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सांचो:Reflist

Permanently protected template
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    Template documentation[view][edit][history][purge]
    WarningThis template is used on5,500,000+pages, or roughly 61819% of all pages.
    To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's/sandbox or/testcases subpages, or in your ownuser subpage. The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on thetalk page before implementing them.
    • This page gives technical details for the{{reflist}} template. For a full overview of this template in use, seeHelp:Footnotes.
    • Columns are not supported by some older browsers, most notably Internet Explorer 9 and below and Opera 11.0 and below. Seebelow for more information.

    Thiscitation template provides formatting and organizational features forfootnotes. It encapsulates the‎<references/> tag used by theCite.php MediaWiki extension to show the list of references as defined by‎<ref> tags. It adds support for a reduced font size, columns, groups andList-defined references.

    Parameters

    • First unnamed parameter:
      column-count: anatural number specifying fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered. Example:|2 – this feature is deprecated as describedbelow and should no longer be used.
      column-width: a typographic unit of measurement such asem, specifying the width for the reference list columns. Example:|30em.
    • refs: used withList-defined references.
    • group: identifies by name the subset of references to be rendered; the value should correspond to that used inline, e.g.,{{Reflist|group=groupname}} renders all references with groupname as the group name (‎<refgroup=groupname>). There are five pre-defined group names that style the list differently. See§ Grouped references below.
    • liststyle: specifies the style used when the reference list is rendered. The default is a numbered list. When set, it will override the style set by the|group= parameter, without affecting group functionality. See§ List styles below.

    Obsolete

    These parameters are obsolete and should be removed or replaced when encountered.

    • colwidth: same as specifying a column-width for the first unnamed parameter.
    • close: Until 2014 the parameter|close=1 was used to work around a bug involving multiple uses of{{Reflist}} on the same page.

    Usage

    Using only footnote-style references
    MarkupRenders as
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>==References=={{Reflist}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    2. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    Using only bibliographical style references (no direct references from the text)
    MarkupRenders as
    Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.==References=={{Refbegin}}* reference 1* reference 2{{Refend}}

    Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

    References
    • reference 1
    • reference 2
    Using both footnote-style and bibliography-style references
    MarkupRenders as
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>==References=={{Reflist}}{{Refbegin}}* reference 1* reference 2{{Refend}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    2. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    • reference 1
    • reference 2

    Columns

    Browser support: Internet Explorer 10+, Firefox 2+, Chrome 4+, Safari 3.1+, Opera 11.1+

    Using{{Reflist|30em}} will create columns with a minimum width of 30em, allowing the browser to automatically choose the number of columns based on the width of the web browser. Choose a column width that is appropriate for the average width of the references on the page. A width measurement must conform to the format given inCSS 2.1 Syntax and basic data types: Lengths; in particular, there must not be a space between the number and the unit.

    Using{{Reflist|2}} will force creation of a two-column reference list, and{{Reflist|3}} will force creation of a three-column list, and so on. This feature is nowdeprecated in favor of the option described above, which is better suited to flexible formatting for a variety of display screen sizes, ranging from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen "cinema" displays. Forcing a fixed number of columns has been disabled in mobile view.

    Widows and orphans

    The use of columns can result inwidows and orphans, where a citation at the bottom of a column may be split to the top of the next column.MediaWiki:Common.css includes CSS rules to avoid list items from breaking between columns. Widows may still show in extreme circumstances, such as a reference list formatted in columns where only a single reference is defined.

    MarkupRenders as
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.==References=={{Reflist|3}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.

    Practices

    The number of columns to use is up to the editor, but some major practices include:

    Examples

    Two columns
    MarkupRenders as
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>==References=={{Reflist|2}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    2. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    30em wide columns
    MarkupRenders as
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>==References=={{Reflist|30em}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    2. ↑Source name, access date, etc.

    List-defined references

    Further information:Help:List-defined references

    A list of references may be defined within{{Reflist}} using the|refs= parameter, just like including named‎<refname="...">...‎</ref> elements inside the‎<references>...‎</references> container. This has been available since September 2009. There are new error messages associated with this feature, documented atHelp:Cite errors, including one for references defined in{{Reflist}} but not used within the body.

    Example

    MarkupRenders as
    This is reference 1.<ref name="refname1" />This is reference 2.<ref name="refname2" />==References=={{Reflist|refs=<ref name="refname1">content1</ref><ref name="refname2">content2</ref>}}

    This is reference 1.[decimal 1]This is reference 2.[decimal 2]

    References
    1. ↑content1
    2. ↑content2

    Grouped references

    Further information:WP:REFGROUP

    References can be grouped into separate sections (for explanatory notes, table references, and the like) viagroup=:

    ‎<refgroup=groupname>

    wheregroupname is (for example)notes orsources. The group name need not be enclosed in quotes; this differs from the footnote marker where quotes are required if the group name includes a space.

