraq Ethnic Shift, 1947-2017Small |Large
    31. Iraq Group Divisions, 2020 (summary)Small |Large
    32. Iraq, Nineveh Plain and Vicinity, Ethno-Religious composition in 2010 (detailed)Small |Large
    33. Iraq Turkoman population (detailed)Small |Large
    34. Jerusalem Metropolitan Area: Ethno-Religious Composition, AD 2020Small |Large
    35. Jordan, Ethnic Composition (summary)Small |Large
    36. Kirkuk Ethnic Makeup: City and Environs in 2014Small |Large
    37. Kurds in the Middle East and VicinitySmall |Large
    38. Lebanon Ethnic Composition (detailed)Small |Large
    39. Lebanon Ethnic Composition (summary)Small |Large
    40. Levant (al-Shaam) - Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan Ethnic Composition in 2010 summary)Small |Large
    41. Levant (al-Shaam) - Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan Ethnic Composition in 2010 (detailed)Small |Large
    42. Libya: Ethnic and Tribal Composition--Tripolitania SectorSmall |Large
    43. Middle East, Ethnic GroupsSmall |Large
    44. Mosul, Ethnic makeup of the city and environ in 2010Small |Large
    45. Mosul Metro Area and Environs: Ethnic Composition 2010Small |Large
    46. Nagorno-Karabakh and Vicinity, Ethnic Composition in 1990 and 2020Small |Large
    47. Nigeria, Ethnic composition (detailed)Small |Large
    48. Pakistan, Ethnic groupsSmall |Large
    49. Persian Gulf, Ethnic GroupsSmall |Large
    50. South Sudan, Ethnic SubdivisionsSmall |Large
    51. Southwest Arabia, The Yemen, Najran, Asir and Jazan: Ethno-Religious Makeup (detailed)Small |Large
    52. Sudan (north), Ethnic SubdivisionsSmall |Large
    53. Sudan (formerly united), Ethnic SubdivisionsSmall |Large
    54. Syria Ethnic Composition in 2010 (detailed)Small |Large
    55. Syria Ethnic Composition in 2010 (summary)Small |Large
    56. Syria Ethnic Shift, 2010-2018Small |Large
    57. Syria, Group DivisionsSmall |Large
    58. Greater Syria: Ethnic Composition in 1935Small |Large
    59. Turkic Peoples of Middle East and VicinitySmall |Large
    60. Ukrainians and Russians in Caspian-Black Sea basinSmall |Large
    61. Yemen, Ethnic and Religious Composition (detailed)Small |Large
    62. Yemen, Ethnic and Religious Composition (summary)Small |Large

  • Section B, Cultural and Historical Zones:

    1. Afghanistan Cultural and Historical ZonesSmall |Large
    2. Arabia: Cultural-Historical ZonesSmall |Large
    3. Iran Cultural and Historical ZonesSmall |Large
    4. Iraq Cultural and Historical ZonesSmall |Large
    5. Kurdistan Cultural-Geographical Subdivision (summary)Small |Large
    6. Libya: Cultural and Historical ZonesSmall |Large
    7. Middle East Cultural and Historical ZonesSmall |Large
    8. Persian Gulf Cultural and Historical DomainSmall |Large
    9. Syria Cultural and Historical ZonesSmall |Large
    10. Yemen Cultural and Historical ZonesSmall |Large

  • Section C, Languages:

    1. Afghanistan, Languages (detailed)Small |Large
    2. Afghanistan, Languages (summary)Small |Large
    3. Caucasus and Vicinity, Ethno-Linguistic GroupsSmall |Large
    4. Caucasus, Ethno-Linguistic Makeup (summary)Small |Large
    5. Caucasus, Ethno-Linguistic Makeup (detailed)Small |Large
    6. Caucasus, Linguistic GroupingSmall |Large
    7. Central Asia, Languages (summary)Small |Large
    8. Central Asia and Vicinity, LanguagesSmall |Large
    9. Greater Middle East, Official State LanguagesSmall |Large
    10. Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, Palestine), Languages (detailed)Small |Large
    11. Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, Palestine), Languages (summary)Small |Large
    12. Iran Languages (detailed)Small |Large
    13. Iran, Languages in 2000Small |Large
    14. Iran, Languages in 2014Small |Large
    15. Iranian/Iranic Family of Languages (Summary)Small |Large
    16. Iraq, Languages (summary)Small |Large
    17. Islamic World, Primary LanguagesSmall |Large
    18. Jordan, Linguistic Composition (summary)Small |Large
    19. Kurdish Language and its Dialects: DistributionSmall |Large
    20. Levant (al-Shaam) - Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan Linguisitc Composition in 2010 summary)Small |Large
    21. Levant (al-Shaam) - Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan Linguisitc Composition in 2010 (detailed)Small |Large
    22. Middle East, LanguagesSmall |Large
    23. Middle East Language FamiliesSmall |Large
    24. North Africa, LanguagesSmall |Large
    25. Pakistan, LanguagesSmall |Large
    26. Persian Gulf, LanguagesSmall |Large
    27. Persian Language Distribution (summary)Small |Large
    28. South Sudan, LanguagesSmall |Large
    29. Sudan (North), LanguagesSmall |Large
    30. Sudan (formerly united), LanguagesSmall |Large
    31. Syria Linguistic Composition in 2010 (detailed)Small |Large
    32. Syria Linguistic Composition in 2010 (summary)Small |Large
    33. Turkic Languages of Middle East and VicinitySmall |Large
    34. Yemen, Languages (detailed)Small |Large

