Malcolm X (bornMalcolm Little, laterel-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) na he be an African American revolutionary, Muslim minister den human rights activist wey na he be a prominent figure during de civil rights movement til ein assassination insyd 1965. A spokesman give de Nation of Islam (NOI) til 1964, after wich he lef de movement, na he be a vocal advocate give Black empowerment den de promotion ofIslam within de African American community. A controversial figure dem accuse of preaching violence, Malcolm X sanso be a celebrated figure within African American den Muslim communities give ein pursuit of racial justice.
Na Malcolm spend ein adolescence dey live insyd a series of foster homes den plus various relatives, after ein poppie ein death den ein mommie ein hospitalization. Na he commit chaw crimes, wey dem sentence am to eight to ten years insyd prison insyd 1946 for larceny den burglary. Insyd prison, na he join de Nation of Islam, wey he adopt de name Malcolm X make he symbolize ein unknown African ancestral surname while discarding "de white slavemaster name of 'Little'", den after ein parole insyd 1952, he quickly cam turn one of de organization ein most influential leaders. Na he be de public face of de organization for 12 years, wey he dey advocate Black empowerment den separation of Black den White Americans, as well as he dey criticizeMartin Luther King Jr. den de mainstream civil rights movement for ein emphasis on non-violence den racial integration. Na Malcolm X sanso express pride insyd sam of de Nation ein social welfare achievements, such as ein free drug rehabilitation program. From de 1950s dey go, na Malcolm X be subjected to surveillance by de Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
Insyd de 1960s, na Malcolm X begin to grow disillusioned plus de Nation of Islam, as well as plus ein leader, Elijah Muhammad. Na he subsequently embrace Sunni Islam den de civil rights movement after he plete deHajj toMecca wey he cam be known as "el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz", wich roughly dey translate to "De Pilgrim Malcolm de Patriarch". After a brief period of travel acrossAfrica, na he publicly renounce de Nation of Islam wey he found de Islamic Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) den de Pan-African Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Thru out 1964, na ein conflict plus de Nation of Islam intensify, wey na dem repeatedly send am death threats. On February 21, 1965, na dem assassinate am insyd New York City. Na dem charge three Nation members plus de murder wey na dem give dem indeterminate life sentences. Insyd 2021, two of na two of de convictions be vacated. Speculation about de assassination den whether na ebe conceived anaa aided by leading anaa additional members of de Nation, anaa plus law enforcement agencies, persist for decades.
He be posthumously honor plus Malcolm X Day, on wich na he be commemorated insyd chaw cities across de United States. Na dem rename hundreds of streets den schools insyd de US for ein honor, while de Audubon Ballroom, de site of ein assassination, na ebe partly redeveloped insyd 2005 make e accommodate de Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center. A posthumous autobiography, for na wich he collaborate plus Alex Haley, na dem publish am insyd 1965.
Na dem born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925, insyd Omaha, Nebraska, de fourth of seven kiddies of Grenada-born Louise Little (née Langdon) den Georgia-born Earl Little.[1] Na Earl be an outspoken Baptist lay speaker, wey na he den Louise be admirers of Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey. Na Earl be a local leader of de Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) wey na Louise serve as secretary den "branch reporter", wey dey send news of local UNIA activities toNegro World; na dem inculcate self-reliance den black pride insyd dema kiddies.[2][3][4] Na Malcolm X later say dat na White violence kill four of eon poppie ein bros.[5]
Portrayal insyd film, insyd television, den for stage top
Insyd 1986, na composer Anthony Davis ein operaX, The Life and Times of Malcolm X premier for de New York City Opera. Na e be de first work by Davis, wey go go on make e win de Pulitzer Prize for Music for ein operaThe Central Park Five (2019).[6] Insyd 2023, na dem perform am for de Metropolitan Opera insyd a production by Robert O'Hara, plus Will Liverman wey dey play de title role. Na e receive positive reviews.[7]
Na Arnold Perl den Marvin Worth attempt make dem create a drama film wey dey base onThe Autobiography of Malcolm X, buh na wen people close to de subject decline make dem talk to dem na dem decide make dem make a documentary instead. Na de result be de 1972 documentary filmMalcolm X.
Na Denzel Washington play de title role insyd Spike Lee ein filmMalcolm X (1992).[8] Na Roger Ebert den Martin Scorsese include am on dema lists of de ten best films of de 1990s.[9] Na Washington previously play de part of Malcolm X insyd de 1981 Off-Broadway playWhen the Chickens Came Home to Roost.[10]
Oda portrayals include:
James Earl Jones, insyd de 1977 filmThe Greatest.[11]
Dick Anthony Williams, insyd de 1978 television miniseriesKing[12] den de 1989American Playhouse production of de Jeff Stetson playThe Meeting.[13]
Al Freeman Jr., insyd de 1979 television miniseriesRoots: The Next Generations.[14]
Morgan Freeman, insyd de 1981 television movieDeath of a Prophet.[15]
Ben Holt, insyd de 1986 operaX, The Life and Times of Malcolm X for de New York City Opera.[16]
Gary Dourdan, insyd de 2000 television movieKing of the World.[17]
Joe Morton, insyd de 2000 television movieAli: An American Hero.[18]
The Autobiography of Malcolm X. With the assistance of Alex Haley. New York: Grove Press, 1965.OCLC219493184.
Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. George Breitman, ed. New York: Merit Publishers, 1965.OCLC256095445.
Malcolm X Talks to Young People. New York: Young Socialist Alliance, 1965.OCLC81990227.
Two Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965.OCLC19464959.
Malcolm X on Afro-American History. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967.OCLC78155009.
The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Morrow, 1968.OCLC185901618.
By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970.OCLC249307.
The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971.OCLC149849.
The Last Speeches. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989.ISBN978-0-87348-543-2.
Malcolm X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the United States, Britain, and Africa. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991.ISBN978-0-87348-962-1.
February 1965: The Final Speeches. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992.ISBN978-0-87348-749-8.
The Diary of Malcolm X: 1964. Herb Boyd and Ilyasah Shabazz, eds. Chicago: Third World Press, 2013.ISBN978-0-88378-351-1.
↑Watson, Clarence; Akhtar, Salman (2012). "Ideology and Identity: Malcolm X". In Akhtar, Salman (ed.).The African American Experience: Psychoanalytic Perspectives. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson. p. 120.ISBN978-0-7657-0835-9.
↑Romano, Frederick V. (2004).The Boxing Filmography: American Features, 1920–2003. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 138–139.ISBN978-0-7864-1793-3.
Kondo, Zak A. (1993).Conspiracys: Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm X. Washington, D.C.: Nubia Press.OCLC28837295.
Lincoln, C. Eric (1961).The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press.OCLC422580.
Lomax, Louis E. (1963).When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. Cleveland: World Publishing.OCLC1071204.
Lomax, Louis E. (1987) [1968].To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Los Angeles: Holloway House.ISBN978-0-87067-731-1.
Lord, Lewis; Thornton, Jeannye; Bodipo-Memba, Alejandro (November 15, 1992)."The Legacy of Malcolm X".U.S. News & World Report (in English). p. 5. Archived fromthe original on January 14, 2012. RetrievedMarch 20, 2018.
Malcolm X; Haley, Alex (1992) [1965].The Autobiography of Malcolm X (in English). New York: One World.ISBN978-0-345-37671-8.
Malcolm X (1989) [1970]. Breitman, George (ed.).By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X (in English). New York: Pathfinder Press.ISBN978-0-87348-150-2.
Malcolm X (1989) [1971]. Karim, Benjamin (ed.).The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X (in English). New York: Arcade.ISBN978-1-55970-006-1.
Marable, Manning (2011).Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking.ISBN978-0-670-02220-5.
Marable, Manning (2009). "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life: A Historian's Adventures in Living History". In Marable, Manning; Aidi, Hishaam D (eds.).Black Routes to Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-1-4039-8400-5.
Terrill, Robert (2004).Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment. Lansing: Michigan State University Press.ISBN978-0-87013-730-3.
Tuck, Stephen (2014).The Night Malcolm X Spoke at the Oxford Union: A Transatlantic Story of Antiracist Protest. Los Angeles: University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-27933-9.
Baldwin, James (2007) [1973].One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". New York: Vintage.ISBN978-0-307-27594-3.
Bailey, A. Peter (2013).Witnessing Brother Malcolm X: The Master Teacher. Plantation, Florida: Llumina Press.ISBN978-1-62550-039-7.
Conyers, James L. Jr.; Smallwood, Andrew P., eds. (2008).Malcolm X: A Historical Reader. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.ISBN978-0-89089-228-2.
DeCaro, Louis A. (1998).Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity. New York: New York University Press.ISBN978-0-8147-1932-9.
Leader, Edward Roland (1993).Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy. New York: Vantage Press.ISBN978-0-533-09520-9.
Shabazz, Ilyasah; with Kim McLarin (2002).Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X. New York: One World.ISBN978-0-345-44495-0.
Sherwood, Marika (2011).Malcolm X Visits Abroad. Hollywood, California: Tsehai Publishers.ISBN978-1-59907-050-6.
Strickland, William; et al. (1994).Malcolm X: Make It Plain. New York: Penguin Books.ISBN978-0-14-017713-8.
Terrill, Robert, ed. (2010).The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-73157-7.
T'Shaka, Oba (1983).The Political Legacy of Malcolm X. Richmond, California: Pan Afrikan Publications.ISBN978-1-878557-01-8.
Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta (2012).Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.ISBN978-0-8130-3723-3.
Wolfenstein, Eugene Victor (1989).The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. London: Free Association Books.ISBN978-1-85343-111-1.
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