    Each group used in the article must have a matching reference list:

    {{Reflist|group=groupname}}

    Predefined groups

    Further information:H:PREGROUP

    There are predefined group names that automatically set the labels in the footnote markers and the reference list to other styles. Thus, setting{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} will set the group tolower-alpha and will style the reference list with lower alpha characters. The matching footnote marker can be formed by‎<refgroup=lower-alpha>...‎</ref>. This is made easier by a series of templates to set the group/label styles for the footnote marker and the reference list:

    Group nameFootnote marker template
    or markup    		Reference list templateSample labels
    none‎<ref>...‎</ref>{{reflist}}1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    none{{refn}} for nested references{{reflist}}1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    lower-alpha{{efn}}{{notelist}}a b c d e f g h i j
    upper-alpha{{efn-ua}}{{notelist-ua}}A B C D E F G H I J
    lower-roman{{efn-lr}}{{notelist-lr}}i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
    upper-roman{{efn-ur}}{{notelist-ur}}I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
    lower-greek[lower-alpha 1]{{efn-lg}}{{notelist-lg}}α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
    1. ↑Not supported by Internet Explorer 7 and below

    List styles

    For technical details, seeHelp:Cite link labels.

    As noted in§ Predefined groups, there are predefined groups that automatically add list styling. Using the listed templates is more convenient than using|liststyle=.

    Reference lists are by default numbered lists. By using the|liststyle= parameter, you can control how the list is rendered. For example, using|liststyle=upper-roman will result in references being labeled withRoman numerals instead of decimal numbers. The parameter accepts any valid CSS value defined forlist-style-type as shown below.

    CSS list-style-type values 
    CSS 2.1list-style-type values[1]
    none
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    disc
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    circle
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    square
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    decimal
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    decimal-leading-zero
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    lower-roman
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    upper-roman
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    lower-alpha
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    upper-alpha
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    lower-greek
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    armenian
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
    georgian
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes


    CSS2list-style-type values dropped in CSS 2.1 but still supported by some browsers[2]
    hebrew
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNo
    cjk-ideographic
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNo
    hiragana
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNo
    katakana
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNo
    hiragana-iroha
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNo
    katakana-iroha
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNo


    CSS3list-style-type values (incomplete)[3]

    CSS3 adds hundreds of new values, most not yet supported by major browsers.

    upper-greek
    1. text
    2. text
    3. text
    4. text
    Internet ExplorerFirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    678910345459101112101112
    NoNoYesYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNo

    It is possible to use|liststyle= so that the labels for the footnote marker and the reference list marker differ. This should be used with care as it can be confusing to readers. For example:

    MarkupRenders as
    <ref group=note>Reference</ref>{{Reflist|group=note|liststyle=lower-alpha}}

    [note 1]

    1. ↑Reference

    Image flow issues

    When an image is inserted to the left of the reference list, the list may flow under the image, clipping the reference numbers or hiding them behind the image frame, depending upon the browser.

    MarkupRenders as
    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</ref><ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</ref>==References==[[File:Example.png|left|thumb|100px]]{{Reflist}}

    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[1][2]

    References
    1. ↑Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
    2. ↑Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

    To resolve this issue, use the columns feature. If columns are not desired, simply set it to one column using{{reflist|1}}. Note that if the list is longer than the image, it will cause the space below the image to remain empty. It is recommended that a comment be added so that follow-on editors will understand the use.

    MarkupRenders as
    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</ref><ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</ref>==References==[[File:Example.png|left|thumb|100px]]{{Reflist|1}}<!--Set one column to resolve flow issues with left floated image.-->

    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[1][2]

    References
    1. ↑Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
    2. ↑Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

    Technical details

    Font size

    The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers.[1] As of December 21, 2010, the standard‎<references/> tag has the same font styling. The smaller font may be disabled throughPreferences →Gadgets → Disable smaller font sizes of elements such as Infoboxes, Navboxes and References lists.