  • Section D, Religion:

    1. Afghanistan Religions (detailed)Small |Large
    2. Afghanistan Religions (summary)Small |Large
    3. Caucasus Religious CompositionSmall |Large
    4. Caucasus and Vicinity: Religious DiversitySmall |Large
    5. Central Asia Religious CompositionSmall |Large
    6. Central Asia and Vicinity Religious CompositionSmall |Large
    7. Central Iraq: Changes in Ethno-Religious Composition, 2017Small |Large
    8. Christian Population of Middle East in 1914Small |Large
    9. Christian Population of Middle East in 2014Small |Large
    10. Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, Palestine), Religions (detailed)Small |Large
    11. Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, Palestine), Religions (summary)Small |Large
    12. Iran Religions (summary)Small |Large
    13. Iraq Religions in 2000 (summary)Small |Large
    14. Iraq Religions in 2015 (summary)Small |Large
    15. Islam Branches and DenominationsSmall |Large
    16. Islam's Branches and Denominations in the Middle EastSmall |Large
    17. Islam, Denominations, sects and divisions of ShiismSmall |Large
    18. Islam, Sunni DenominationsSmall |Large
    19. Islamic World Branches and Primary DivisionsSmall |Large
    20. Islamic WorldSmall |Large
    21. Jordan, Religious Composition (summary)Small |Large
    22. Kurdistan Religious MakeupSmall |Large
    23. Lebanon, Ethno-Religious Composition in 1935Small |Large
    24. Lebanon Religious Composition (detailed)Small |Large
    25. Lebanon Religious Composition (summary)Small |Large
    26. Levant (al-Shaam) - Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan Religious Composition in 2010 (summary)Small |Large
    27. Levant (al-Shaam) - Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan Religious Composition in 2010 (detailed)Small |Large
    28. Libya Religion, Western SectorSmall |Large
    29. Middle East ReligionsSmall |Large
    30. Nigeria Religions (detailed)Small |Large
    31. Pakistan ReligionsSmall |Large
    32. Persian Gulf Religions (summary)Small |Large
    33. Persian Gulf Religions (detailed)Small |Large
    34. Shias in the Core Areas of the Middle EastSmall |Large
    35. South Sudan ReligionsSmall |Large
    36. Southwest Arabia, The Yemen, Najran, Asir and Jazan: Ethno-Religious Makeup (detailed)Small |Large
    37. Sudan (north) Religious CompositionSmall |Large
    38. Sudan (formerly united) Religious CompositionSmall |Large
    39. Syria Religious Composition in 2010 (detailed)Small |Large
    40. Syria Religious Composition in 2010 (summary)Small |Large
    41. West Africa Religious CompositionSmall |Large
    42. Yemen Ethnic and Religious Composition (detailed)Small |Large
    43. Yemen Ethnic and Religious Composition (summary)Small |Large

  • Section E, Tribes and Tribal Associations:

    1. Afghanistan TribesSmall |Large
    2. Iranian tribes and environmental provincesSmall |Large
    3. Kurdish Tribal Confederacies and Family Clans TodaySmall |Large
    4. Kurdish Tribal Confederacies and Family Clans in 1835Small |Large
    5. Libya: Ethnic and Tribal Composition--Tripolitania SectorSmall |Large
    6. Libya Tribes and ClansSmall |Large
    7. Pashtun Tribal Confederacies in Afghanistan and PakistanSmall |Large
    8. Saudi Arabia Tribes and Tribal CompositionSmall |Large
    9. Syria, Tribal CompositionSmall |Large
    10. Yemen Tribes and ClansSmall |Large

