importioimportsysimporttypingimportpathlibimporttypesimportimportlib.abcimportimportlib.machineryimportimportlib.metadataimportimportlib.resources.abcclassExampleFinder(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder):deffind_spec(self,fullname:str,path:typing.Sequence[str]|None,target:types.ModuleType|None=None,    )->importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec|None:iffullname!="demonstrate_error":returnNoneprint(f"ExampleFinder.find_spec('{fullname}')")spec=importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec(name=fullname,loader=ExampleLoader(),is_package=True,        )returnspecsys.meta_path.append(ExampleFinder())classExampleLoader(importlib.abc.Loader):defexec_module(self,module:types.ModuleType)->None:print(f"ExampleLoader.exec_module({module})")exec("",module.__dict__)defget_resource_reader(self,fullname:str)->"ExampleTraversableResources":print(f"ExampleLoader.get_resource_reader('{fullname}')")returnExampleTraversableResources(fullname)classExampleTraversableResources(importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources):def__init__(self,fullname:str)->None:self.fullname=fullnamedeffiles(self)->"ExampleTraversable":print("ExampleTraversableResources.files()")returnExampleTraversable(self.fullname)# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------# ExampleTraversable implements all five of the Traversable abstract methods.# Specifically, it is expected that implementing `.open()` will be sufficient,# but this will not be the case.#classExampleTraversable(importlib.resources.abc.Traversable):def__init__(self,path:str):self._path=pathdefiterdir(self)->typing.Iterator["ExampleTraversable"]:yieldExampleTraversable("resource.txt")defis_dir(self)->bool:returnFalsedefis_file(self)->bool:returnTruedefopen(self,mode='r',*args,**kwargs)->typing.IO[typing.AnyStr]:returnio.StringIO("Nice! The call to .read_text() succeeded!")# Uncomment this `.read_text()` method to make `.read_text()` calls work.# It overrides the `Traversable.read_text()` signature.## def read_text(self, encoding: str | None, errors: str | None) -> str:#     print(f"ExampleTraversable.read_text('{encoding}', '{errors}')")#     return str(super().read_text(encoding))@propertydefname(self)->str:returnpathlib.PurePosixPath(self._path).name# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------# Everything above allows us to import this hard-coded module# and demonstrate a TypeError lurking in the Traversable.read_text() signature.#importdemonstrate_error# The next line will raise a TypeError.# `importlib/resources/_functional.py:read_text()` calls `Traversable.read_text()`# with an `errors` argument that is not supported by the default concrete method.print(importlib.resources.read_text(demonstrate_error,"resource.txt"))