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To download the development version of the package, type the following at the R command line:

install.packages("devtools")devtools::install_github("tgouhier/biwavelet")

To download the release version of the package on CRAN, type the following at the R command line:

install.packages("biwavelet")

The biwavelet R package is a port of the WTC MATLAB program written by Aslak Grinsted and the wavelet program written by Christopher Torrence and Gibert P. Compo. This package can be used to perform univariate and bivariate wavelet analyses. Wavelet analyses are resolved in the time and frequency domains, and thus ideal for identifying changes over time in the contribution of each frequency (or period) of a time series.

Since version 0.14, biwavelet also plots thebias-corrected wavelet andcross-wavelet power spectrum using the methods described byLiu et al. (2007) andVeleda et al. (2012). This correction is needed because the traditional approach for computing the power spectrum (e.g.,Torrence and Compo 1998) leads to an artificial and systematic reduction in power at lower periods. To demonstrate this bias, we can construct a time series by summing three sinusoidal waves each characterized by the same power at a different period:

t1<- sin(seq(from=0,to=2*5*pi,length=1000))t2<- sin(seq(from=0,to=2*15*pi,length=1000))t3<- sin(seq(from=0,to=2*40*pi,length=1000))timeseries<-t1+t2+t3plot(ts(timeseries),xlab=NA,ylab=NA)

The wavelet spectrum of the time series should show peaks of identical power at each of the three dominant periods. However, the traditional approach leads to a consistent reduction in power at low periodicities:

wt1<- wt(cbind(1:1000,timeseries))par(mfrow= c(1,2))plot(wt1,type="power.corr.norm",main="Bias-corrected wavelet power")plot(wt1,type="power.norm",main="Biased wavelet power")

This bias also affects the cross-wavelet, which can be used to determine the time- and frequency-resolved relationship between two time series. The new version of biwavelet implements the bias-correction developed byVeleda et al. (2012). The bias does not affect the wavelet coherence, however. For instance, MEI and NPGO undergo coherent fluctuations at periodicities of ~64-150 months (5-12 years) between 1966-2010, with peaks in NPGO leading peaks in MEI by one quarter of a cycle. For help interpreting these results, please see the references below and the biwavelet manual.

# Make room to the right for the color barpar(oma= c(0,0,0,1),mar= c(5,4,4,5)+0.1)plot(wtc.mei.npgo,plot.cb=TRUE,plot.phase=TRUE)

The biwavelet package can also be used to compute the (dis)similarity between pairs of time series based on their wavelet spectrum:

# Sample time-seriesnoise1<- cbind(1:100, rnorm(100))noise2<- cbind(1:100, rnorm(100))# Cross-waveletxwt_noise12<- xwt(noise1,noise2)# Make room to the right for the color barpar(oma= c(0,0,0,1),mar= c(5,4,4,5)+0.1)plot(xwt_noise12,plot.cb=TRUE,plot.phase=TRUE,main="Cross wavelet power and phase difference (arrows)")

The R core development team and the very active community of package authors have invested a lot of time and effort in creating R as it is today. Please give credit where credit is due and cite R and R packages when you use them for data analysis.

citation("biwavelet")#>#> To cite biwavelet in publications use:#>#>   Tarik C. Gouhier, Aslak Grinsted, Viliam Simko (2018). R package#>   biwavelet: Conduct Univariate and Bivariate Wavelet Analyses#>   (Version 0.20.17). Available from#>   https://github.com/tgouhier/biwavelet#>#> A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is#>#>   @Manual{,#>     title = {R package {biwavelet}: Conduct Univariate and Bivariate Wavelet Analyses},#>     author = {Tarik C. Gouhier and Aslak Grinsted and Viliam Simko},#>     year = {2018},#>     note = {(Version 0.20.17)},#>     url = {https://github.com/tgouhier/biwavelet},#>   }

Cazelles, B., M. Chavez, D. Berteaux, F. Menard, J. O. Vik, S. Jenouvrier, and N. C. Stenseth. 2008.Wavelet analysis of ecological time series. Oecologia 156:287–304.

Grinsted, A., J. C. Moore, and S. Jevrejeva. 2004.Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 11:561–566.

Liu, Y., X. San Liang, and R. H. Weisberg. 2007.Rectification of the Bias in the Wavelet Power Spectrum. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24:2093-2102.

Rouyer, T., J. M. Fromentin, F. Menard, B. Cazelles, K. Briand, R. Pianet, B. Planque, and N. C. Stenseth. 2008.Complex interplays among population dynamics, environmental forcing, and exploitation in fisheries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:5420–5425.

Torrence, C., and G. P. Compo. 1998.A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79:61–78.

Torrence, C., and P. J. Webster. 1998.The annual cycle of persistence in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 124:1985–2004.

Veleda, D., R. Montagne, and M. Araujo. 2012.Cross-Wavelet Bias Corrected by Normalizing Scales. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29:1401-1408.

• Biwavelet listed at OpenHub:https://www.openhub.net/p/biwavelet
• Research software impact of Biwavelet (by Depsy):http://depsy.org/package/r/biwavelet