    1. Afghanistan, Demography and Population Density, in 2008Small |Large
    2. Afghanistan, Demography and Population Density, 2020Small |Large
    3. Caucasus, Demography and Population DensitySmall |Large
    4. Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, Palestine), Demography and Population Density (detailed)Small |Large
    5. Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, Palestine), Demography and Population Density (summary)Small |Large
    6. Iran, Demography and Population Density in 2006Small |Large
    7. Iran, Demography and Population Density in 2016Small |Large
    8. Iraq, Demography and Population DynamicsSmall |Large
    9. Lebanon, Demography and Population DensitySmall |Large
    10. Nigeria, Demography and Population Density (detailed)Small |Large
    11. Syria, Demography and Population DensitySmall |Large
    12. Yemen, Demography and Population DensitySmall |Large

    1. Clarence Strait, Strait of Hormuz and Qeshm Island EcosystemSmall |Large
    2. Oil and Gas Resources and Facilities in Iraqi KurdistanSmall |Large
    3. Oil and Gas Deposits in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea Basins in 2014Small |Large
    4. Oil and Gas Deposits in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea Basins in 2017Small |Large
    5. Persian Gulf, Morphology and BathymetrySmall |Large
    6. Primary Oil and Gas Deposits in the Urals, Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf BasinsSmall |Large
    7. Upper Persian Gulf, Morphology and Environmental Complexity (detailed)Small |Large
    8. Upper Persian Gulf, Morphology and Environmental Complexity (summary)Small |Large

  • Section A, Arabia:

    1. Arabia: Political Divisions in AD 1900Small |Large
    2. Saudi Arabia, Advent and Territorial Expansion: 1902-1934Small |Large
    3. Saudi Arabia, Territorial Expansion and Boundary Issues: 1934-PresentSmall |Large

  • Section B, Iran:

    1. Iran, Qajar Dynasty Territorial LegacySmall |Large
    2. Iranian Takeover of Territories in the Persian GulfSmall |Large
    3. Iran Territorial Changes (summary)Small |Large
    4. Iran Territorial Changes since 1790s (detailed)Small |Large

  • Section C, Kurdistan:

    1. Kurdish kingdoms and principalities in 1835Small |Large
    2. Kurdish states in 1835 (detailed)Small |Large

  • Section D, Middle East:

    1. Islam's Shia CenturiesSmall |Large
    2. Islamic States in AD 661 (detailed)Small |Large
    3. Islamic States in AD 750 (detailed)Small |Large
    4. Islamic States in AD 850 (summary)Small |Large
    5. Islamic States in AD 850 (detailed)Small |Large
    6. Islamic States in AD 985 (detailed)Small |Large
    7. Islamic States in AD 985 (summary)Small |Large
    8. Islamic States in AD 1030 (detailed)Small |Large
    9. Islamic States in AD 1100 (detailed)Small |Large
    10. Islamic States in AD 1190 (detailed)Small |Large
    11. Islamic States in AD 1190 (summary)Small |Large
    12. Islamic States ca. AD 1260 (detailed)Small |Large
    13. Islamic States ca. AD 1260 (summary)Small |Large
    14. Islamic States in AD 1300 (detailed)Small |Large
    15. Islamic States in AD 1350: The Period of Fragmentation (detailed)Small |Large
    16. Islamic States in AD 1405 (detailed)Small |Large
    17. Islamic States ca. AD 1405 summary)Small |Large
    18. Islamic States ca. AD 1450 (detailed)Small |Large
    19. Islamic States ca. AD 1450 summary)Small |Large
    20. Islamic States ca. AD 1510 (detailed)Small |Large
    21. Islamic States ca. AD 1510 summary)Small |Large
    22. Islamic States ca. AD 1550 (detailed)Small |Large
    23. Islamic States ca. AD 1550 (summary)Small |Large
    24. Islamic States ca. AD 1600 (summary)Small |Large
    25. Islamic States ca. AD 1600 (detailed)Small |Large
    26. Islamic States ca. AD 1625 (summary)Small |Large
    27. Islamic States ca. AD 1625 (detailed)Small |Large
    28. Islamic States ca. AD 1700 (detailed)Small |Large
    29. Islamic States ca. AD 1700 (summary)Small |Large
    30. Islamic States ca. AD 1735 (summary)Small |Large
    31. Islamic States ca. AD 1750 (summary)Small |Large
    32. Islamic States ca. AD 1770 (summary)Small |Large
    33. Islamic States ca. AD 1770 (detailed)Small |Large
    34. Islamic States ca. AD 1800 (detailed)Small |Large
    35. Islamic States ca. AD 1800 (summary)Small |Large
    36. Islamic States ca. AD 1880 (detailed)Small |Large
    37. Islamic States ca. AD 1880 (summary)Small |Large
    38. Islamic States ca. AD 1840 (detailed)Small |Large
    39. Islamic States ca. AD 1840 (summary)Small |Large
    40. Islamic States ca. AD 1850 (summary)Small |Large
    41. Islamic States ca. AD 1875 (summary)Small |Large
    42. Islamic States in AD 1880 (detailed)Small |Large
    43. Islamic States ca. AD 1900 (summary)Small |Large
    44. Islamic States in ca. AD 1900: The Colonial Apex (detailed)Small |Large
    45. Islamic States ca. AD 1925 (summary)Small |Large
    46. Islamic States ca. AD 1925 (detailed)Small |Large
    47. Islamic States ca. AD 1950 (summary)Small |Large
    48. Islamic States ca. AD 2000 (summary)Small |Large

