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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001-2025, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
# Translators:
# Ryan Febriansyah <15523163@students.uii.ac.id>, 2021
# oon arfiandwi <oon.arfiandwi@gmail.com>, 2023
#
#,fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version:Python 3.13\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To:\n"
"POT-Creation-Date:2025-05-02 14:19+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date:2021-06-28 00:52+0000\n"
"Last-Translator:oon arfiandwi <oon.arfiandwi@gmail.com>, 2023\n"
"Language-Team:Indonesian (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/id/)\n"
"MIME-Version:1.0\n"
"Content-Type:text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding:8bit\n"
"Language:id\n"
"Plural-Forms:nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:5
msgid"Programming FAQ"
msgstr"Pemrograman FAQ"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:8
msgid"Contents"
msgstr"Konten"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:12
msgid"General Questions"
msgstr"Pertanyaan Umum"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:15
msgid""
"Is there a source code level debugger with breakpoints, single-stepping, "
"etc.?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:17../../faq/programming.rst:58
msgid"Yes."
msgstr"Ya."
#:../../faq/programming.rst:19
msgid""
"Several debuggers for Python are described below, and the built-in function "
":func:`breakpoint` allows you to drop into any of them."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:22
msgid""
"The pdb module is a simple but adequate console-mode debugger for Python. It"
" is part of the standard Python library, and is :mod:`documented in the "
"Library Reference Manual <pdb>`. You can also write your own debugger by "
"using the code for pdb as an example."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:27
msgid""
"The IDLE interactive development environment, which is part of the standard "
"Python distribution (normally available as `Tools/scripts/idle3 "
"<https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Tools/scripts/idle3>`_), "
"includes a graphical debugger."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:32
msgid""
"PythonWin is a Python IDE that includes a GUI debugger based on pdb. The "
"PythonWin debugger colors breakpoints and has quite a few cool features such"
" as debugging non-PythonWin programs. PythonWin is available as part of "
"`pywin32 <https://github.com/mhammond/pywin32>`_ project and as a part of "
"the `ActivePython <https://www.activestate.com/products/python/>`_ "
"distribution."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:39
msgid""
"`Eric <https://eric-ide.python-projects.org/>`_ is an IDE built on PyQt and "
"the Scintilla editing component."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:42
msgid""
"`trepan3k <https://github.com/rocky/python3-trepan/>`_ is a gdb-like "
"debugger."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:44
msgid""
"`Visual Studio Code <https://code.visualstudio.com/>`_ is an IDE with "
"debugging tools that integrates with version-control software."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:47
msgid""
"There are a number of commercial Python IDEs that include graphical "
"debuggers. They include:"
msgstr""
"Ada sejumlah IDE Python komersial yang menyertakan debugger berbentuk "
"grafis. Mereka adalah:"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:50
msgid"`Wing IDE <https://wingware.com/>`_"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:51
msgid"`Komodo IDE <https://www.activestate.com/products/komodo-ide/>`_"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:52
msgid"`PyCharm <https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/>`_"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:56
msgid"Are there tools to help find bugs or perform static analysis?"
