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12 changes: 12 additions & 0 deletions.classpath
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<classpath>
<classpathentry kind="src" path="src/main/java"/>
<classpathentry kind="src" path="src/main/test"/>
<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.jdt.junit.JUNIT_CONTAINER/5"/>
<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.jdt.launching.JRE_CONTAINER/org.eclipse.jdt.internal.debug.ui.launcher.StandardVMType/JavaSE-1.8">
<attributes>
<attribute name="owner.project.facets" value="java"/>
</attributes>
</classpathentry>
<classpathentry kind="output" path="bin"/>
</classpath>
29 changes: 29 additions & 0 deletions.project
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<projectDescription>
<name>Algorithms-and-Data-Structures-in-Java</name>
<comment></comment>
<projects>
</projects>
<buildSpec>
<buildCommand>
<name>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javabuilder</name>
<arguments>
</arguments>
</buildCommand>
<buildCommand>
<name>org.eclipse.wst.common.project.facet.core.builder</name>
<arguments>
</arguments>
</buildCommand>
<buildCommand>
<name>org.eclipse.m2e.core.maven2Builder</name>
<arguments>
</arguments>
</buildCommand>
</buildSpec>
<natures>
<nature>org.eclipse.m2e.core.maven2Nature</nature>
<nature>org.eclipse.wst.common.project.facet.core.nature</nature>
<nature>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javanature</nature>
</natures>
</projectDescription>
2 changes: 2 additions & 0 deletions.settings/org.eclipse.core.resources.prefs
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eclipse.preferences.version=1
encoding/<project>=UTF-8
10 changes: 10 additions & 0 deletions.settings/org.eclipse.jdt.core.prefs
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eclipse.preferences.version=1
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.inlineJsrBytecode=enabled
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.codegen.targetPlatform=1.8
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.compliance=1.8
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.assertIdentifier=error
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enablePreviewFeatures=disabled
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.enumIdentifier=error
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.problem.reportPreviewFeatures=warning
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.release=enabled
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.source=1.8
4 changes: 4 additions & 0 deletions.settings/org.eclipse.wst.common.project.facet.core.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<faceted-project>
<installed facet="java" version="1.8"/>
</faceted-project>
122 changes: 122 additions & 0 deletionsbin/com/rampatra/bits/README.md
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# Bits

## Basic Operators

#### AND:

| x | y | x `&` y |
----|---|:-------:|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |

#### OR:

| x | y | x `\|` y |
|---|---|:--------:|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |

#### XOR:

| x | y | x `^` y |
|---|---|:-------:|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |


## Shifts

_Disclaimer: We are taking `byte` (8 bits) as our datatype to explain the
concepts instead of the usual integer._

#### 1. Left Shift (<<):

1 << 3 = 8

> 00000001 << 3 = 00001000

#### 2. Right Shift:

**Two types:**

**a. Signed Right Shift (>>):**

64 >> 2 = 16

> 001000000 >> 2 = 00010000

-64 >> 2 = -16

> 111000000 >> 2 = 11110000

**b. Unsigned Right Shift (>>>):**

64 >>> 2 = 16

> 001000000 >>> 2 = 00010000

-64 >>> 2 = 56

> 111000000 >>> 2 = 00111000

## Helpful Masks

#### 1. Set the 4th bit from right:

```java
byte mask = 1 << 3;
```

Explanation,

```
00000001 << 3 = 00001000
```

#### 2. Set the first 3 bits from right:

```java
byte mask = (1 << 3) - 1;
```

Explanation,

```
00000001 << 3 = 00001000

00001000 - 00000001 = 00000111
```

#### 3. Mask with alternating 1010...10

```java
byte mask = 0x55;
```

#### 4. Mask with alternating 0101...01

```java
byte mask = 0xaa;
```

#### 5. Unset the 4th bit

```java
byte mask = 1 << 3;

byte num = num & ~mask;
```

Explanation,

```
00000001 << 3 = 00001000

~(00001000) = 11110111
```
76 changes: 76 additions & 0 deletionsbin/com/rampatra/database/README.md
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# Relational Database (WIP)

A __relational database__ is a digital database based on
the [relational model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model) of
data. In simple words, it is a collection of data items with pre-defined
relationships between them. These items are organized as a set of tables,
with columns and rows. Each column stores some specific attribute of an object/entity and the
row represents a specific object/entity.

A software system used to maintain relational databases is a __relational
database management system (RDBMS)__, for e.g., MySQL, Oracle DB, PostgreSQL, etc.
Virtually all relational database systems use __SQL (Structured Query Language)__
for querying and maintaining the database.

## Basic Definitions

1. Primary Key

2. Candidate Key

3. Composite Key

4. Prime/Non-prime attribute

## Types of SQL commands

1. DDL
2. DML
3. DCL
4. TCL

| Type| Command List |
|-------|-------------------|
| DDL| CREATE |
| | DROP |
| | ALTER |
| | RENAME |
| | TRUNCATE |
| | |
| DML| SELECT |
| | INSERT |
| | UPDATE |
| | DELETE |
| | |
| DCL| GRANT |
| | REVOKE |
| | |
| TCL| START TRANSACTION |
| | COMMIT |
| | ROLLBACK |

## Types of Joins

1. Inner Join
2. Left Outer Join
3. Right Outer Join
4. Full Join
5. Self Join

## Normalization Forms

1. 1NF
2. 2NF
3. 3NF
4. BCNF
5. 4NF
6. 5NF

#### 1NF

Required conditions:

a. All values should be atomic (non-breakable).
b. There should be a candidate key or a composite key (basically you should be able to uniquely identify all records in the table).


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