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gh-75459: Doc: C API: Improve object life cycle documentation
 * Add "cyclic isolate" to the glossary. * Add a new "Object Life Cycle" page. * Illustrate the order of life cycle functions. * Document `PyObject_CallFinalizer` and `PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc`. * `PyObject_Init` does not call `tp_init`. * `PyObject_New`: * also initializes the memory * does not call `tp_alloc`, `tp_new`, or `tp_init` * should not be used for GC-enabled objects * memory must be freed by `PyObject_Free` * `PyObject_GC_New` memory must be freed by `PyObject_GC_Del`. * Warn that garbage collector functions can be called from any thread. * `tp_finalize` and `tp_clear`: * Only called when there's a cyclic isolate. * Only one object in the cyclic isolate is finalized/cleared at a time. * Clearly warn that they might not be called. * They can optionally be manually called from `tp_dealloc` (via `PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc` in the case of `tp_finalize`). * `tp_finalize`: * Reference `object.__del__`. * The finalizer can resurrect the object. * Suggest `PyErr_GetRaisedException` and `PyErr_SetRaisedException` instead of the deprecated `PyErr_Fetch` and `PyErr_Restore` functions. * Add links to `PyErr_GetRaisedException` and `PyErr_SetRaisedException`. * Suggest using `PyErr_WriteUnraisable` if an exception is raised during finalization. * Rename the example function from `local_finalize` to `foo_finalize` for consistency with the `tp_dealloc` documentation and as a hint that the name isn't special. * Minor wording and sylistic tweaks. * Warn that `tp_finalize` can be called during shutdown.
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‎.github/workflows/reusable-docs.yml

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runs-on:ubuntu-latest
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timeout-minutes:60
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steps:
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-name:'Install Dependencies'
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run:|
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sudo apt-get update &&
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sudo env DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
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graphviz \
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;
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-uses:actions/checkout@v4
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‎.readthedocs.yml

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os:ubuntu-24.04
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tools:
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python:"3"
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apt_packages:
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-graphviz
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jobs:
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post_checkout:
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# https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/build-customization.html#cancel-build-based-on-a-condition
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#
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# Cancel building pull requests when there aren't changes in the Doc directory.
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#
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# If there are no changes (git diff exits with 0) we force the command to return with 183.
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# This is a special exit code on Read the Docs that will cancel the build immediately.
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-|
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if [ "$READTHEDOCS_VERSION_TYPE" = "external" ] && [ "$(git diff --quiet origin/main -- Doc/ .readthedocs.yml; echo $?)" -eq 0 ];
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then
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echo "No changes to Doc/ - exiting the build.";
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exit 183;
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fi
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commands:
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# https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/build-customization.html#cancel-build-based-on-a-condition
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#
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# Cancel building pull requests when there aren't changes in the Doc directory.
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#
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# If there are no changes (git diff exits with 0) we force the command to return with 183.
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# This is a special exit code on Read the Docs that will cancel the build immediately.
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-|
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if [ "$READTHEDOCS_VERSION_TYPE" = "external" ] && [ "$(git diff --quiet origin/main -- Doc/ .readthedocs.yml; echo $?)" -eq 0 ];
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then
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echo "No changes to Doc/ - exiting the build.";
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exit 183;
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fi
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-asdf plugin add uv
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-asdf install uv latest
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-asdf global uv latest
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-make -C Doc venv html
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-mkdir _readthedocs
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-mv Doc/build/html _readthedocs/html
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-asdf plugin add uv
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-asdf install uv latest
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-asdf global uv latest
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-make -C Doc venv html
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-mkdir _readthedocs
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-mv Doc/build/html _readthedocs/html