msgstr""
"Apakah terdapat alat untuk membantu menemukan bug atau melakukan analisis "
"yang bersifat statis?"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:60
msgid""
"`Pylint <https://pylint.pycqa.org/en/latest/index.html>`_ and `Pyflakes "
"<https://github.com/PyCQA/pyflakes>`_ do basic checking that will help you "
"catch bugs sooner."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:64
msgid""
"Static type checkers such as `Mypy <https://mypy-lang.org/>`_, `Pyre "
"<https://pyre-check.org/>`_, and `Pytype "
"<https://github.com/google/pytype>`_ can check type hints in Python source "
"code."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:73
msgid"How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:75
msgid""
"You don't need the ability to compile Python to C code if all you want is a "
"stand-alone program that users can download and run without having to "
"install the Python distribution first. There are a number of tools that "
"determine the set of modules required by a program and bind these modules "
"together with a Python binary to produce a single executable."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:81
msgid""
"One is to use the freeze tool, which is included in the Python source tree "
"as `Tools/freeze "
"<https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/main/Tools/freeze>`_. It converts "
"Python byte code to C arrays; with a C compiler you can embed all your "
"modules into a new program, which is then linked with the standard Python "
"modules."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:87
msgid""
"It works by scanning your source recursively for import statements (in both "
"forms) and looking for the modules in the standard Python path as well as in"
" the source directory (for built-in modules). It then turns the bytecode "
"for modules written in Python into C code (array initializers that can be "
"turned into code objects using the marshal module) and creates a custom-made"
" config file that only contains those built-in modules which are actually "
"used in the program. It then compiles the generated C code and links it "
"with the rest of the Python interpreter to form a self-contained binary "
"which acts exactly like your script."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:96
msgid""
"The following packages can help with the creation of console and GUI "
"executables:"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:99
msgid"`Nuitka <https://nuitka.net/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:100
msgid"`PyInstaller <https://pyinstaller.org/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:101
msgid""
"`PyOxidizer <https://pyoxidizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_ (Cross-"
"platform)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:102
msgid""
"`cx_Freeze <https://marcelotduarte.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:103
msgid"`py2app <https://github.com/ronaldoussoren/py2app>`_ (macOS only)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:104
msgid"`py2exe <https://www.py2exe.org/>`_ (Windows only)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:107
msgid"Are there coding standards or a style guide for Python programs?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:109
msgid""
"Yes. The coding style required for standard library modules is documented "
"as :pep:`8`."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:114
msgid"Core Language"
msgstr"Inti Bahasa"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:119
msgid"Why am I getting an UnboundLocalError when the variable has a value?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:121
msgid""
"It can be a surprise to get the :exc:`UnboundLocalError` in previously "
"working code when it is modified by adding an assignment statement somewhere"
" in the body of a function."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:125
msgid"This code:"
msgstr"Kode ini:"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:134
msgid"works, but this code:"
msgstr"dapat beroperasi, tapi kode ini:"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:141
msgid"results in an :exc:`!UnboundLocalError`:"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:148
msgid""
"This is because when you make an assignment to a variable in a scope, that "
"variable becomes local to that scope and shadows any similarly named "
"variable in the outer scope. Since the last statement in foo assigns a new "
"value to ``x``, the compiler recognizes it as a local variable. "
"Consequently when the earlier ``print(x)`` attempts to print the "
"uninitialized local variable and an error results."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:155
msgid""
"In the example above you can access the outer scope variable by declaring it"
" global:"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:167
msgid""
"This explicit declaration is required in order to remind you that (unlike "
"the superficially analogous situation with class and instance variables) you"
" are actually modifying the value of the variable in the outer scope:"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:174
msgid""
"You can do a similar thing in a nested scope using the :keyword:`nonlocal` "
"keyword:"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:192
msgid"What are the rules for local and global variables in Python?"
msgstr"Apa saja aturan-aturan untuk variabel lokal dan global di Python?"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:194
msgid""
"In Python, variables that are only referenced inside a function are "
"implicitly global. If a variable is assigned a value anywhere within the "
"function's body, it's assumed to be a local unless explicitly declared as "
"global."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:198
msgid""
"Though a bit surprising at first, a moment's consideration explains this. "
"On one hand, requiring :keyword:`global` for assigned variables provides a "
"bar against unintended side-effects. On the other hand, if ``global`` was "
"required for all global references, you'd be using ``global`` all the time."
" You'd have to declare as global every reference to a built-in function or "
"to a component of an imported module. This clutter would defeat the "
"usefulness of the ``global`` declaration for identifying side-effects."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:208
msgid""
"Why do lambdas defined in a loop with different values all return the same "
"result?"
