Dec 6, 2023 · Dec 6, 2023 · Dec 6, 2023
diff --git a/Doc/glossary.rst b/Doc/glossary.rst
      A :term:`file object` able to read and write
      :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`.
      Examples of binary files are files opened in binary mode (``'rb'``,
      ``'wb'`` or ``'rb+'``), :data:`sys.stdin.buffer`,
      :data:`sys.stdout.buffer`, and instances of :class:`io.BytesIO` and
      :class:`gzip.GzipFile`.
      ``'wb'`` or ``'rb+'``), :data:`sys.stdin.buffer <sys.stdin>`,
      :data:`sys.stdout.buffer <sys.stdout>`, and instances of
      :class:`io.BytesIO` and :class:`gzip.GzipFile`.

      See also :term:`text file` for a file object able to read and write
      :class:`str` objects.
      :ref:`class definitions <class>` for more about decorators.

   descriptor
      Any object which defines the methods :meth:`__get__`, :meth:`__set__`, or
      :meth:`__delete__`.  When a class attribute is a descriptor, its special
      Any object which defines the methods :meth:`~object.__get__`,
      :meth:`~object.__set__`, or :meth:`~object.__delete__`.
      When a class attribute is a descriptor, its special
      binding behavior is triggered upon attribute lookup.  Normally, using
      *a.b* to get, set or delete an attribute looks up the object named *b* in
      the class dictionary for *a*, but if *b* is a descriptor, the respective

   dictionary
      An associative array, where arbitrary keys are mapped to values.  The
      keys can be any object with :meth:`__hash__` and :meth:`__eq__` methods.
      keys can be any object with :meth:`~object.__hash__` and
      :meth:`~object.__eq__` methods.
      Called a hash in Perl.

   dictionary comprehension

   file object
      An object exposing a file-oriented API (with methods such as
      :meth:`read()` or :meth:`write()`) to an underlying resource.  Depending
      :meth:`!read` or :meth:`!write`) to an underlying resource.  Depending
      on the way it was created, a file object can mediate access to a real
      on-disk file or to another type of storage or communication device
      (for example standard input/output, in-memory buffers, sockets, pipes,

   hashable
      An object is *hashable* if it has a hash value which never changes during
      its lifetime (it needs a :meth:`__hash__` method), and can be compared to
      other objects (it needs an :meth:`__eq__` method).  Hashable objects which
      its lifetime (it needs a :meth:`~object.__hash__` method), and can be
      compared to other objects (it needs an :meth:`~object.__eq__` method).
      Hashable objects which
      compare equal must have the same hash value.

      Hashability makes an object usable as a dictionary key and a set member,
      iterables include all sequence types (such as :class:`list`, :class:`str`,
      and :class:`tuple`) and some non-sequence types like :class:`dict`,
      :term:`file objects <file object>`, and objects of any classes you define
      with an :meth:`__iter__` method or with a :meth:`~object.__getitem__` method
      with an :meth:`~iterator.__iter__` method or with a
      :meth:`~object.__getitem__` method
      that implements :term:`sequence` semantics.

      Iterables can be
      as an argument to the built-in function :func:`iter`, it returns an
      iterator for the object.  This iterator is good for one pass over the set
      of values.  When using iterables, it is usually not necessary to call
      :func:`iter` or deal with iterator objects yourself.  The``for``
      :func:`iter` or deal with iterator objects yourself.  The:keyword:`for`
      statement does that automatically for you, creating a temporary unnamed
      variable to hold the iterator for the duration of the loop.  See also
      :term:`iterator`, :term:`sequence`, and :term:`generator`.
      :func:`next`) return successive items in the stream.  When no more data
      are available a :exc:`StopIteration` exception is raised instead.  At this
      point, the iterator object is exhausted and any further calls to its
      :meth:`__next__` method just raise :exc:`StopIteration` again.  Iterators
      are required to have an :meth:`__iter__` method that returns the iterator
      :meth:`!__next__` method just raise :exc:`StopIteration` again.  Iterators
      are required to have an :meth:`~iterator.__iter__` method that returns the iterator
      object itself so every iterator is also iterable and may be used in most
      places where other iterables are accepted.  One notable exception is code
      which attempts multiple iteration passes.  A container object (such as a
      .. impl-detail::

