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tone is a cross platform audio tagger and metadata editor to dump and modify metadata for a wide variety of formats, including mp3, m4b, flac and more. It has no dependencies and can be downloaded as single binary for Windows, macOS, Linux and other common platforms.
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sandreas/tone
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tone is a cross-platform audio tagger and metadata editor to dump and modify metadata for a wide variety of formats, includingmp3,m4b,flac and more. It has no dependencies and can be downloaded as single binary for Windows, macOS, Linux and other common platforms.
The code is written in pureC# and utilizes the awesomeatldotnet library to provide full support for a wide variety of audio and metadata formats.
The main purpose oftone is to tagm4b audio books for myself. It is planned as a successor to [m4b-tool].
dumpmetadata of audio files- different metadata formats (e.g.
chptfmtnative,ffmetadata, etc.) - file information (bitrate, channels, duration, etc.)
- support for filterable
jsonoutput (similar tojq) - extensive list of supported tags (default fields likealbum or *artist as well ascustom fields,covers,chapters, etc.)
- different metadata formats (e.g.
tagaudio files with different kinds of metadata- different file formats (e.g.
mp3,m4b, andflac) - extensive list of supported tags (default fields likealbum or *artist as well ascustom fields,covers,chapters, etc.)
- filename to tags via
--path-pattern(see below) - custom javascript taggers via
--scriptand--script-tagger-parameter
- different file formats (e.g.
If you are using any of my projects and find them helpful, please considerdonating to support me. I plan to use the money to support other open source projects or charitable purposes. Thank you!
# show helptone dump --help# show all tags for single file (input.mp3)tone dump input.mp3# show title and artiest tag recursively for all files in directory with extension m4b in FFMETADATA formattone dump audio-directory/ --include-extension m4b --format ffmetadata --include-property title --include-property artist# show album only via json format and JSONPath querytone dump"input.mp3" --format json --query"$.meta.album"# show audio stream information via JSONPath querytone dump"input.mp3" --format json --query"$.audio"
IMPORTANT: Because metadata is modified in place without copying thefile, changes are only safe on local block storage (like your hard disk, sd card, etc.). Modifying files onremote storages (like network shares) may break your files. Please make sure you have a backup.
# show helptone tag --help# change title tagtone tag input.mp3 --meta-title"a title"# change a custom field, auto-import covers nearby and show debug info on error (--dry-run simulation)tone tag --debug --auto-import=covers --meta-additional-field"©st3=testing" input.m4b --dry-run# recursively set tags genre, artist, series, part and title by path pattern (--dry-run simulation)tone tag --auto-import=covers --auto-import=chapters --path-pattern="audiobooks/%g/%a/%s/%p - %n.m4b" --path-pattern="audiobooks/%g/%a/%z/%n.m4b" audiobooks/ --dry-run# write your own custom JavaScript tagger and call this function with parameters to modify metadata on your owntone tag"harry-potter-1.m4b" --taggers="musicbrainz" --script="musicbrainz.js" --script-tagger-parameter="e2310769-2e68-462f-b54f-25ac8e3f1a21"
tone is a terminal application and deployed as monolithic binary with no dependencies.This means, that downloading a single file from thereleases page.
# linux-armwget https://github.com/sandreas/tone/releases/download/v0.2.5/tone-0.2.5-linux-arm.tar.gz# linux-arm64wget https://github.com/sandreas/tone/releases/download/v0.2.5/tone-0.2.5-linux-arm64.tar.gz# linux-x64wget https://github.com/sandreas/tone/releases/download/v0.2.5/tone-0.2.5-linux-x64.tar.gz# macos (m1) - not working atm, see issue #6wget https://github.com/sandreas/tone/releases/download/v0.2.5/tone-0.2.5-osx-arm64.tar.gz# macos (intel)wget https://github.com/sandreas/tone/releases/download/v0.2.5/tone-0.2.5-osx-x64.tar.gz# untartar xzf tone-*.tar.gz# install to your $PATHsudo mv tone*/tone /usr/local/bin/# test if tone is usabletone --help
# download for windows (powershell)iwr -outf tone-0.2.5-win-x64.zip https://github.com/sandreas/tone/releases/download/v0.2.5/tone-0.2.5-win-x64.zip# extract toneExpand-Archive -LiteralPath tone-0.2.5-win-x64.zip -DestinationPath.# test if tone is usable.\tone --help# open directory in windows explorer to manually put tone in your %PATH%, e.g. C:\Windowsstart.
