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<sect1 id="citext">

<title>citext</title>

The <type>citext</> data type allows you to eliminate calls

to <function>lower</> in SQL queries, and allows a primary key to

be case-insensitive. <type>citext</> is locale-aware, just

like <type>text</>, which means that the comparison ofuppercase and

lowercase characters is dependent on the rules of

like <type>text</>, which means that the comparison ofupper case and

lower case characters is dependent on the rules of

the <literal>LC_CTYPE</> locale setting. Again, this behavior is

identical to the use of <function>lower</> in queries. But because it's

done transparently by the datatype, you don't have to remember to do

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<chapter id="client-authentication">

<title>Client Authentication</title>

on the same host.

Some Kerberos implementations might also require a different service name,

such as Microsoft Active Directory which requires the service name

to be inuppercase (<literal>POSTGRES</literal>).

to be inupper case (<literal>POSTGRES</literal>).

</para>

<para>

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<chapter Id="runtime-config">

<title>Server Configuration</title>

<literal>mylib.so</> (or on some platforms,

<literal>mylib.sl</>) to be preloaded from the installation's

standard library directory.

All library names are converted tolowercase unless double-quoted.

All library names are converted tolower case unless double-quoted.

If more than one library is to be loaded, separate their names

with commas. This parameter can only be set at server start.

</para>

This variable specifies one or more shared libraries that are

to be preloaded at connection start. If more than one library

is to be loaded, separate their names with commas. All library

names are converted tolowercase unless double-quoted.

names are converted tolower case unless double-quoted.

This parameter cannot be changed after the start of a particular

session.

</para>

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<chapter id="functions">

<title>Functions and Operators</title>

<row>

<entry><literal><function>upper</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>

<entry><type>text</type></entry>

<entry>Convert string touppercase</entry>

<entry>Convert string toupper case</entry>

<entry><literal>upper('tom')</literal></entry>

<entry><literal>TOM</literal></entry>

</row>

<entry><literal><function>initcap</function>(<parameter>string</parameter>)</literal></entry>

<entry><type>text</type></entry>

<entry>

Convert the first letter of each word touppercase and the

rest tolowercase. Words are sequences of alphanumeric

Convert the first letter of each word toupper case and the

rest tolower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric

characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.

</entry>

<entry><literal>initcap('hi THOMAS')</literal></entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>MONTH</literal></entry>

<entry>fulluppercase month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

<entry>fullupper case month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>Month</literal></entry>

<entry>full capitalized month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>month</literal></entry>

<entry>fulllowercase month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

<entry>fulllower case month name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>MON</literal></entry>

<entry>abbreviateduppercase month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

<entry>abbreviatedupper case month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>Mon</literal></entry>

<entry>abbreviated capitalized month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>mon</literal></entry>

<entry>abbreviatedlowercase month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

<entry>abbreviatedlower case month name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>MM</literal></entry>

<entry>month number (01-12)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>DAY</literal></entry>

<entry>fulluppercase day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

<entry>fullupper case day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>Day</literal></entry>

<entry>full capitalized day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>day</literal></entry>

<entry>fulllowercase day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

<entry>fulllower case day name (blank-padded to 9 chars)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>DY</literal></entry>

<entry>abbreviateduppercase day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

<entry>abbreviatedupper case day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>Dy</literal></entry>

<entry>abbreviated capitalized day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>dy</literal></entry>

<entry>abbreviatedlowercase day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

<entry>abbreviatedlower case day name (3 chars in English, localized lengths vary)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>DDD</literal></entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>RM</literal></entry>

<entry>month inuppercase Roman numerals (I-XII; I=January)</entry>

<entry>month inupper case Roman numerals (I-XII; I=January)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>rm</literal></entry>

<entry>month inlowercase Roman numerals (i-xii; i=January)</entry>

<entry>month inlower case Roman numerals (i-xii; i=January)</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>TZ</literal></entry>

<entry>uppercase time-zone name</entry>

<entry>upper case time-zone name</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>tz</literal></entry>

<entry>lowercase time-zone name</entry>

<entry>lower case time-zone name</entry>

</row>

</tbody>

</tgroup>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>TH</literal> suffix</entry>

<entry>uppercase ordinal number suffix</entry>

<entry>upper case ordinal number suffix</entry>

<entry><literal>DDTH</literal>, e.g., <literal>12TH</></entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>th</literal> suffix</entry>

<entry>lowercase ordinal number suffix</entry>

<entry>lower case ordinal number suffix</entry>

<entry><literal>DDth</literal>, e.g., <literal>12th</></entry>

</row>

<row>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>TH</literal> suffix</entry>

<entry>uppercase ordinal number suffix</entry>

<entry>upper case ordinal number suffix</entry>

<entry><literal>999TH</literal></entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><literal>th</literal> suffix</entry>

<entry>lowercase ordinal number suffix</entry>

<entry>lower case ordinal number suffix</entry>

<entry><literal>999th</literal></entry>

</row>

</tbody>

converter will do the work for you. Just write the sequence name enclosed

in single quotes so that it looks like a literal constant. For

compatibility with the handling of ordinary

<acronym>SQL</acronym> names, the string will be converted tolowercase

<acronym>SQL</acronym> names, the string will be converted tolower case

unless it contains double quotes around the sequence name. Thus:

<programlisting>

nextval('foo') <lineannotation>operates on sequence <literal>foo</literal></>

with the column. The first input parameter is a table name with

optional schema, and the second parameter is a column name. Because

the first parameter is potentially a schema and table, it is not treated

as a double-quoted identifier, meaning it islowercased by default,

as a double-quoted identifier, meaning it islower cased by default,

while the second parameter, being just a column name, is treated as

double-quoted and has its case preserved. The function returns a value

suitably formatted for passing to sequence functions (see <xref

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<chapter id="installation">

<title><![%standalone-include[<productname>PostgreSQL</>]]>

by GSSAPI).

<literal>postgres</literal> is the default. There's usually no

reason to change this unless you have a Windows environment,

in which case it must be set touppercase

in which case it must be set toupper case

<literal>POSTGRES</literal>.

</para>

</listitem>

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<chapter id="libpq">

<title><application>libpq</application> - C Library</title>

This is useful when a user-supplied identifier might contain

special characters that would otherwise not be interpreted as part

of the identifier by the SQL parser, or when the identifier might

containuppercase characters whose case should be preserved.

containupper case characters whose case should be preserved.

</para>

<para>

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<sect1 id="pgcrypto">

<title>pgcrypto</title>

of different hashing algorithms.

The table shows how much time it would take to try all

combinations of characters in an 8-character password, assuming

that the password contains either onlylowercase letters, or

that the password contains either onlylower case letters, or

upper- and lower-case letters and numbers.

In the <literal>crypt-bf</literal> entries, the number after a slash is

the <parameter>iter_count</parameter> parameter of

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<chapter id="plpgsql">

<title><application>PL/pgSQL</application> - <acronym>SQL</acronym> Procedural Language</title>

<para>

All key words are case-insensitive.

Identifiers are implicitly converted tolowercase

Identifiers are implicitly converted tolower case

unless double-quoted, just as they are in ordinary SQL commands.

</para>