         CPython does not consistently apply the requirement that an iterator
         define :meth:`__iter__`.
         define :meth:`~iterator.__iter__`.

   key function
      A key function or collation function is a callable that returns a value
      Old name for the flavor of classes now used for all class objects.  In
      earlier Python versions, only new-style classes could use Python's newer,
      versatile features like :attr:`~object.__slots__`, descriptors,
      properties, :meth:`__getattribute__`, class methods, and static methods.
      properties, :meth:`~object.__getattribute__`, class methods, and static
      methods.

   object
      Any data with state (attributes or value) and defined behavior
      finders implement.

   path entry hook
      A callable on the :data:`sys.path_hook` list which returns a :term:`path
      A callable on the :data:`sys.path_hooks` list which returns a :term:`path
      entry finder` if it knows how to find modules on a specific :term:`path
      entry`.

   sequence
      An :term:`iterable` which supports efficient element access using integer
      indices via the :meth:`~object.__getitem__` special method and defines a
      :meth:`__len__` method that returns the length of the sequence.
      :meth:`~object.__len__` method that returns the length of the sequence.
      Some built-in sequence types are :class:`list`, :class:`str`,
      :class:`tuple`, and :class:`bytes`. Note that :class:`dict` also
      supports :meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`__len__`, but is considered a
      supports :meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`!__len__`, but is considered a
      mapping rather than a sequence because the lookups use arbitrary
      :term:`immutable` keys rather than integers.

      The :class:`collections.abc.Sequence` abstract base class
      defines a much richer interface that goes beyond just
      :meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`__len__`, adding :meth:`count`,
      :meth:`index`, :meth:`__contains__`, and
      :meth:`__reversed__`. Types that implement this expanded
      :meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`~object.__len__`, adding
      :meth:`count`, :meth:`index`, :meth:`~object.__contains__`, and
      :meth:`~object.__reversed__`. Types that implement this expanded
      interface can be registered explicitly using
      :func:`~abc.ABCMeta.register`.

diff --git a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
 .. index:: single: true

 By default, an object is considered true unless its class defines either a
 :meth:`~object.__bool__` method that returns ``False`` or a :meth:`__len__` method that
 :meth:`~object.__bool__` method that returns ``False`` or a
 :meth:`~object.__len__` method that
 returns zero, when called with the object. [1]_  Here are most of the built-in
 objects considered false:


 Two more operations with the same syntactic priority, :keyword:`in` and
 :keyword:`not in`, are supported by types that are :term:`iterable` or
 implement the :meth:`__contains__` method.
 implement the :meth:`~object.__contains__` method.

 .. _typesnumeric:

 :class:`int` and :class:`fractions.Fraction`, and all finite instances of
 :class:`float` and :class:`decimal.Decimal`.  Essentially, this function is
 given by reduction modulo ``P`` for a fixed prime ``P``.  The value of ``P`` is
 made available to Python as the :attr:`modulus` attribute of
 made available to Python as the :attr:`~sys.hash_info.modulus` attribute of
 :data:`sys.hash_info`.