Sincetone is a monolith, it is probably not necessary to run it viadocker, but since it is convenient to have a possibility to copytone in your own image, I published an official variant on dockerhub. Since it is amultiarch image, you can use it onarm6,arm7,aarch64, andx64 images.
docker pull sandreas/tone:v0.2.5
Or to usetone in your customDockerfile:
# DockerfileFROM sandreas/tone:v0.2.5 as tone# ...COPY --from=tone /usr/local/bin/tone /usr/local/bin/
tone already supports some common input and output formats for metadata, as well as atone specific one (ToneJson). Moreovertone also uses somereserved metadata fields to overcome issues when storing specific information.
The namespace----:com.pilabor.tone as well as the following fields are reserved fortone inmp4 /m4a /m4b based file formats:
----:com.pilabor.tone:AUDIBLE_ASIN: Since there is no official field for storing the audible ASIN,toneMAY use this custom field to store this piece information----:com.pilabor.tone:PART: Since the movement index is often used for a part of a series but only supports integers (e.g.1) it cannot store some series part names (e.g.2.1or roman numbers likeIV)tonesupports--meta-partparameter being a fallback for storing non integer values while coincidentally storing--meta-movementonly if it is an integer value- Therefore it is always recommended to use the
--meta-partparameter instead of--meta-movementto set the part number of a series
TheToneJson format is specific fortone, can contain all supported metadata (including binary images) and looks similar to this example...
Example
{"audio": {"bitrate":320,"format":"MPEG Audio (Layer III)","formatShort":"MPEG","sampleRate":44100.0,"duration":255920.0,"channels": {"count":2,"description":"Joint Stereo" },"frames": {"offset":20749,"length":10236864 },"metaFormat": ["id3V24" ] },"meta": {"album":"Back in Black","albumArtist":"AC/DC","artist":"AC/DC","discNumber":1,"discTotal":1,"encodedBy":"LAME 3.99.5","genre":"Hard Rock","itunesCompilation":"no","publisher":"Atlantic","recordingDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","sortArtist":"AC/DC","title":"Back in Black","trackNumber":6,"trackTotal":10,"embeddedPictures": [ {"type":2,"code":3,"mimetype":"image/jpeg","data":"/9j/4AAQSkZJRgA...9k=" } ],"additionalFields": {"grP1":"5","tmed":"CD","tlan":"eng","tipl":"arranger","tdor":"1980-07-25","script":"Latn","artist Credit":"AC/DC","albumartistsort":"AC/DC","catalognumber":"16018-2","album Artist Credit":"AC/DC","musicBrainz Album Type":"album","replaygaiN_ALBUM_GAIN":"-8.43 dB","replaygaiN_ALBUM_PEAK":"1.064363","replaygaiN_TRACK_GAIN":"-8.38 dB","replaygaiN_TRACK_PEAK":"1.051585","musicBrainz Album Status":"Official","musicBrainz Album Release Country":"DE","acoustid Id":"8b379144-9a9d-4fc1-897a-a7c0771f8ebb","musicBrainz Album Id":"fdabb997-b984-4097-bd3b-89fafd5e2e75","ufid":"http://musicbrainz.org\u0000ef71afb6-5e51-41df-999b-9e7c7306063a","musicBrainz Artist Id":"66c662b6-6e2f-4930-8610-912e24c63ed1","musicBrainz Album Artist Id":"66c662b6-6e2f-4930-8610-912e24c63ed1","musicBrainz Release Group Id":"d3bc1a64-7561-3787-b680-0003aa50f8f1","musicBrainz Release Track Id":"cf05ab29-27c7-47ed-9450-9f4de676cded","acoustid Fingerprint":"AQADtE...oIIYgRUChBhABIEeWAA0AQR4hSDg","iTunNORM":" 00001AE7 00001AE7 00004340 00004340 00000000 00000000 0000869A 0000869A 00000000 00000000" } },"file": {"size":10257613,"created":"2019-06-12T18:50:37.5527895+02:00","modified":"2019-06-12T18:50:37.5527895+02:00","accessed":"2023-02-14T09:21:29.2261032+01:00","path":"music/album/AC_DC/Back in Black","name":"06 - Back in Black.mp3" }}TheChptFmtNative format was initially used inmp4v2, but never fully specified. However, there is a loosespec here.