msgstr""
"Mengapa lambda yang didefinisikan dalam sebuah perulangan dengan nilai yang "
"berbeda semuanya mengembalikan hasil yang sama?"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:210
msgid""
"Assume you use a for loop to define a few different lambdas (or even plain "
"functions), e.g.::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:213
msgid""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"... squares.append(lambda: x**2)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:217
msgid""
"This gives you a list that contains 5 lambdas that calculate ``x**2``. You "
"might expect that, when called, they would return, respectively, ``0``, "
"``1``, ``4``, ``9``, and ``16``. However, when you actually try you will "
"see that they all return ``16``::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:222
msgid""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"16\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:227
msgid""
"This happens because ``x`` is not local to the lambdas, but is defined in "
"the outer scope, and it is accessed when the lambda is called --- not when "
"it is defined. At the end of the loop, the value of ``x`` is ``4``, so all "
"the functions now return ``4**2``, i.e. ``16``. You can also verify this by"
" changing the value of ``x`` and see how the results of the lambdas change::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:233
msgid""
">>> x = 8\n"
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"64"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:237
msgid""
"In order to avoid this, you need to save the values in variables local to "
"the lambdas, so that they don't rely on the value of the global ``x``::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:240
msgid""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"... squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:244
msgid""
"Here, ``n=x`` creates a new variable ``n`` local to the lambda and computed "
"when the lambda is defined so that it has the same value that ``x`` had at "
"that point in the loop. This means that the value of ``n`` will be ``0`` in"
" the first lambda, ``1`` in the second, ``2`` in the third, and so on. "
"Therefore each lambda will now return the correct result::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:250
msgid""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"4\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:255
msgid""
"Note that this behaviour is not peculiar to lambdas, but applies to regular "
"functions too."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:260
msgid"How do I share global variables across modules?"
msgstr"Bagaimana Saya dapat berbagi variabel global di seluruh modul?"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:262
msgid""
"The canonical way to share information across modules within a single "
"program is to create a special module (often called config or cfg). Just "
"import the config module in all modules of your application; the module then"
" becomes available as a global name. Because there is only one instance of "
"each module, any changes made to the module object get reflected everywhere."
" For example:"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:268
msgid"config.py::"
msgstr"config.py::"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:270
msgid"x = 0 # Default value of the 'x' configuration setting"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:272
msgid"mod.py::"
msgstr"mod.py::"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:274
msgid""
"import config\n"
"config.x = 1"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:277
msgid"main.py::"
msgstr"main.py::"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:279
msgid""
"import config\n"
"import mod\n"
"print(config.x)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:283
msgid""
"Note that using a module is also the basis for implementing the singleton "
"design pattern, for the same reason."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:288
msgid"What are the\"best practices\" for using import in a module?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:290
msgid""
"In general, don't use ``from modulename import *``. Doing so clutters the "
"importer's namespace, and makes it much harder for linters to detect "
"undefined names."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:294
msgid""
"Import modules at the top of a file. Doing so makes it clear what other "
"modules your code requires and avoids questions of whether the module name "
"is in scope. Using one import per line makes it easy to add and delete "
"module imports, but using multiple imports per line uses less screen space."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:299
msgid"It's good practice if you import modules in the following order:"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:301
msgid""
"standard library modules -- e.g. :mod:`sys`, :mod:`os`, :mod:`argparse`, "
":mod:`re`"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:302
msgid""
"third-party library modules (anything installed in Python's site-packages "
"directory) -- e.g. :mod:`!dateutil`, :mod:`!requests`, :mod:`!PIL.Image`"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:304
msgid"locally developed modules"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:306
msgid""
"It is sometimes necessary to move imports to a function or class to avoid "
"problems with circular imports. Gordon McMillan says:"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:309
msgid""
"Circular imports are fine where both modules use the\"import <module>\" "
"form of import. They fail when the 2nd module wants to grab a name out of "
"the first (\"from module import name\") and the import is at the top level."
