*:ref:`sqlite3-adapters`

*:ref:`sqlite3-converters`

*:ref:`sqlite3-connection-context-manager`

*:ref:`sqlite3-howto-row-factory`

*:ref:`sqlite3-explanation` for in-depth background on transaction control.

..attribute::row_factory

A callable that accepts two arguments,

a:class:`Cursor` object and the raw row results as a:class:`tuple`,

and returns a custom object representing an SQLite row.

Example:

The initial:attr:`~Cursor.row_factory`

for:class:`Cursor` objects created from this connection.

Assigning to this attribute does not affect the:attr:`!row_factory`

of existing cursors belonging to this connection, only new ones.

Is ``None`` by default,

meaning each row is returned as a:class:`tuple`.

..doctest::

>>>defdict_factory(cursor,row):

...col_names= [col[0]for colin cursor.description]

...return {key: valuefor key, valueinzip(col_names, row)}

>>>con= sqlite3.connect(":memory:")

>>>con.row_factory= dict_factory

>>>for rowin con.execute("SELECT 1 AS a, 2 AS b"):

...print(row)

If returning a tuple doesn't suffice and you want name-based access to

columns, you should consider setting:attr:`row_factory` to the

highly optimized:class:`sqlite3.Row` type.:class:`Row` provides both

index-based and case-insensitive name-based access to columns with almost no

memory overhead. It will probably be better than your own custom

dictionary-based approach or even a db_row based solution.

See:ref:`sqlite3-howto-row-factory` for more details.

..attribute::text_factory

..method::fetchone()

If:attr:`~Connection.row_factory` is ``None``,

If:attr:`~Cursor.row_factory` is ``None``,

return the next row query result set as a:class:`tuple`.

Else, pass it to the row factory and return its result.

Return ``None`` if no more data is available.

including:abbr:`CTE(Common Table Expression)` queries.

It is only updated by the:meth:`execute` and:meth:`executemany` methods.

..attribute::row_factory

Control how a row fetched from this:class:`!Cursor` is represented.

If ``None``, a row is represented as a:class:`tuple`.

Can be set to the included:class:`sqlite3.Row`;

or a:term:`callable` that accepts two arguments,

a:class:`Cursor` object and the:class:`!tuple` of row values,

and returns a custom object representing an SQLite row.

Defaults to what:attr:`Connection.row_factory` was set to

when the:class:`!Cursor` was created.

Assigning to this attribute does not affect

:attr:`Connection.row_factory` of the parent connection.

See:ref:`sqlite3-howto-row-factory` for more details.

It supports iteration, equality testing,:func:`len`,

and:term:`mapping` access by column name and index.

Two row objects compare equal if have equal columns and equal members.

Two:class:`!Row` objects compare equal

if they have identical column names and values.

See:ref:`sqlite3-howto-row-factory` for more details.

..method::keys

..versionchanged::3.5

Added support of slicing.

Example:

..doctest::

>>>con= sqlite3.connect(":memory:")

>>>con.row_factory= sqlite3.Row

>>>res= con.execute("SELECT 'Earth' AS name, 6378 AS radius")

>>>row= res.fetchone()

>>>row.keys()

>>>row[0], row["name"]# Access by index and name.

>>>row["RADIUS"]# Column names are case-insensitive.

.. _sqlite3-blob-objects:

.. _SQLite URI documentation:https://www.sqlite.org/uri.html

.. _sqlite3-howto-row-factory:

How to create and use row factories

By default,:mod:`!sqlite3` represents each row as a:class:`tuple`.

If a:class:`!tuple` does not suit your needs,

you can use the:class:`sqlite3.Row` class

or a custom:attr:`~Cursor.row_factory`.

While:attr:`!row_factory` exists as an attribute both on the

:class:`Cursor` and the:class:`Connection`,

it is recommended to set:class:`Connection.row_factory`,

so all cursors created from the connection will use the same row factory.

:class:`!Row` provides indexed and case-insensitive named access to columns,

with minimal memory overhead and performance impact over a:class:`!tuple`.

To use:class:`!Row` as a row factory,

assign it to the:attr:`!row_factory` attribute:

..doctest::

>>>con= sqlite3.connect(":memory:")

>>>con.row_factory= sqlite3.Row

Queries now return:class:`!Row` objects:

..doctest::

>>>res= con.execute("SELECT 'Earth' AS name, 6378 AS radius")

>>>row= res.fetchone()

>>>row.keys()

>>>row[0]# Access by index.

>>>row["name"]# Access by name.

>>>row["RADIUS"]# Column names are case-insensitive.

You can create a custom:attr:`~Cursor.row_factory`

that returns each row as a:class:`dict`, with column names mapped to values:

..testcode::

def dict_factory(cursor, row):

fields = [column[0] for column in cursor.description]

return {key: value for key, value in zip(fields, row)}

Using it, queries now return a:class:`!dict` instead of a:class:`!tuple`:

..doctest::

>>>con= sqlite3.connect(":memory:")

>>>con.row_factory= dict_factory

>>>for rowin con.execute("SELECT 1 AS a, 2 AS b"):

...print(row)

The following row factory returns a:term:`named tuple`:

..testcode::

from collections import namedtuple

def namedtuple_factory(cursor, row):

fields = [column[0] for column in cursor.description]

cls = namedtuple("Row", fields)

return cls._make(row)

:func:`!namedtuple_factory` can be used as follows:

..doctest::

>>>con= sqlite3.connect(":memory:")

>>>con.row_factory= namedtuple_factory

>>>cur= con.execute("SELECT 1 AS a, 2 AS b")

>>>row= cur.fetchone()

>>>row

>>>row[0]# Indexed access.

>>>row.b# Attribute access.

With some adjustments, the above recipe can be adapted to use a

:class:`~dataclasses.dataclass`, or any other custom class,

instead of a:class:`~collections.namedtuple`.

.. _sqlite3-explanation:

Explanation