The description is best gleaned from the following mypy issue:python/mypy#1284 (comment) and following. We're going with option (A).

Really brief example:

fromtypingimportNewTypeUserId=NewType('UserId',int)

Now to the type checker UserId is a new type that's compatible with int, but converting an int to a UserId requires a special cast form, UserId(x). At runtime UserId instances are just ints (not a subclass!) and UserId() is a dummy function that just returns its argument.