 .. impl-detail::
 ---------------

 Python's :term:`generator`\s provide a convenient way to implement the iterator
 protocol.  If a container object's :meth:`__iter__` method is implemented as a
 protocol.  If a container object's :meth:`~iterator.__iter__` method is implemented as a
 generator, it will automatically return an iterator object (technically, a
 generator object) supplying the :meth:`__iter__` and :meth:`~generator.__next__`
 generator object) supplying the :meth:`!__iter__` and :meth:`~generator.__next__`
 methods.
 More information about generators can be found in :ref:`the documentation for
 the yield expression <yieldexpr>`.
 +------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------+
 | ``'b'``    | Bytes (any object that follows the                  | \(5)  |
 |            | :ref:`buffer protocol <bufferobjects>` or has       |       |
 |            | :meth:`__bytes__`).                         |       |
 |            | :meth:`~object.__bytes__`).                         |       |
 +------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------+
 | ``'s'``    | ``'s'`` is an alias for ``'b'`` and should only     | \(6)  |
 |            | be used for Python2/3 code bases.                   |       |
   :meth:`symmetric_difference_update` methods will accept any iterable as an
   argument.

   Note, the *elem* argument to the :meth:`__contains__`, :meth:`remove`, and
   Note, the *elem* argument to the :meth:`~object.__contains__`,
   :meth:`remove`, and
   :meth:`discard` methods may be a set.  To support searching for an equivalent
   frozenset, a temporary one is created from *elem*.

   TypeError: cannot create 'types.UnionType' instances

 .. note::
   The :meth:`__or__` method for type objects was added to support the syntax
   ``X | Y``.  If a metaclass implements :meth:`__or__`, the Union may
   override it::
   The :meth:`!__or__` method for type objects was added to support the syntax
   ``X | Y``.  If a metaclass implements :meth:`!__or__`, the Union may
   override it:

   .. doctest::

      >>> class M(type):
      ...     def __or__(self, other):
      >>> C | int
      'Hello'
      >>> int | C
      int |__main__.C
      int | C

 .. seealso::
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
Expand Up		@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ Glossary
		A :term:`file object` able to read and write
		:term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`.
		Examples of binary files are files opened in binary mode (``'rb'``,
		``'wb'`` or ``'rb+'``), :data:`sys.stdin.buffer`,
		:data:`sys.stdout.buffer`, and instances of :class:`io.BytesIO` and
		:class:`gzip.GzipFile`.
		``'wb'`` or ``'rb+'``), :data:`sys.stdin.buffer <sys.stdin>`,
		:data:`sys.stdout.buffer <sys.stdout>`, and instances of
		:class:`io.BytesIO` and :class:`gzip.GzipFile`.

		See also :term:`text file` for a file object able to read and write
		:class:`str` objects.
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -313,8 +313,9 @@ Glossary
		:ref:`class definitions <class>` for more about decorators.

		descriptor
		Any object which defines the methods :meth:`__get__`, :meth:`__set__`, or
		:meth:`__delete__`. When a class attribute is a descriptor, its special
		Any object which defines the methods :meth:`~object.__get__`,
		:meth:`~object.__set__`, or :meth:`~object.__delete__`.
		When a class attribute is a descriptor, its special
		binding behavior is triggered upon attribute lookup. Normally, using
		a.b to get, set or delete an attribute looks up the object named b in
		the class dictionary for a, but if b is a descriptor, the respective
Expand All		@@ -328,7 +329,8 @@ Glossary

		dictionary
		An associative array, where arbitrary keys are mapped to values. The
		keys can be any object with :meth:`__hash__` and :meth:`__eq__` methods.
		keys can be any object with :meth:`~object.__hash__` and
		:meth:`~object.__eq__` methods.
		Called a hash in Perl.

		dictionary comprehension
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -392,7 +394,7 @@ Glossary

		file object
		An object exposing a file-oriented API (with methods such as
		:meth:`read()` or :meth:`write()`) to an underlying resource. Depending
		:meth:`!read` or :meth:`!write`) to an underlying resource. Depending
		on the way it was created, a file object can mediate access to a real
		on-disk file or to another type of storage or communication device
		(for example standard input/output, in-memory buffers, sockets, pipes,
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -568,8 +570,9 @@ Glossary

		hashable
		An object is hashable if it has a hash value which never changes during
		its lifetime (it needs a :meth:`__hash__` method), and can be compared to
		other objects (it needs an :meth:`__eq__` method). Hashable objects which
		its lifetime (it needs a :meth:`~object.__hash__` method), and can be
		compared to other objects (it needs an :meth:`~object.__eq__` method).
		Hashable objects which
		compare equal must have the same hash value.

