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DeUnited Nations (UN) be an intergovernmental organization dem establish by de signing of de UN Charter on 26 June 1945 plus de stated purpose of make e dey maintain international peace drn security, make e develop friendly relations among states, make e promote international cooperation, dem make e serve as a centre for harmonizing de actions of states insyd achieving those goals.
De United Nations headquarters dey locate insyd New York City, plus chaw oda offices wey locate insyd Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, den The Hague. De UN dey comprise six principal organizations: deGeneral Assembly, de Security Council, de Economic and Social Council, de International Court of Justice, de Secretariat, den de Trusteeship Council wich, togeda plus chaw specialized agencies den related agencies, make up de United Nations System.
Na de UN primarily focus on economic den social development, particularly insyd de wave of decolonization insyd de mid-20th century. Na dem praise de UN as a leader of peace den human development, plus na dem award chaw officers den agencies deNobel Peace Prize, buh na dem sanso criticize am for perceived ineffectiveness, bias, den corruption.
Haile Selassie I at de League of Nations wey he dey appeal Italy ein invasion insyd 1936 wich na de League fail to intervene
Insyd de century prior to de UN ein creation, na dem form chaw international organizations such as de International Committee of the Red Cross make e ensure protection den assistance for victims of armed conflict den strife.[1]
During World War I, na chaw major leaders, especially U.S. presido Woodrow Wilson, advocate for a world body make e guarantee peace. Na de winners of de war, de Allies, meet make dem decide on formal peace terms at de Paris Peace Conference. Na dem approve de League of Nations wey e start operations, buh na deUnited States never join. On 10 January 1920, na de League of Nations formally cam into being wen na de Covenant of the League of Nations, ratify by 42 nations insyd 1919, take effect.[2] Na de League Council act as an executive body wey dey direct de Assembly ein business. Na e begin plus four permanent members—de United Kingdom,France, Italy, den Japan.
Declarations by de Allies of World War II (1941–1944)
1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of de UN original three branches: De Four Policemen, an executive branch, den an international assembly of forty UN member states
Na de first step towards de establishment of de United Nations be de Inter-Allied Conference insyd London wey lead to de Declaration of St James's Palace on 12 June 1941.[3][4] By August 1941, na American Presido Franklin Roosevelt den British Prime Minister Winston Churchill draft de Atlantic Charter; wich define goals for de post-war world. At de subsequent meeting of de Inter-Allied Council insyd London on 24 September 1941, na de eight governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation, togeda plus de Soviet Union den representatives of de Free French Forces, unanimously adopt adherence to de common principles of policy set forth by Britain den de United States.[5][6]
De UN insyd 1945: founding members insyd light blue, protectorates den territories of de founding members insyd dark blue
By 1 March 1945, na 21 additional states sign de Declaration by de United Nations. After months of planning, na de UN Conference on International Organization open insyd San Francisco on 25 April 1945. Na e be attended by 50 nations dema governments den a number of non-governmental organizations.[7][8][9] Na de delegations of de Big Four chair de plenary meetings.[10] Previously, na Churchill urge Roosevelt make he restore France to ein status of a major power after de liberation of Paris insyd August 1944. Na dem plete de drafting of de Charter of the United Nations over de following two months, wey na dem sign am on 26 June 1945 by de representatives of de 50 countries.[11] Na de UN officially cam into existence on 24 October 1945, upon ratification of de Charter by de five permanent members of de Security Council: de United States, de United Kingdom, France, de Soviet Union den China — den by a majority of de oda 46 nations.[12][13]
Na Dag Hammarskjöld be particularly active secretary-general from 1953 til he die insyd 1961.
Though na de UN ein primary mandate be peacekeeping, de division between de United States den de Soviet Union often paralyse de organization; generally wey dey allow am make e intervene insyd conflicts per distant from de Cold War. Na two notable exceptions be a Security Council resolution on 7 July 1950 wey dey authorize a US-led coalition make e repel de North Korean invasion of South Korea, dem pass insyd de absence of de Soviet Union,[12] den de signing of de Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953.[14]
Kofi Annan, secretary-general from 1997 to 2006Flags of member nations at de United Nations Headquarters, dem see insyd 2007Marking of de UN ein 70th anniversary – Budapest, 2015
After de Cold War, na de UN see a radical expansion insyd ein peacekeeping duties, dey take on more missions insyd five years dan na get insyd de previous four decades.[15] Between 1988 den 2000, na de number of adopted Security Council resolutions more dan doubled, wey na de peacekeeping budget increased more dan tenfold.[16][17] Na de UN negotiate an end to de Salvadoran Civil War, wey dem launch a successful peacekeeping mission insyd Namibia, wey dem oversee democratic elections insyd post-apartheid South Africa den post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia. Insyd 1991, na de UN authorize a US-led coalition wey repulsed Iraq ein invasion of Kuwait. Brian Urquhart, de under-secretary-general of de UN from 1971 to 1985, later describe de hopes raised by dese successes as a "false renaissance" for de organization, given de more troubled missions wey dem follow.
Dey begin insyd de last decades of de Cold War, na critics of de UN condemn de organization for perceived mismanagement den corruption. Insyd 1984, na American Presido Ronald Reagan withdraw de United States ein funding from deUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (anaa UNESCO) over allegations of mismanagement, follow by deUnited Kingdom denSingapore.[18] Na Boutros Boutros-Ghali, de secretary-general from 1992 to 1996, initiate a reform of de Secretariat, somewat dey reduce de size of de organization. Na ein successor, Kofi Annan, initiate further management reforms insyd de face of threats from de US make e withhold ein UN dues.[19]
All de world ein undisputed independent states be members of de United Nations.[21]South Sudan, wich na join insyd 14 July 2011,be de most recent addition, wey dey bring a total of 193 UN member states.[22] De UN Charter dey outline de membership rules:
Membership insyd de United Nations be open to all oda peace-loving states wey dey accept de obligations contained insyd de present Charter den, insyd de judgment of de Organization, be able den willing to carry out dese obligations.
De admission of any such state to membership insyd de United Nations go be effected by a decision of de General Assembly upon de recommendation of de Security Council. Chapter II, Article 4.[23]
In addition, der be two non-member observer states: de Holy See den Palestine.[24] De Cook Islands den Niue, both states insyd free association plus New Zealand, be full members of chaw UN specialized agencies wey na dem get dema "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by de Secretariat.[25]
↑"Red Cross-History-Objective".International Committee of the Red Cross. 11 September 2017.Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved28 November 2018.
↑Tandon, Mahesh Prasad; Tandon, Rajesh (1989).Public International Law (in English). Allahabad Law Agency. p. 421.Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved11 November 2020.
Coulon, Jocelyn (1998).Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping, and the New World Order. University of Toronto Press.ISBN978-0-8020-0899-2.
Grant, Thomas D. (2009).Admission to the United Nations: Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization. Legal Aspects of International Organization. Vol. 50. Leiden, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.ISBN978-90-04-17363-7.ISSN0924-4883.
Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas (2000) [1997].FDR and the Creation of the U.N. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-08553-2.
Kennedy, Paul (2007) [2006].The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations. New York: Random House.ISBN978-0-375-70341-6.
Manchester, William; Reid, Paul (2012).The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill Vol. 3: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965. New York: Little Brown and Company.ISBN978-0-316-54770-3.
Mires, Charlene (2013).Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations. New York University Press.ISBN978-0-8147-0794-4.
Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2004). Mango, Anthony (ed.).Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Vol. 4. Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-0-415-93924-9.
Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; Zaum, Dominik, eds. (2008).The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-953343-5.
Mazower, Mark (2009).No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press.
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