<para>

While turning off <varname>fsync</varname> is often a performance

benefit, this can result in unrecoverable data corruption in

the event ofan unexpected system shutdown or crash. Thus it

is only advisable to turn off<varname>fsync</varname> if

the event ofa power failure or system crash. Thus it

is only advisable to turn off <varname>fsync</varname> if

you can easily recreate your entire database from external

data.

</para>

<para>

Examples of safe circumstances for turning off

<varname>fsync</varname> include the initial loading a new

<varname>fsync</varname> include the initial loadingofa new

database cluster from a backup file, using a database cluster

for processing statistics on an hourly basis which is then

recreated, or for a reporting read-only database clone which

for processing a batch of data after which the database

will be thrown away and recreated,

or for a read-only database clone which

gets recreated frequently and is not used for failover. High

quality hardware alone is not a sufficient justification for

turning off <varname>fsync</varname>.

</listitem>

<listitem>

<para>

<literal>fsync_writethrough</> (call <function>fsync()</> at each commit, forcing write-through of any disk write cache)

<literal>fsync</> (call <function>fsync()</> at each commit)

</para>

</listitem>

<listitem>

<para>

<literal>fsync</> (call <function>fsync()</> at each commit)

<literal>fsync_writethrough</> (call <function>fsync()</> at each commit, forcing write-through of any disk write cache)

</para>

</listitem>

<listitem>

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

<para>

Not all of these choices are available on all platforms.

The <literal>open_</>* options also use <literal>O_DIRECT</> if available.

Not all of these choices are available on all platforms.

The default is the first method in the above list that is supported

by the platform. The default is not necessarily ideal; it might be

by the platform, except that <literal>fdatasync</> is the default on

Linux. The default is not necessarily ideal; it might be

necessary to change this setting or other aspects of your system

configuration in order to create a crash-safe configuration or

achieve optimal performance.

These aspects are discussed in <xref linkend="wal-reliability">.

The utility <filename>src/tools/fsync</> in the PostgreSQL source tree

can do performance testing of various fsync methods.

This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>

file or on the server command line.

</para>

When the commit data for a transaction is flushed to disk, any

additional commits ready at that time are also flushed out.

<varname>commit_delay</varname> adds a time delay, set in

microseconds, before writing some commit records to the WAL

buffer and flushing the buffer out to disks. A nonzero delay

can allow more transactions to be committed with only one call

to the active <varname>wal_sync_method</varname>, if

microseconds, before a transaction attempts to

flush the WAL buffer out to disk. A nonzero delay can allow more

transactions to be committed with only one flush operation, if

system load is high enough that additional transactions become

ready to commit within the given interval. But the delay is

just wasted if no other transactions become ready to

commit. Therefore, the delay is only performed if at least

<varname>commit_siblings</varname> other transactions are

active at the instant that a server process has written its

commit record. The default is zero (no delay). Since

that by increasingthisparameter will actually improve commit

performance.

commit record.

regardless ofthissetting, it is rare that adding delay

by increasing this parameter will actually improveperformance.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

</para>

<para>

While forcing dataperiodicallyto the disk platters might seem like

While forcing data to the disk platters periodically might seem like

a simple operation, it is not. Because disk drives are dramatically

slower than main memory and CPUs, several layers of caching exist

between the computer's main memory and the disk platters.

some later time. Such caches can be a reliability hazard because the

memory in the disk controller cache is volatile, and will lose its

contents in a power failure. Better controller cards have

<firstterm>battery-backed unit</> (<acronym>BBU</>) caches, meaning

<firstterm>battery-backup units</> (<acronym>BBU</>s), meaning

the card has a battery that

maintains power to the cache in case of system power loss. After power

is restored the data will be written to the disk drives.

<para>

And finally, most disk drives have caches. Some are write-through

while some are write-back, and the same concerns about data loss

exist for write-back drive caches asexistfor disk controller

exist for write-back drive caches as for disk controller

caches. Consumer-grade IDE and SATA drives are particularly likely

to have write-back caches that will not survive a power failure,

though <acronym>ATAPI-6</> introduced a drive cache flush command

(<command>FLUSH CACHE EXT</>) that some file systems use, e.g.

<acronym>ZFS</>, <acronym>ext4</>. (The SCSI command

<command>SYNCHRONIZE CACHE</> has long been available.) Many

solid-state drives (SSD) also have volatile write-back caches, and

many do not honor cache flush commands by default.

to have write-back caches that will not survive a power failure. Many

solid-state drives (SSD) also have volatile write-back caches.

</para>

<para>

a <literal>*</> next to <literal>Write cache</>. <command>hdparm -W</>

can be used to turn off write caching. SCSI drives can be queried

using <ulink url="http://sg.danny.cz/sg/sdparm.html"><application>sdparm</></ulink>.

for SCSI drives.Use <command>sdparm --get=WCE</command> to check

Use <command>sdparm --get=WCE</command> to check

whether the write cache is enabled and <command>sdparm --clear=WCE</>

to disable it.

</para>

<listitem>

<para>

On <productname>Windows</>, if <varname>wal_sync_method</> is

<literal>open_datasync</> (the default), write caching is disabled

by unchecking <literal>My Computer\Open\{select disk drive}\Properties\Hardware\Properties\Policies\Enable write caching on the disk</>.

Alternatively, set <varname>wal_sync_method</varname> to <literal>fsync</> or <literal>fsync_writethrough</>, which never do write caching.