		Hashability makes an object usable as a dictionary key and a set member,
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -645,7 +648,8 @@ Glossary
		iterables include all sequence types (such as :class:`list`, :class:`str`,
		and :class:`tuple`) and some non-sequence types like :class:`dict`,
		:term:`file objects <file object>`, and objects of any classes you define
		with an :meth:`__iter__` method or with a :meth:`~object.__getitem__` method
		with an :meth:`~iterator.__iter__` method or with a
		:meth:`~object.__getitem__` method
		that implements :term:`sequence` semantics.

		Iterables can be
Expand All		@@ -654,7 +658,7 @@ Glossary
		as an argument to the built-in function :func:`iter`, it returns an
		iterator for the object. This iterator is good for one pass over the set
		of values. When using iterables, it is usually not necessary to call
		:func:`iter` or deal with iterator objects yourself. The``for``
		:func:`iter` or deal with iterator objects yourself. The:keyword:`for`
		statement does that automatically for you, creating a temporary unnamed
		variable to hold the iterator for the duration of the loop. See also
		:term:`iterator`, :term:`sequence`, and :term:`generator`.
Expand All		@@ -665,8 +669,8 @@ Glossary
		:func:`next`) return successive items in the stream. When no more data
		are available a :exc:`StopIteration` exception is raised instead. At this
		point, the iterator object is exhausted and any further calls to its
		:meth:`__next__` method just raise :exc:`StopIteration` again. Iterators
		are required to have an :meth:`__iter__` method that returns the iterator
		:meth:`!__next__` method just raise :exc:`StopIteration` again. Iterators
		are required to have an :meth:`~iterator.__iter__` method that returns the iterator
		object itself so every iterator is also iterable and may be used in most
		places where other iterables are accepted. One notable exception is code
		which attempts multiple iteration passes. A container object (such as a
Expand All		@@ -680,7 +684,7 @@ Glossary
		.. impl-detail::

		CPython does not consistently apply the requirement that an iterator
		define :meth:`__iter__`.
		define :meth:`~iterator.__iter__`.

		key function
		A key function or collation function is a callable that returns a value
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -874,7 +878,8 @@ Glossary
		Old name for the flavor of classes now used for all class objects. In
		earlier Python versions, only new-style classes could use Python's newer,
		versatile features like :attr:`~object.__slots__`, descriptors,
		properties, :meth:`__getattribute__`, class methods, and static methods.
		properties, :meth:`~object.__getattribute__`, class methods, and static
		methods.

		object
		Any data with state (attributes or value) and defined behavior
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -954,7 +959,7 @@ Glossary
		finders implement.

		path entry hook
		A callable on the :data:`sys.path_hook` list which returns a :term:`path
		A callable on the :data:`sys.path_hooks` list which returns a :term:`path
		entry finder` if it knows how to find modules on a specific :term:`path
		entry`.

Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -1086,18 +1091,18 @@ Glossary
		sequence
		An :term:`iterable` which supports efficient element access using integer
		indices via the :meth:`~object.__getitem__` special method and defines a
		:meth:`__len__` method that returns the length of the sequence.
		:meth:`~object.__len__` method that returns the length of the sequence.
		Some built-in sequence types are :class:`list`, :class:`str`,
		:class:`tuple`, and :class:`bytes`. Note that :class:`dict` also
		supports :meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`__len__`, but is considered a
		supports :meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`!__len__`, but is considered a
		mapping rather than a sequence because the lookups use arbitrary
		:term:`immutable` keys rather than integers.