Example
## artist: Cœur de pirate## album: Blonde#### total-duration: 00:38:37.034##00:00:00.000 Lève les voiles00:01:12.709 Adieu00:03:40.346 Danse et danse00:06:50.775 Golden Baby00:09:57.772 Ava00:13:14.657 Loin d'ici00:15:58.494 Les amours dévouées00:18:26.443 Place de la république00:22:37.664 Cap diamant00:25:20.925 Verseau00:29:14.722 Saint-Laurent00:32:29.519 La petite mort00:36:19.140 Hôtel amourTheffmetadata format was designed forffmpeg, a versatile media encoder and it isspecified here.
Example
;FFMETADATA1title=Back in Blackartist=AC/DCtrack=6/10album=Back in Blackdisc=1/1date=1986genre=Hard RockTBPM=0compilation=0TMED=CDlanguage=engalbum_artist=AC/DCartist-sort=AC/DCpublisher=AtlanticTIPL=arrangerTDOR=1980-07-25encoded_by=LAME 3.99.5Script=LatnArtist Credit=AC/DCALBUMARTISTSORT=AC/DCCATALOGNUMBER=16018-2The features oftone are divided by commands. You candump information ortag a file and so on. To do so, run
tone<command><parameters>
Example:
tone dump "my-audio-file.mp3"global options
There are some global options, that can be used to change the behaviour of the file iterator. These options apply for all commands:
--order-by: Sort files by attribute (defaults topath, available options arepath,size,filename,extension,created,modified,accessed, combine via,, descending via!), examples:--order-by="!created"- sort by create date descending--order-by="extension,created"- sort by extension, then by created--order-by="size,!extension,modified"- sort by size, then extension descending, then by modification date
--limit: Limit results- one value (e.g.
--limit=10) - top10results - two values with comma (e.g.
--limit=10,20) - offset10fetch20results
- one value (e.g.
--include-extensions: Filter for these extensions--debug: Enable debug mode (for development or issue reporting)--force: Try to force action (e.g. overwrite existing files, etc.)
Thedump command can be used to show metadata for a wide variety of audio files. You can either specify a single file or a directory,which will be traversed recursively. Several output--format options are supported. By default a terminal user interface library is used,but it is also possible to usejson orffmetadata.
tone dump --help USAGE: tone dump [input] [OPTIONS]EXAMPLES: tone dump --help tone dump input.mp3 tone dump audio-directory/ --include-extension m4b --format ffmetadata --include-property title --include-property artistARGUMENTS: [input] Input files or foldersOPTIONS: -h, --help Printshelp information --debug --force --include-extension --order-by --limit --include-property --format --queryThetag command can be used to modify audio metadata. Besides using predefined parameters like--meta-album it is also possible toadd or modify custom fields via--meta-additional-field, e.g.--meta-additional-field "©st3=testing" as well as pictures or chapters.
IMPORTANT:
toneis meant to be used on local block storage and may cause unwanted side effects when trying to modify tags on network orother remote storage. Please ensure you have a backup or copy files locally to change metadata. See #52 for details.
The--taggers option allows you to specify a custom set or a different order of internal taggers (NOT input formats), which are gonna be applied. In most caseschanging the order of thetaggers does not make a huge difference, but fully understanding this optionrequires a bit of technical knowledge. Let's go through a use case to see what you can do with it.
Note: Internal taggers are applied in a sane order by default and not meant for beginners. Most of the time you don't need to change the order and this usually is for very specific experts use cases. So if you don't fully understand this option, just leave it as is.
Use case: re-tagsorttitle /sortalbumThe following taggers are relevant for this use case:
remove- Removes metadata fields or sets it to an empty valuem4bfillup- Fills up missing or relevant special fields for audio books (e.g.sorttitle/sortalbum)*- Represents all remaining taggers, that are not already provided by name
Usually, theremove tagger is applied at last. If you provide--meta-remove-property=sorttitle, this ensures an existing value will really beremoved after all taggers have been applied. Them4bfillup tagger will automatically generatesorttitle /sortalbum frommovementname,movement andtitle /album if AND ONLY IF the current value is empty.
