DeQuran,[1] dem sanso romanize amQur'an anaaKoran,[2][3][4] be de central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims say e be a revelation directly from God (Allāh). Ebe organized insyd 114 chapters (surah, pl. suwer) wich dey consist of individual verses (āyah). Besides ein religious significance, ebe widely regarded as de finest work insyd Arabic literature,[5][6][7] wey e significantly influence de Arabic language. Ebe de object of a modern field of academic research dem know as Quranic studies.
Muslims dey believe na de Quran be orally revealed by God to de final Islamic prophet Muhammad thru de angel Gabriel incrementally over a period of sam 23 years, wey dey begin for de Laylat al-Qadr, wen na Muhammad be 40, wey e conclude insyd 632, de year of ein death. Muslims dey regard de Quran as Muhammad ein most important miracle, a proof of ein prophethood, den de culmination of a series of divine messages wey dey start plus those dem reveal to de first Islamic prophet Adam, wey dey include de holy books of de Torah, Psalms, den Gospel insyd Islam.
Etymology den meaning
De wordqur'ān dey appear about 70 times insyd de Quran einself,[8] wey dey assume chaw meanings. Ebe a verbal noun (maṣdar) of de Arabic verbqara'a (قرأ) wey dey mean 'he read' anaa 'na he recite'. De Syriac equivalent beqeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wich dey refer to 'scripture reading' anaa 'lesson'.[9] While sam Western scholars dey consider de word e be derived from de Syriac, de majority of Muslim authorities dey hold de origin of de word beqara'a einself.[10] Regardless, na e cam turn an Arabic term by Muhammad ein lifetime.[10] An important meaning of de word be de 'act of reciting', as dem reflect insyd an early Quranic passage: "It is for Us to collect it and to recite it (qur'ānahu)."[11]
Insyd oda verses, de word dey refer to 'an individual passage [Muhammad] recite'. Ein liturgical context be seen insyd a number of passages, for example: "So when al-qur'ān is recited, listen to it and keep silent."[12] De word sanso fi assume de meaning of a codified scripture wen dem mention plus oda scriptures such as de Torah den Gospel.[13]
Academic research
Studies for de Qur'an rarely go beyond textual criticism.[14][15] Til de early 1970s,[16] non-Muslim scholars of Islam —while dem no dey accept traditional explanations for divine intervention— accept de above-mentioned traditional origin story insyd chaw details.[17]
De basmala as dem wrep for de Birmingham mus'haf manuscript, one of de oldest surviving copies of de Qur'an
Rasm: "ٮسم الله الرحمں الرحىم"
University of Chicago professor Fred Donner dey state dat:[18]
[T]here was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission.… After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established.
Although dem cease make dem transmit chaw variant readings of de text of de Quran, sam still be.[19][20] Na der no be no critical text dem produce for wich dem fi base a scholarly reconstruction of de Quranic text.[21]
Surah Al-Fatiha, dem dey recite de first chapter of de Quran, in full for every rakat ofsalah insyd den for oda occasions. Dis sura, wich dey consist of seven verses, be de most often recited surah of de Quran:[10]
While standing insyd prayers, worshipers dey recite de first chapter of de Quran, al-Fatiha, follow by any oda sectionRecitation of Al-Fatiha insyd mujawwad.
Dem dey read oda sections of de Quran of choice insyd daily prayers. Sura Al-Ikhlāṣ be second in frequency of Qur'an recitation, for according to chaw early authorities, Muhammad say datIkhlāṣ be equivalent to one-third of de whole Quran.[22]
Insyd Islamic art
De Quran sanso inspire Islamic arts den specifically de so-called Quranic arts of calligraphy den illumination.[10]
Calligraphy, 18th century, Brooklyn Museum.
Quranic inscriptions, Bara Gumbad mosque, Delhi, India.
Typical mosque lamp, of enamelled glass, plus deAyat an-Nur anaa "Verse of Light" (24:35).
De leaves from Quran dem wrep insyd gold den contoured plus brown ink plus a horizontal format dem suit to classical Kufic calligraphy, wich cam turn common under de early Abbasid caliphs.
↑"Koran".Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 5 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1901. p.753.
↑Guillaume, Alfred (1954).Islam. Edinburgh: Penguin books. p. 74.It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it.
↑Toropov, Brandon; Buckles, Luke (2004).Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions. Alpha. p. 126.ISBN978-1-59257-222-9.Muslims believe that Muhammad's many divine encounters during his years in Mecca and Medina inspired the remainder of the Qur'an, which, nearly fourteen centuries later, remains the Arabic language's preeminent masterpiece.
↑Esposito, John (2010).Islam: The Straight Path (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 21.ISBN978-0-19-539600-3.Throughout history, many Arab Christians as well have regarded it as the perfection of the Arabic language and literature.
↑See "Ķur'an, al-",Encyclopedia of Islam Online and 9:111
↑Religions of the world Lewis M. Hopfe – 1979 "Some Muslims have suggested and practiced textual criticism of the Quran in a manner similar to that practiced by Christians and Jews on their bibles. No one has yet suggested the higher criticism of the Quran."
↑Egypt's culture wars: politics and practice – Page 278 Samia Mehrez – 2008 Middle East report: Issues 218–222; Issues 224–225 Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR (Organization) – 2001 Shahine filed to divorce Abu Zayd from his wife, on the grounds that Abu Zayd's textual criticism of the Quran made him an apostate, and hence unfit to marry a Muslim. Abu Zayd and his wife eventually relocated to the Netherlands
↑Campo, Juan E. (2009).Encyclopedia of Islam. Facts On File. pp. 570–574.ISBN978-0-8160-5454-1.
↑Donner, Fred M. (2014). "Review: Textual Criticism and Qurʾān Manuscripts, by Keith E. Small".Journal of Near Eastern Studies.73 (1): 166–169.doi:10.1086/674909.
↑Melchert, Christopher (2000). "Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings".Studia Islamica (91): 5–22.doi:10.2307/1596266.JSTOR1596266.
↑Gilliot, C. (2006). "Creation of a fixed text". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.).The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān. Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
↑Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2015),The Study Quran, HarperCollins, p. 1578.
Berlin, Adele (2011)."Cosmology and creation". In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.).The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press.ISBN9780199730049.
Clogg, Richard (1979). "An Attempt to Revive Turkish Printing in Istanbul in 1779".International Journal of Middle East Studies.10 (1): 67–70.doi:10.1017/s0020743800053320.S2CID159835641.
Cook, David B. (2013). "Gog and Magog". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three.doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495.
Corbin, Henry (1993) [1964 (in French)].History of Islamic Philosophy. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain; Sherrard, Philip. London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies.ISBN978-0-7103-0416-2.
Krek, Miroslav (1979). "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type".Journal of Near Eastern Studies.38 (3): 203–212.doi:10.1086/372742.S2CID162374182.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007)."Qurʾān".Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved4 November 2007.
Peters, Francis E. (August 1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad".International Journal of Middle East Studies.23 (3): 291–315.doi:10.1017/S0020743800056312.S2CID162433825.
Watt, W. Montgomery (1960–2007). "al-Iskandar". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630.
Watson, William J. (1968). "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula".Journal of the American Oriental Society.88 (3): 435–441.doi:10.2307/596868.JSTOR596868.
Previous.quran.com – By clicking Settings and selecting The Bridges’ translation by Fadel Soliman, words that have significant variants among the ten canonical qira'at are highlighted in red, together with a footnote listing the readers or transmitters and an English translation for each of the variant readings
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