		The :class:`collections.abc.Sequence` abstract base class
		defines a much richer interface that goes beyond just
		:meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`__len__`, adding :meth:`count`,
		:meth:`index`, :meth:`__contains__`, and
		:meth:`__reversed__`. Types that implement this expanded
		:meth:`~object.__getitem__` and :meth:`~object.__len__`, adding
		:meth:`count`, :meth:`index`, :meth:`~object.__contains__`, and
		:meth:`~object.__reversed__`. Types that implement this expanded
		interface can be registered explicitly using
		:func:`~abc.ABCMeta.register`.

Expand Down
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
Expand Up		@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an :keyword:`if` or
		.. index:: single: true

		By default, an object is considered true unless its class defines either a
		:meth:`~object.__bool__` method that returns ``False`` or a :meth:`__len__` method that
		:meth:`~object.__bool__` method that returns ``False`` or a
		:meth:`~object.__len__` method that
		returns zero, when called with the object. [1]_ Here are most of the built-in
		objects considered false:

Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ exception.

		Two more operations with the same syntactic priority, :keyword:`in` and
		:keyword:`not in`, are supported by types that are :term:`iterable` or
		implement the :meth:`__contains__` method.
		implement the :meth:`~object.__contains__` method.

		.. _typesnumeric:

Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -711,7 +712,7 @@ that's defined for any rational number, and hence applies to all instances of
		:class:`int` and :class:`fractions.Fraction`, and all finite instances of
		:class:`float` and :class:`decimal.Decimal`. Essentially, this function is
		given by reduction modulo ``P`` for a fixed prime ``P``. The value of ``P`` is
		made available to Python as the :attr:`modulus` attribute of
		made available to Python as the :attr:`~sys.hash_info.modulus` attribute of
		:data:`sys.hash_info`.

		.. impl-detail::
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -866,9 +867,9 @@ Generator Types
		---------------

		Python's :term:`generator`\s provide a convenient way to implement the iterator
		protocol. If a container object's :meth:`__iter__` method is implemented as a
		protocol. If a container object's :meth:`~iterator.__iter__` method is implemented as a
		generator, it will automatically return an iterator object (technically, a
		generator object) supplying the :meth:`__iter__` and :meth:`~generator.__next__`
		generator object) supplying the :meth:`!__iter__` and :meth:`~generator.__next__`
		methods.
		More information about generators can be found in :ref:`the documentation for
		the yield expression <yieldexpr>`.
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -3624,7 +3625,7 @@ The conversion types are:
		+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------+
		\| ``'b'`` \| Bytes (any object that follows the \| \(5) \|
		\| \| :ref:`buffer protocol <bufferobjects>` or has \| \|
		\| \| :meth:`__bytes__`). \| \|
		\| \| :meth:`~object.__bytes__`). \| \|
		+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------+
		\| ``'s'`` \| ``'s'`` is an alias for ``'b'`` and should only \| \(6) \|
		\| \| be used for Python2/3 code bases. \| \|
Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -4359,7 +4360,8 @@ The constructors for both classes work the same:
		:meth:`symmetric_difference_update` methods will accept any iterable as an
		argument.

		Note, the elem argument to the :meth:`__contains__`, :meth:`remove`, and
		Note, the elem argument to the :meth:`~object.__contains__`,
		:meth:`remove`, and
		:meth:`discard` methods may be a set. To support searching for an equivalent
		frozenset, a temporary one is created from elem.

Expand DownExpand Up		@@ -5178,9 +5180,11 @@ instantiated from the type::
		TypeError: cannot create 'types.UnionType' instances

		.. note::
		The :meth:`__or__` method for type objects was added to support the syntax
		``X \| Y``. If a metaclass implements :meth:`__or__`, the Union may
		override it::
		The :meth:`!__or__` method for type objects was added to support the syntax
		``X \| Y``. If a metaclass implements :meth:`!__or__`, the Union may
		override it:

		.. doctest::

		>>> class M(type):
		... def __or__(self, other):
Expand All		@@ -5192,7 +5196,7 @@ instantiated from the type::
		>>> C \| int
		'Hello'
		>>> int \| C
		int \|__main__.C
		int \| C

		.. seealso::

Expand Down