" That's because names in the 1st are not yet available, because the first "
"module is busy importing the 2nd."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:315
msgid""
"In this case, if the second module is only used in one function, then the "
"import can easily be moved into that function. By the time the import is "
"called, the first module will have finished initializing, and the second "
"module can do its import."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:320
msgid""
"It may also be necessary to move imports out of the top level of code if "
"some of the modules are platform-specific. In that case, it may not even be"
" possible to import all of the modules at the top of the file. In this "
"case, importing the correct modules in the corresponding platform-specific "
"code is a good option."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:325
msgid""
"Only move imports into a local scope, such as inside a function definition, "
"if it's necessary to solve a problem such as avoiding a circular import or "
"are trying to reduce the initialization time of a module. This technique is"
" especially helpful if many of the imports are unnecessary depending on how "
"the program executes. You may also want to move imports into a function if "
"the modules are only ever used in that function. Note that loading a module"
" the first time may be expensive because of the one time initialization of "
"the module, but loading a module multiple times is virtually free, costing "
"only a couple of dictionary lookups. Even if the module name has gone out "
"of scope, the module is probably available in :data:`sys.modules`."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:338
msgid"Why are default values shared between objects?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:340
msgid""
"This type of bug commonly bites neophyte programmers. Consider this "
"function::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:342
msgid""
"def foo(mydict={}): # Danger: shared reference to one dict for all calls\n"
" ... compute something ...\n"
" mydict[key] = value\n"
" return mydict"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:347
msgid""
"The first time you call this function, ``mydict`` contains a single item. "
"The second time, ``mydict`` contains two items because when ``foo()`` begins"
" executing, ``mydict`` starts out with an item already in it."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:351
msgid""
"It is often expected that a function call creates new objects for default "
"values. This is not what happens. Default values are created exactly once, "
"when the function is defined. If that object is changed, like the "
"dictionary in this example, subsequent calls to the function will refer to "
"this changed object."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:356
msgid""
"By definition, immutable objects such as numbers, strings, tuples, and "
"``None``, are safe from change. Changes to mutable objects such as "
"dictionaries, lists, and class instances can lead to confusion."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:360
msgid""
"Because of this feature, it is good programming practice to not use mutable "
"objects as default values. Instead, use ``None`` as the default value and "
"inside the function, check if the parameter is ``None`` and create a new "
"list/dictionary/whatever if it is. For example, don't write::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:365
msgid""
"def foo(mydict={}):\n"
" ..."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:368
msgid"but::"
msgstr"tapi::"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:370
msgid""
"def foo(mydict=None):\n"
" if mydict is None:\n"
" mydict = {} # create a new dict for local namespace"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:374
msgid""
"This feature can be useful. When you have a function that's time-consuming "
"to compute, a common technique is to cache the parameters and the resulting "
"value of each call to the function, and return the cached value if the same "
"value is requested again. This is called\"memoizing\", and can be "
"implemented like this::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:379
msgid""
"# Callers can only provide two parameters and optionally pass _cache by keyword\n"
"def expensive(arg1, arg2, *, _cache={}):\n"
" if (arg1, arg2) in _cache:\n"
" return _cache[(arg1, arg2)]\n"
"\n"
" # Calculate the value\n"
" result = ... expensive computation ...\n"
" _cache[(arg1, arg2)] = result # Store result in the cache\n"
" return result"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:389
msgid""
"You could use a global variable containing a dictionary instead of the "
"default value; it's a matter of taste."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:394
msgid""
"How can I pass optional or keyword parameters from one function to another?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:396
msgid""
"Collect the arguments using the ``*`` and ``**`` specifiers in the "
"function's parameter list; this gives you the positional arguments as a "
"tuple and the keyword arguments as a dictionary. You can then pass these "
"arguments when calling another function by using ``*`` and ``**``::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:401
msgid""
"def f(x, *args, **kwargs):\n"
" ...\n"
" kwargs['width'] = '14.3c'\n"
" ...\n"
" g(x, *args, **kwargs)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:415
msgid"What is the difference between arguments and parameters?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:417
msgid""
":term:`Parameters <parameter>` are defined by the names that appear in a "