<literal>open_datasync</> (the default), write caching can be disabled

by unchecking <literal>My Computer\Open\<replaceable>disk drive</>\Properties\Hardware\Properties\Policies\Enable write caching on the disk</>.

Alternatively, set <varname>wal_sync_method</varname> to

<literal>fsync</> or <literal>fsync_writethrough</>, which prevent

write caching.

</para>

</listitem>

<listitem>

<para>

On <productname>MacOSX</productname>, write caching can bedisabled by

On <productname>Mac OSX</productname>, write caching can beprevented by

setting <varname>wal_sync_method</> to <literal>fsync_writethrough</>.

</para>

</listitem>

</itemizedlist>

<para>

Many file systems that use write barriers (e.g. <acronym>ZFS</>,

<acronym>ext4</>) internally use <command>FLUSH CACHE EXT</> or

<command>SYNCHRONIZE CACHE</> commands to flush data to the platters on

write-back-enabled drives. Unfortunately, such write barrier file

systems behave suboptimally when combined with battery-backed unit

Recent SATA drives (those following <acronym>ATAPI-6</> or later)

offer a drive cache flush command (<command>FLUSH CACHE EXT</>),

while SCSI drives have long supported a similar command

<command>SYNCHRONIZE CACHE</>. These commands are not directly

accessible to <productname>PostgreSQL</>, but some file systems

(e.g., <acronym>ZFS</>, <acronym>ext4</>) can use them to flush

data to the platters on write-back-enabled drives. Unfortunately, such

file systems behave suboptimally when combined with battery-backup unit

(<acronym>BBU</>) disk controllers. In such setups, the synchronize

command forces all data from theBBUto the disks, eliminating much

of the benefit of the BBU. You can run the utility

command forces all data from thecontroller cacheto the disks,

eliminating muchof the benefit of the BBU. You can run the utility

<filename>src/tools/fsync</> in the PostgreSQL source tree to see

if you are affected. If you are affected, the performance benefits

of the BBUcachecan be regained by turning off write barriers in

of the BBU can be regained by turning off write barriers in

the file system or reconfiguring the disk controller, if that is

an option. If write barriers are turned off, make sure the battery

remainsactive; a faulty battery can potentially lead to data loss.

remainsfunctional; a faulty battery can potentially lead to data loss.

Hopefully file system and disk controller designers will eventually

address this suboptimal behavior.

</para>

ensure data integrity. Avoid disk controllers that have non-battery-backed

write caches. At the drive level, disable write-back caching if the

drive cannot guarantee the data will be written before shutdown.

If you use SSDs, be aware that many of these do not honor cache flush

commands by default.

You can test for reliable I/O subsystem behavior using <ulink

url="http://brad.livejournal.com/2116715.html"><filename>diskchecker.pl</filename></ulink>.

</para>

operations themselves. Disk platters are divided into sectors,

commonly 512 bytes each. Every physical read or write operation

processes a whole sector.

When a write request arrives at the drive, it might be for 512 bytes,

1024 bytes, or 8192 bytes, and the process of writing could fail due

When a write request arrives at the drive, it might be for some multiple

of 512 bytes (<productname>PostgreSQL</> typically writes 8192 bytes, or

16 sectors, at a time), and the process of writing could fail due

to power loss at any time, meaning some of the 512-byte sectors were

written, and others were not. To guard against such failures,

written while others were not. To guard against such failures,

<productname>PostgreSQL</> periodically writes full page images to

permanent WAL storage <emphasis>before</> modifying the actual page on

disk. By doing this, during crash recovery <productname>PostgreSQL</> can

restore partially-written pages. If you have a battery-backed disk

restore partially-written pages from WAL. If you have a battery-backed disk

controller or file-system software that prevents partial page writes

(e.g., ZFS),you can turn off this page imaging by turning off the

(e.g., ZFS), you can safely turn off this page imaging by turning off the

<xref linkend="guc-full-page-writes"> parameter.

</para>

</sect1>

pg_fsync(intfd)

{

if (sync_method!=SYNC_METHOD_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH)

returnpg_fsync_no_writethrough(fd);

#if defined(HAVE_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH)&& !defined(FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH_IS_FSYNC)

if (sync_method==SYNC_METHOD_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH)

returnpg_fsync_writethrough(fd);

returnpg_fsync_writethrough(fd);

returnpg_fsync_no_writethrough(fd);

}

#wal_sync_method = fsync# the default is the first option

# supported by the operating system:

# open_datasync

# fdatasync

# fdatasync (default on Linux)

# fsync

# fsync_writethrough

# open_sync

#if defined(OPEN_DATASYNC_FLAG)

#if defined(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_SYNC_METHOD)

#defineDEFAULT_SYNC_METHODPLATFORM_DEFAULT_SYNC_METHOD

#elif defined(OPEN_DATASYNC_FLAG)

#defineDEFAULT_SYNC_METHODSYNC_METHOD_OPEN_DSYNC

#elif defined(HAVE_FDATASYNC)

#defineDEFAULT_SYNC_METHODSYNC_METHOD_FDATASYNC

#elif defined(HAVE_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH_ONLY)

#defineDEFAULT_SYNC_METHODSYNC_METHOD_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH

#defineDEFAULT_SYNC_METHODSYNC_METHOD_FSYNC

#definePLATFORM_DEFAULT_SYNC_METHODSYNC_METHOD_FDATASYNC

#definemkdir(a,b)mkdir(a)

#defineftruncate(a,b)chsize(a,b)

#definefsync(fd) _commit(fd)

#definefsync(fd) _commit(fd)