  1. Baghdad Security Walls, 2008Small |Large
  2. MidEast, strife and instability, 2024Small |Large
  3. Strife and Instability in Middle East, 2018Small |Large
  4. US Military Bases and Facilities in the Middle East and Vicinity, in 2012Small |Large

  1. Afghanistan's Federal OptionSmall |Large
  2. Greater Middle East and Relationship with Israel, 2020Small |Large
  3. Iraq's Federal OptionSmall |Large
  4. Iraq, Loyalty to State among Ethno-Cultural Groups, AD 2020Small |Large
  5. Middle East Energy Deposits in the Context of its Religious MakeupSmall |Large
  6. Oil and Ethnicity in Eastern Saudi ArabiaSmall |Large
  7. Religion and Politics in the Persian Gulf, 2017Small |Large
  8. Saudi Arabia's Federal OptionSmall |Large
  9. Shia Crescent of Power in the Core Areas of the Middle East in 2008Small |Large
  10. Shia Crescent of Power in the Core Areas of the Middle East in 2015Small |Large
  11. Shia Crescent of Power in the Core Areas of the Middle East, the future prospectsSmall |Large
  12. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916Small |Large
  13. Syria's Federal OptionSmall |Large
  14. Ukraine's Federal OptionSmall |Large
  15. Yemen's Federal OptionSmall |Large

  1. Cultural Legacies in Structural Arts and Materiale of Mid East and VicinitySmall |Large


  1. The ministries of Defense and Interior of the Republic of Austria have jointly published an Atlas of Syria and the Middle East & North Africa. On matters cultural, religious and linguistic, this Austrian work has greatly benefitted from the infographic and map collection here on Gulf2000, albeit, with less accuracy and detail.

  2. The ministries of Defense and Interior of the Republic of Austria have jointly published anAtlas of Syria.

  3. World Oil Chokepoints
    Maps and descriptive material/statistics concerning the flow of oil throughout the world, by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA)

  4. Irancarto: Maps and cartographic studies on Iran and the Iranian world
    A vast array of maps dealing with Iran; edited by Bernard Hourcade of Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris. Covers population, education, housing, economy, culture, gender, languages, politics, environment, urban studies. Sophisticated three language (French/English/Persian) searches can be conducted by subject, key-word, place name, period, scale, and author.

  5. UN Cartographic Section
    Over 100 maps, including 13 of the Middle East and 6 of Gulf states (PDF format)

  6. The Library of US Congress map collection is anextremely valuable site for the maps of early modernMiddle East and the Gulf as well as the modern ones.

    The digital maps on this site are listed inalphabetical order. Use the "Next page" button at thebottom of each page to advance forward. Use "Previouspage" button to return. Click on the "Zoom In" choicecircles followed by a click on the map above it to getto the resolution that you need. For downloading, usethe "Navigator View" box on the upper right hand sideto choose the frame that you like to download. Allusers must credit the Library of Congress for thesemaps if included in their presentations.

  7. The Harvard Map Collection is the oldest mapcollection in America with ca. 400,000 maps, over6,000 atlases, and several thousand reference books. Topographic maps, nautical charts and thematic maps provide an excellent research collection representing all chronological periods and notable map makers, many of them digitally available on their web site, including historical images and the Harvard Geospatial Library.


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