"function definition, whereas :term:`arguments <argument>` are the values "
"actually passed to a function when calling it. Parameters define what "
":term:`kind of arguments <parameter>` a function can accept. For example, "
"given the function definition::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:423
msgid""
"def func(foo, bar=None, **kwargs):\n"
" pass"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:426
msgid""
"*foo*, *bar* and *kwargs* are parameters of ``func``. However, when calling"
" ``func``, for example::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:429
msgid"func(42, bar=314, extra=somevar)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:431
msgid"the values ``42``, ``314``, and ``somevar`` are arguments."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:435
msgid"Why did changing list 'y' also change list 'x'?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:437
msgid"If you wrote code like::"
msgstr"Jika kamu menulis kode seperti::"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:439
msgid""
">>> x = []\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> y.append(10)\n"
">>> y\n"
"[10]\n"
">>> x\n"
"[10]"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:447
msgid""
"you might be wondering why appending an element to ``y`` changed ``x`` too."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:449
msgid"There are two factors that produce this result:"
msgstr"Terdapat dua faktor yang menghasilkan hasil ini:"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:451
msgid""
"Variables are simply names that refer to objects. Doing ``y = x`` doesn't "
"create a copy of the list -- it creates a new variable ``y`` that refers to "
"the same object ``x`` refers to. This means that there is only one object "
"(the list), and both ``x`` and ``y`` refer to it."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:455
msgid""
"Lists are :term:`mutable`, which means that you can change their content."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:457
msgid""
"After the call to :meth:`!append`, the content of the mutable object has "
"changed from ``[]`` to ``[10]``. Since both the variables refer to the same"
" object, using either name accesses the modified value ``[10]``."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:461
msgid"If we instead assign an immutable object to ``x``::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:463
msgid""
">>> x = 5 # ints are immutable\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> x = x + 1 # 5 can't be mutated, we are creating a new object here\n"
">>> x\n"
"6\n"
">>> y\n"
"5"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:471
msgid""
"we can see that in this case ``x`` and ``y`` are not equal anymore. This is"
" because integers are :term:`immutable`, and when we do ``x = x + 1`` we are"
" not mutating the int ``5`` by incrementing its value; instead, we are "
"creating a new object (the int ``6``) and assigning it to ``x`` (that is, "
"changing which object ``x`` refers to). After this assignment we have two "
"objects (the ints ``6`` and ``5``) and two variables that refer to them "
"(``x`` now refers to ``6`` but ``y`` still refers to ``5``)."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:479
msgid""
"Some operations (for example ``y.append(10)`` and ``y.sort()``) mutate the "
"object, whereas superficially similar operations (for example ``y = y + "
"[10]`` and :func:`sorted(y) <sorted>`) create a new object. In general in "
"Python (and in all cases in the standard library) a method that mutates an "
"object will return ``None`` to help avoid getting the two types of "
"operations confused. So if you mistakenly write ``y.sort()`` thinking it "
"will give you a sorted copy of ``y``, you'll instead end up with ``None``, "
"which will likely cause your program to generate an easily diagnosed error."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:488
msgid""
"However, there is one class of operations where the same operation sometimes"
" has different behaviors with different types: the augmented assignment "
"operators. For example, ``+=`` mutates lists but not tuples or ints "
"(``a_list += [1, 2, 3]`` is equivalent to ``a_list.extend([1, 2, 3])`` and "
"mutates ``a_list``, whereas ``some_tuple += (1, 2, 3)`` and ``some_int += "
"1`` create new objects)."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:495
msgid"In other words:"
msgstr"Dengan kata lain:"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:497
msgid""
"If we have a mutable object (:class:`list`, :class:`dict`, :class:`set`, "
"etc.), we can use some specific operations to mutate it and all the "
"variables that refer to it will see the change."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:500
msgid""
"If we have an immutable object (:class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`tuple`, "
"etc.), all the variables that refer to it will always see the same value, "
"but operations that transform that value into a new value always return a "
"new object."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:505
msgid""
"If you want to know if two variables refer to the same object or not, you "
"can use the :keyword:`is` operator, or the built-in function :func:`id`."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:510
msgid"How do I write a function with output parameters (call by reference)?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:512
msgid""
"Remember that arguments are passed by assignment in Python. Since "
"assignment just creates references to objects, there's no alias between an "
"argument name in the caller and callee, and so no call-by-reference per se."