    Browser support for columns

    CSS3 multiple-column layout
    browser support
    Internet
    Explorer    		FirefoxSafariChromeOpera
    ≤ 9≤ 1.0≤ 2N/A≤ 11.0
    ≥ 10
    (2012)    		≥ 1.5
    (2005)    		≥ 3
    (2007)    		≥ 1
    (2008)    		≥ 11.1
    (2011)

    Multiple columns are generated by usingCSS3, which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns with{{Reflist}}.[2][3]

    These browserssupport CSS3 columns:

    These browsers donot support CSS3 columns:

    • MicrosoftTrident-based browsers including Internet Explorer through to version 9[4]
    • Opera through to version 11

    Supporting CSS

    {{Reflist}} uses a CSS rule inMediaWiki:Common.css to set the font size:

    • div.reflist { font-size: 90%; }

    One of the following classes is assigned by the template when either column count or column width is set:

    • .references-column-count and.references-column-count-n (wheren is the number of columns)
    • .references-column-width

    The following CSS properties are utilized using the{{column-count}} and{{column-width}} templates:

    • column-count CSS3 standard
    • column-width CSS3 standard
    • -moz-column-count Mozilla CSS extension
    • -moz-column-width Mozilla CSS extension
    • -webkit-column-count Webkit CSS extension
    • -webkit-column-width Webkit CSS extension

    Customizing the view

    By editing your CSS, the personal appearance of the reference list can be customized. FromPreferences, select the Appearance tab, then on the selected skin select Custom CSS. After editing and saving, follow the instructions at the top of the page to purge. SeeWikipedia:Skin#Customisation (advanced users) for more help.

    Font size

    The font size for all reference lists defaults to 90% of the standard size. To change it, add:

    ol.references,div.reflist,div.refbegin{font-size:90%;}

    Change 90% to the desired size.

    Columns

    To disable columns, add:

    .references-column-count,.references-column-width{-moz-column-count:1!important;-moz-column-width:auto!important;-webkit-column-count:1!important;-webkit-column-width:auto!important;column-count:1!important;column-width:auto!important;}

    Similarly, to force all reference lists to a certain number of columns, change the number to the desired ammount.

    Column dividers

    To add dividers (rules) between columns, add:

    .references-column-count,.references-column-width{-moz-column-rule:1pxsolid#aaa;-webkit-column-rule:1pxsolid#aaa;column-rule:1pxsolid#aaa;}

    You can alter the appearance of the dividers by changing the values.

    Perennial suggestions

    Collapsing and scrolling

    There have been a number of requests to add functionality for a collapsible orscrolling reference list. These requests have not been fulfilled due to issues with readability, accessibility, and printing. The applicable guidelines are at. Links between the inline cite and the reference list do not work when the reference list is enclosed in a collapsed box.

    To display the reference list in a scrollbox or collapsed per user, seeHelp:Reference display customization.

    For discussion on previous attempts to do this with a template, see the discussions forScrollref andRefbox.

    Including the section title

    There have been suggestions to include section header markup such as==References==. This is inadvisable because:

    • There is no standard section name; seeWP:FNNR.
    • When transcluded, the article will have an edit link that will confusingly open the template for editing.

    Template data

    This is theTemplateData for this template used byTemplateWizard,VisualEditor and other tools.Click here to see a monthly parameter usage report for this templatebased on this TemplateData.

    TemplateData for Reflist

    This template displays the list of footnotes at the end of an article and provides additional formatting and organizing options. After hitting "Apply changes" and turning back to VE read mode, you will not see the references list. After hitting "Save page" and turning back to normal read mode the reference list will reappear with the changes applied, see T53146.

    Template parameters[Edit template data]

    ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
    Columns / Column width1colwidth

    Two modes supported. First mode: integer number of fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered. Second mode: typographic unit of measurement such as 'em', specifying the width for the reference list columns, e.g. '33em'; note that '33 em' will not be recognized

    Default
    1
    		Stringoptional
    Liststyleliststyle

    Specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type

    Default
    decimal
    		Stringoptional
    Groupgroup

    Group is an identifier which restricts the references that are shown. Without this parameter, this template only shows references with no group identifier. With a group identifier specified, only references with a matching group identifier are handled. The rest are left alone.

    		Stringoptional
    List of referencesrefs

    Provides a space to define named references for use in the article. References defined in this space are not shown unless used somewhere in the article.

    		Stringoptional

    See also

    Variants

    • {{Template reference list}} – version of reflist for use in templates
    • {{Reflist-talk}} – for use on talk pages
    • {{Reflistp}} – for use in previews; it does not show a reference list when saved and it adds a tracking category for later cleanup

    References

    1. ↑SeeUser:Edokter/fonttest for a comparison of font sizes for various browsers; seeprevious discussions on changing the font size to resolve the IE issue.
    2. ↑"CSS3 Multi-Column Thriller". December 30, 2005. RetrievedNovember 24, 2006.
    3. ↑"CSS3 module: Multi-column layout".W3C. December 15, 2005. RetrievedNovember 24, 2006.
    4. ↑"CSS Compatibility and Internet Explorer: Multi-column Layout".Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. RetrievedMarch 16, 2011.
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