‎Doc/c-api/allocation.rst

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reference. Returns the initialized object. If *type* indicates that the
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object participates in the cyclic garbage detector, it is added to the
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detector's set of observed objects. Other fields of the object are not
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affected.
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initialized. Specifically, this function does **not** call the object's
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:meth:`~object.__init__` method (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_init` slot).
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.. c:function:: PyVarObject* PyObject_InitVar(PyVarObject *op, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
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..c:macro:: PyObject_New(TYPE, typeobj)
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Allocate a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE*
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and the Python type object *typeobj* (``PyTypeObject*``).
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Fields not defined by the Python object header are not initialized.
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The caller will own the only reference to the object
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(i.e. its reference count will be one).
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The size of the memory allocation is determined from the
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` field of the type object.
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Calls:c:func:`PyObject_Malloc` to allocate memory for a new Python object
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using the C structure type *TYPE* and the Python type object *typeobj*
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(``PyTypeObject*``), then initializes the memory like
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:c:func:`PyObject_Init`. The caller will own the only reference to the
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object (i.e. its reference count will be one). The size of the memory
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allocation is determined from the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`
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field of the type object.
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This does not call :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc`,
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new` (:meth:`~object.__new__`), or
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_init` (:meth:`~object.__init__`).
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This should not be used for objects with :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` set
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in :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`; use :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New`
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instead.
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Memory allocated by this function must be freed with:c:func:`PyObject_Free`.
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..c:macro:: PyObject_NewVar(TYPE, typeobj, size)
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Allocate a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE* and the
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Python type object *typeobj* (``PyTypeObject*``).
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Fields not defined by the Python object header
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are not initialized. The allocated memory allows for the *TYPE* structure
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plus *size* (``Py_ssize_t``) fields of the size
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given by the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize` field of
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*typeobj*. This is useful for implementing objects like tuples, which are
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able to determine their size at construction time. Embedding the array of
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fields into the same allocation decreases the number of allocations,
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improving the memory management efficiency.
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Like:c:macro:`PyObject_New` except:
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* It allocates enough memory for the *TYPE* structure plus *size*
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(``Py_ssize_t``) fields of the size given by the
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize` field of *typeobj*.
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* The memory is initialized like :c:func:`PyObject_InitVar`.
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This is useful for implementing objects like tuples, which are able to
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determine their size at construction time. Embedding the array of fields
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into the same allocation decreases the number of allocations, improving the
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memory management efficiency.
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This should not be used for objects with :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` set
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in :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`; use :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`
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instead.
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Memory allocated by this function must be freed with:c:func:`PyObject_Free`.
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..c:function::voidPyObject_Del(void *op)

‎Doc/c-api/gcsupport.rst

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Analogous to:c:macro:`PyObject_New` but for container objects with the
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:c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set.
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Memory allocated by this function must be freed with
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:c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del`.
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..c:macro:: PyObject_GC_NewVar(TYPE, typeobj, size)
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Analogous to:c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar` but for container objects with the
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:c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set.
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Memory allocated by this function must be freed with
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:c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del`.
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..c:function:: PyObject*PyUnstable_Object_GC_NewWithExtraData(PyTypeObject *type, size_t extra_size)
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The extra data will be deallocated with the object, but otherwise it is
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Memory allocated by this function must be freed with
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.. warning::
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The function is marked as unstable because thefinal mechanism
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for reserving extra data after an instance is not yet decided.