" You can achieve the desired effect in a number of ways."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:517
msgid"By returning a tuple of the results::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:519
msgid""
">>> def func1(a, b):\n"
"... a = 'new-value' # a and b are local names\n"
"... b = b + 1 # assigned to new objects\n"
"... return a, b # return new values\n"
"...\n"
">>> x, y = 'old-value', 99\n"
">>> func1(x, y)\n"
"('new-value', 100)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:528
msgid"This is almost always the clearest solution."
msgstr"Ini merupakan solusi yang jelas."
#:../../faq/programming.rst:530
msgid""
"By using global variables. This isn't thread-safe, and is not recommended."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:532
msgid"By passing a mutable (changeable in-place) object::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:534
msgid""
">>> def func2(a):\n"
"... a[0] = 'new-value' # 'a' references a mutable list\n"
"... a[1] = a[1] + 1 # changes a shared object\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = ['old-value', 99]\n"
">>> func2(args)\n"
">>> args\n"
"['new-value', 100]"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:543
msgid"By passing in a dictionary that gets mutated::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:545
msgid""
">>> def func3(args):\n"
"... args['a'] = 'new-value' # args is a mutable dictionary\n"
"... args['b'] = args['b'] + 1 # change it in-place\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = {'a': 'old-value', 'b': 99}\n"
">>> func3(args)\n"
">>> args\n"
"{'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100}"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:554
msgid"Or bundle up values in a class instance::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:556
msgid""
">>> class Namespace:\n"
"... def __init__(self, /, **args):\n"
"... for key, value in args.items():\n"
"... setattr(self, key, value)\n"
"...\n"
">>> def func4(args):\n"
"... args.a = 'new-value' # args is a mutable Namespace\n"
"... args.b = args.b + 1 # change object in-place\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = Namespace(a='old-value', b=99)\n"
">>> func4(args)\n"
">>> vars(args)\n"
"{'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100}"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:571
msgid"There's almost never a good reason to get this complicated."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:573
msgid"Your best choice is to return a tuple containing the multiple results."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:577
msgid"How do you make a higher order function in Python?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:579
msgid""
"You have two choices: you can use nested scopes or you can use callable "
"objects. For example, suppose you wanted to define ``linear(a,b)`` which "
"returns a function ``f(x)`` that computes the value ``a*x+b``. Using nested"
" scopes::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:583
msgid""
"def linear(a, b):\n"
" def result(x):\n"
" return a * x + b\n"
" return result"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:588
msgid"Or using a callable object::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:590
msgid""
"class linear:\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, a, b):\n"
" self.a, self.b = a, b\n"
"\n"
" def __call__(self, x):\n"
" return self.a * x + self.b"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:598
msgid"In both cases, ::"
msgstr"Dalam kedua kasus, ::"
#:../../faq/programming.rst:600
msgid"taxes = linear(0.3, 2)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:602
msgid"gives a callable object where ``taxes(10e6) == 0.3 * 10e6 + 2``."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:604
msgid""
"The callable object approach has the disadvantage that it is a bit slower "
"and results in slightly longer code. However, note that a collection of "
"callables can share their signature via inheritance::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:608
msgid""
"class exponential(linear):\n"
" # __init__ inherited\n"
" def __call__(self, x):\n"
" return self.a * (x ** self.b)"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:613
msgid"Object can encapsulate state for several methods::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:615
msgid""
"class counter:\n"
"\n"
" value = 0\n"
"\n"
" def set(self, x):\n"
" self.value = x\n"
"\n"
" def up(self):\n"
" self.value = self.value + 1\n"
"\n"
" def down(self):\n"
" self.value = self.value - 1\n"
"\n"
"count = counter()\n"
"inc, dec, reset = count.up, count.down, count.set"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:631
msgid""
"Here ``inc()``, ``dec()`` and ``reset()`` act like functions which share the"
" same counting variable."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:636
msgid"How do I copy an object in Python?"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:638
msgid""
"In general, try :func:`copy.copy` or :func:`copy.deepcopy` for the general "
"case. Not all objects can be copied, but most can."
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:641
msgid""
"Some objects can be copied more easily. Dictionaries have a "
":meth:`~dict.copy` method::"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:644
msgid"newdict = olddict.copy()"
msgstr""
#:../../faq/programming.rst:646
msgid"Sequences can be copied by slicing::"
msgstr""