So if you change themovementname (e.g.Harray Potter toHarry Potter because of a typo),sorttitle /sortalbum will not be updated,because these fields already have a value. If youremove thesorttitle /sortalbum, it will not be auto-updated but only removed,sinceremove is applied afterm4bfillup.
This can be solved by reordering the taggers:
- First apply
removetagger to removesorttitle/sortalbumcompletely - Then apply
m4bfillupto rebuildsorttitle/sortalbum
tone tag harry-potter-1.m4b --taggers="remove,m4bfillup" --meta-movement-name="Harry Potter" --meta-remove-property="sortalbum" --meta-remove-property="sorttitle"
As you see, most of the time, you only care about one special tagger to be applied first or last. This is whytone has an option to add allremaining taggers to the list using a*:
tone tag harry-potter-1.m4b --taggers="remove,*" --meta-movement-name="Harry Potter" --meta-remove-property="sortalbum" --meta-remove-property="sorttitle"
The following taggers are available at the moment (names can be applied case-insensitive):
ToneJson- sets metadata values fromtone.jsonfileMetadata- sets metadata values from input parameters--meta-...Id- sets metadata values from--id(e.g. for fetching from web sources via custom js taggers)Cover- sets cover from cover filesPathPattern- sets metadata values from path patternFfmetadata- sets metadata values fromffmetadata.txtfileChptFmtNative- sets chapters fromchapters.txtfileEquate- equates 2 or more metadata fields from--meta-equate(see below)M4BFillUp- auto fillalbum,title,iTunesMediaTypefrom existing fields if possiblePrependMovementToDescription- prependsmovementto all description fields, if setRemove- removes metadata values from input parameter--meta-remove-propertyand--meta-remove-additional-fieldScriptTagger- your personal custom JavaScript taggers (see below)
EquateThe equate tagger can be used to set a field by referencing another, e.g. when you would like to settheAlbumArtist equal to theArtist, you could use--meta-equate "artist,albumartiest".
The--meta-equate works like this:
- Fields to equate are separated by
,, at least 2 fields are required, but more are allowed - The first field contains the value, the latter fields will be overwritten by this value
- The
--meta-equateparameter can be used multiple times to equate multiple fields, e.g.--meta-equate=fieldA,fieldB --meta-equate=fieldC,fieldD,fieldE - The provided field names are treated case-insensitive, see reference below
Field reference
``` Album AlbumArtist Artist Bpm ChaptersTableDescription Composer Comment Conductor Copyright Description DiscNumber DiscTotal EncodedBy EncoderSettings EncodingTool Genre Group ItunesCompilation ItunesMediaType ItunesPlayGap LongDescription Lyrics Part Movement MovementName Narrator OriginalAlbum OriginalArtist Popularity Publisher PublishingDate PurchaseDate RecordingDate SortTitle SortAlbum SortArtist SortAlbumArtist SortComposer Subtitle Title TrackNumber TrackTotal```tone tag --help USAGE: tone tag [input] [OPTIONS]EXAMPLES: tone tag --help tone tag input.mp3 --meta-title"a title" tone tag --debug --auto-import=covers --meta-additional-field ©st3=testing input.m4b --dry-run tone tag --auto-import=covers --auto-import=chapters --path-pattern="audiobooks/%g/%a/%s/%p - %n.m4b" --path-pattern="audiobooks/%g/%a/%z/%n.m4b" audiobooks/ --dry-run tone tag input.mp3 --script musicbrainz.js --script-tagger-parameter e2310769-2e68-462f-b54f-25ac8e3f1a21ARGUMENTS: [input] Input files or foldersOPTIONS: -h, --help Printshelp information --debug --force --include-extension --order-by --limit -y, --assume-yes --dry-run --taggers --script --script-tagger-parameter --prepend-movement-to-description --meta-artist --meta-album --meta-album-artist --meta-bpm --meta-chapters-table-description --meta-comment --meta-composer --meta-conductor --meta-copyright --meta-description --meta-disc-number --meta-disc-total --meta-encoded-by --meta-encoder-settings --meta-encoding-tool --meta-genre --meta-group --meta-itunes-compilation --meta-itunes-media-type --meta-itunes-play-gap --meta-long-description --meta-part --meta-movement --meta-movement-name --meta-narrator --meta-original-album --meta-original-artist --meta-popularity --meta-publisher --meta-publishing-date --meta-purchase-date --meta-recording-date --meta-sort-album --meta-sort-album-artist --meta-sort-artist --meta-sort-composer --meta-sort-title --meta-subtitle --meta-title --meta-track-number --meta-track-total --meta-additional-field --auto-import --meta-chapters-file --meta-cover-file --meta-tone-json-file -p, --path-pattern --path-pattern-extension --meta-equate --meta-remove-additional-field --meta-remove-property
It is possible to use thetag subcommand with multiple--path-pattern arguments to read metadata from path names. Please note:
- If multiple path patterns are present, the first matching one is preferred
- Path patterns can be applied recursively for a whole directory tree as well as for single files
- It is recommended use the
--dry-runflag to see a diff before changing anything- there is anissue with flags like
--dry-run, that they sometimes not work depending on the position - sometimes shifting them around helps
- there is anissue with flags like
- Path pattern matching is based ongrok.net, so all metadata properties could be read from a path name and there are a lot of things yet to be documented
- For now it is recommended to use the short hands below
short hands
All short hands are configured to match non-slash (/) or part numbers ([0-9-.IVXLCDM]+).
%a-Artist%A-SortArtist%c-Comment%C-Copyright%d-Description%D-LongDescription%g-Genre%m-Album%M-SortAlbum%n-Title%N-SortTitle%p-Part(only matching part numbers)%s-MovementName%t-AlbumArtist%w-Composer%y-ReleaseDate%z-IgnoreDummy%Z-IgnoreDummy(only matching part numbers)
Withtone v0.0.4 it is possible to usescripted taggers. Long story short: You can now use JavaScriptto hook into the tagging mechanism and write your ownextensions fortone.
Note: script support is limited to a specific subset of JavaScript and does not support every feature that is supported in modern browsers. If you would like to know more, take a look atjint
Lets say you would like to consume an external API to set some tags, in our example we usehttp://musicbrainz.org to tag the audiobookHarry Potter and the Philosopher�s Stone :
// musicbrainz.jsfunctionmusicbrainz(metadata,parameters){// e2310769-2e68-462f-b54f-25ac8e3f1a21varid=parameters.length>0 ?parameters[0] :null;if(id===null){console.log("Please provide a valid musicbrainz release id to use this tagger");return;}varurl="http://musicbrainz.org/ws/2/release/"+id+"?inc=recordings&fmt=json";console.log("fetching url:",url);// User-Agent header is required for musicbrainz to provide a responsevarjson=tone.Fetch(url,{headers:{'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 3_2 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/531.21.10 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0.4'}});// you could also read a text file in the base path of the audio file// json = tone.ReadTextFile(metadata.BasePath + "/musicbrainz.json");varresult=JSON.parse(json);metadata.Title=result.title;console.log("new title:",result.title);if('barcode'inresult){metadata.AdditionalFields["ISBN"]=result.barcode;console.log("new barcode:",result.barcode);}}// register your function name as taggertone.RegisterTagger("musicbrainz");
Now you can use the--script parameter to load your customJavaScript and furthermorethe--script-tagger-parameter to provide theparameters array used in the tagger function.If you would like to prevent the defaulttone taggers to be applied, you can also limit thethem to your scripted one via--taggers=musicbrainz.