‎Doc/c-api/lifecycle.rst

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..highlight::c
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.. _life-cycle:
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Object Life Cycle
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=================
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Stages
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------
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The following is an illustration of the stages of life of an object. Arrows
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indicate a "happens before" relationship. Octagons indicate functions specific
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to:ref:`garbage collection support<supporting-cycle-detection>`.
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..digraph::callorder
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graph [
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fontname="svg"
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fontsize=10.0
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layout="dot"
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ranksep=0.25
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]
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node [
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fontname="Courier"
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fontsize=10.0
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]
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edge [
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fontname="Times-Italic"
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fontsize=10.0
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]
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"start" [fontname="Times-Italic" shape=plain label=< start > style=invis]
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"tp_alloc" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_alloc" target="_top"]
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"tp_new" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_new" target="_top"]
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"tp_init" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_init" target="_top"]
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{
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rank="same"
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"alive" [
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fontname="Times-Italic"
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label=<alive, ref count &gt; 0>
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shape=box
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]
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"tp_traverse" [
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href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"
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shape=octagon
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target="_top"
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]
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}
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"tp_finalize" [
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href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_finalize"
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shape=octagon
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target="_top"
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]
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"tp_clear" [
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href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_clear"
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shape=octagon
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target="_top"
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]
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"ref0" [
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fontname="Times-Italic"
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label=<ref count == 0>
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ordering="in"
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shape=box
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]
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"tp_dealloc" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc" target="_top"]
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"tp_free" [href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_free" target="_top"]
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"start" -> "tp_alloc"
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"tp_alloc" -> "tp_new"
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"tp_new" -> "tp_init"
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"tp_init" -> "alive"
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"tp_traverse" -> "alive"
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"alive" -> "tp_traverse"
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"alive" -> "tp_clear" [label=< cyclic <br/>isolate >]
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"alive" -> "tp_finalize" [
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dir="back"
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label=< resurrected >
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]
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"alive" -> "tp_finalize" [label=< cyclic <br/>isolate >]
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"tp_finalize" -> "tp_clear"
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"tp_finalize" -> "ref0"
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"tp_clear" -> "ref0"
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"tp_clear" -> "tp_dealloc" [
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dir="back"
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label=< optional<br/>direct call >
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]
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"alive" -> "ref0"
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"ref0" -> "tp_dealloc"
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"tp_finalize" -> "tp_dealloc" [
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dir="back"
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href="lifecycle.html#c.PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc"
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label=<
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<table border="0" cellborder="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<tr>
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<td rowspan="4"> </td>
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<td align="left">optional call to</td>
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<td rowspan="4"> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="left"><font face="Courier">PyObject_Call</font></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td align="left"><font face="Courier">FinalizerFrom</font></td>
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</tr>
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<tr><td align="left"><font face="Courier">Dealloc</font></td></tr>
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</table>
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>
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target="_top"
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]
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"tp_dealloc" -> "tp_free" [label=< directly calls >]
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Explanation:
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*:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_alloc`,:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_new`, and
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_init` are called to allocate memory for a new
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object and initialize the object.
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* If the reference count for an object drops to 0,
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` is called to destroy the object.
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*:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` can optionally call
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` (if non-``NULL``) via
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:c:func:`PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc` if it wishes to reuse that code
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to help with object destruction.
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*:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` may increase the object's reference
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count, halting the destruction. The object is said to be resurrected.
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*:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` can optionally call
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` (if non-``NULL``) if it wishes to reuse
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that code to help with object destruction.
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* When:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` finishes object destruction, it
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directly calls:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_free` to deallocate the memory.
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If the object is marked as supporting garbage collection (the
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:c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set in
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`), the following stages are also possible:
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* The garbage collector occasionally calls
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:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` to identify:term:`cyclic isolates
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<cyclic isolate>`.
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* When the garbage collector discovers a cyclic isolate, it finalizes one of
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the objects in the group by calling its:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`
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function. This repeats until the cyclic isolate doesn't exist or all of the
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objects have been finalized.
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* The:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize` function can optionally increase
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the object's reference count, causing it (and other objects it references) to
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become resurrected and no longer a member of a cyclic isolate.
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* When the garbage collector discovers a cyclic isolate and all of the objects
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in the group have already been finalized, the garbage collector clears one of
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the objects in the group by calling its:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear`
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function. This repeats until the cyclic isolate doesn't exist or all of the
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objects have been cleared.
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Functions
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---------
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To allocate and free memory, see:ref:`Allocating Objects on the Heap
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<allocating-objects>`.
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..c:function::voidPyObject_CallFinalizer(PyObject *op)
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Calls the object's finalizer (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`) if it
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has not already been called.
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.. c:function:: int PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(PyObject *op)
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Calls the object's finalizer (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`) if it
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has not already been called. This function is intended to be called at the
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beginning of the object's destructor (:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`).
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The object's reference count must already be 0. If the object's finalizer
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increases the object's reference count, the object is resurrected and this
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function returns -1; no further destruction should happen. Otherwise, this
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function returns 0 and destruction can continue normally.

‎Doc/c-api/objimpl.rst

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..toctree::
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allocation.rst
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lifecycle.rst
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structures.rst
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typeobj.rst
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gcsupport.rst

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