tone tag"harry-potter-1.m4b" --taggers="musicbrainz" --script="musicbrainz.js" --script-tagger-parameter="e2310769-2e68-462f-b54f-25ac8e3f1a21"
To get an overview of fields, that can be accessed or modified via themetadata object, you should take a look at theIMetadata interface. Not all of them are primitive types, but there are API at least some helper methods to overcome this problem (more are planned):
| Method | Description | Notes |
|---|---|---|
tone.RegisterTagger(string functionName):void | Registers a custom tagger function withfunctionName | - |
tone.Fetch(string url [, object? options]):string | Fetches remoteurl contents usingoptions inspired byoriginal fetch API | Only a small subset of options is implemented (mainlymethod,body andheaders) |
tone.Download(string url, string destinationPath [, object options]):bool | Downloads a remote<url> to<destinationFile> usingoptions inspired byoriginal fetch API | Returnstrue on success,false on errorDirectories will be created recursively Files are not overwritten by default |
tone.ReadTextFile(string path):string | Reads a text file completely as string | - |
tone.WriteTextFile(string path, string content):void | Writes text to a file (create file if not exists, overwrite contents) | - |
tone.AppendTextFile(string path, string content):void | Appends text to a file (create file if not exists, append contents) | - |
tone.LimitByteLength(string message, int maxLength):string | Limites text to byte length (not char length) | - |
tone.CreateDateTime(string dateString):DateTime | Creates aDateTime value from string | e.g. formetadata.PublishingDate |
tone.CreateTimeSpan(number milliseconds):TimeSpan | Creates aTimeSpan value from string | e.g. formetadata.TotalDuration |
tone.CreatePicture(string path):PictureInfo | Creates aPictureInfo value from a path (refer toDownload) | formetadata.EmbeddedPictures |
tone.CreateChapter(string title, number startMs, number lengthMs [, PictureInfo picture, string subtitle, string uniqueID]):ChapterInfo | Creates aChapterInfo | formetadata.Chapters |
To buildtone, you need thedotnet SDK with at least version6.0. After this you check out the code via git and that's it.
# check dotnet version > 6.0dotnet --version# clone git repositorygit clone https://github.com/sandreas/tone.git# change into main solutioncd tone# restore nuget packagesdotnet restore# build solutiondotnet build
Runtone without params to test your environment
# change to project tone/tonecd tone# run the projectdotnet run# output should be something like:# USAGE:# tone [OPTIONS] <COMMAND># ...
If this works, you can now open thetone.sln file in the main directory with your favorite IDE (e.g. Visual Studio, JetBrains Rider or Visual Studio Code)
You can now also publishtone as single binary. Before you build an executable binary, you have to choose a valid runtime identifier (RID)for the operating system and the architecture you would like to build for.Valid RID values are for example win-x64, linux-x64, osx-x64 and so on
Refer to the officialRID catalog and please ensure, your RID is supported by the accordingdotnet version (older versions may not support modern runtime ids)
The most common variants are probably these:
# windows (x64)dotnet publish tone/tone.csproj --runtime"win-x64" --framework net6.0 -c Release -p:PublishSingleFile=true --self-containedtrue -p:PublishReadyToRun=true -p:PublishTrimmed=true -o"dist/tone"# macOS (x64)dotnet publish tone/tone.csproj --runtime"osx-x64" --framework net6.0 -c Release -p:PublishSingleFile=true --self-containedtrue -p:PublishReadyToRun=true -p:PublishTrimmed=true -o"dist/tone"# macOS (arm64)dotnet publish tone/tone.csproj --runtime"osx-arm64" --framework net6.0 -c Release -p:PublishSingleFile=true --self-containedtrue -p:PublishReadyToRun=true -p:PublishTrimmed=true -o"dist/tone"# linux (x64)dotnet publish tone/tone.csproj --runtime"linux-x64" --framework net6.0 -c Release -p:PublishSingleFile=true --self-containedtrue -p:PublishReadyToRun=true -p:PublishTrimmed=true -o"dist/tone"
Found an issue? Here are some helpful commands to create sample audio files without copyright to reproduce the issue:
# create a 5 seconds silent sampleffmpeg -ar 48000 -ac 1 -f s16le -i /dev/zero -t 5 -y sample.wav# convert wav to m4b (mp3 would also work)ffmpeg -i sample.wav -f mp4 sample.m4b# download a sample coverwget -c https://picsum.photos/id/237/500/500 -O cover.jpg# embed the cover into the sampleffmpeg -i sample.m4b -i cover.jpg -map 0 -map 1 -c copy -disposition:v:1 attached_pic -f mp4 ready.m4b# run your tone command to reproduce the issuetone tag --meta-genre=Fantasy sample.m4bThe following issues are known, part of an external library and already reported:
--meta-*options cannot be set to empty values ([spectre.console 842])- workaround: use
--meta-remove-propertyinstead
- workaround: use
About
tone is a cross platform audio tagger and metadata editor to dump and modify metadata for a wide variety of formats, including mp3, m4b, flac and more. It has no dependencies and can be downloaded as single binary for Windows, macOS, Linux and other common platforms.