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PostgreSQL documentation

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[ NULL [ AS ] '<replaceable class="parameter">null string</replaceable>' ]

[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] '<replaceable class="parameter">quote</replaceable>' ]

[ ESCAPE [ AS ] '<replaceable class="parameter">escape</replaceable>' ]

[LITERAL <replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> [, ...] ]

[FORCE NOT NULL <replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> [, ...] ]

COPY <replaceable class="parameter">tablename</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> [, ...] ) ]

TO { '<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>' | STDOUT }

[ NULL [ AS ] '<replaceable class="parameter">null string</replaceable>' ]

[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] '<replaceable class="parameter">quote</replaceable>' ]

[ ESCAPE [ AS ] '<replaceable class="parameter">escape</replaceable>' ]

[ FORCE <replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> [, ...] ]

[ FORCEQUOTE<replaceable class="parameter">column</replaceable> [, ...] ]

</synopsis>

</refsynopsisdiv>

<term><literal>CSV</literal></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Enables Comma Separated Variable (<literal>CSV</>) mode.(Also called

Comma Separated Value).It sets the default <literal>DELIMITER</> to

comma, and<literal>QUOTE</> and <literal>ESCAPE</>values to

double-quote.

Enables Comma Separated Variable (<literal>CSV</>) mode. (Also

calledComma Separated Value). It sets the default

<literal>DELIMITER</>to comma,and <literal>QUOTE</>and

<literal>ESCAPE</> values todouble-quote.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<term><replaceable class="parameter">escape</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specifies the character that should appear before a <literal>QUOTE</>

data character value in <literal>CSV</> mode. The default is the

<literal>QUOTE</> value (usually double-quote).

Specifies the character that should appear before a

<literal>QUOTE</>data character value in <literal>CSV</> mode.

The default is the<literal>QUOTE</> value (usually double-quote).

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><literal>FORCE</></term>

<term><literal>FORCE QUOTE</></term>

<listitem>

<para>

In <literal>CSV</> <command>COPY TO</> mode, forces quoting

to beused for all non-<literal>NULL</> values in each specified

column.<literal>NULL</> output is never quoted.

In <literal>CSV</> <command>COPY TO</> mode, forces quoting to be

used for all non-<literal>NULL</> values in each specifiedcolumn.

<literal>NULL</> output is never quoted.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><literal>LITERAL</></term>

<term><literal>FORCE NOT NULL</></term>

<listitem>

<para>

In <literal>CSV</> <command>COPY FROM</> mode, for each column specified,

do not do a <literal>null string</> comparison; instead load the value

literally. <literal>QUOTE</> and <literal>ESCAPE</> processing are still

performed.

</para>

<para>

If the <literal>null string</> is <literal>''</> (the default

in <literal>CSV</> mode), a missing input value (<literal>delimiter,

delimiter</>), will load as a zero-length string. <literal>Delimiter, quote,

quote, delimiter</> is always treated as a zero-length string on input.

In <literal>CSV</> <command>COPY FROM</> mode, process each

specified column as though it were quoted and hance not a

<literal>NULL</> value. For the default <literal>null string</> in

<literal>CSV</> mode (<literal>''</>), this causes a missing

values to be input as a zero-length strings.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

suffixed by the <literal>QUOTE</> character, and any occurrence

within the value of a <literal>QUOTE</> character or the

<literal>ESCAPE</> character is preceded by the escape character.

You can also use <literal>FORCE</> to force quotes when outputting

You can also use <literal>FORCE QUOTE</> to force quotes when outputting

non-<literal>NULL</> values in specific columns.

</para>

is quoted. Therefore, using the default settings, a <literal>NULL</> is

written as an unquoted empty string, while an empty string is

written with double quotes (<literal>""</>). Reading values follows

similar rules. You can use <literal>LITERAL</> to prevent <literal>NULL</>

similar rules. You can use <literal>FORCE NOT NULL</> to prevent <literal>NULL</>

input comparisons for specific columns.

</para>

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PostgreSQL documentation

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[ <literal>null [as] </literal> '<replaceable class="parameter">string</replaceable>' ]</literal>

[ <literal>csv [ quote [as] </literal> '<replaceable class="parameter">character</replaceable>' ]

[ <literal>escape [as] </literal> '<replaceable class="parameter">character</replaceable>' ]

[ <literal>force</> <replaceable class="parameter">column_list</replaceable> ]

[ <literal>literal</> <replaceable class="parameter">column_list</replaceable> ] ]

[ <literal>force quote</> <replaceable class="parameter">column_list</replaceable> ]

[ <literal>force not null</> <replaceable class="parameter">column_list</replaceable> ] ]

</term>

<listitem>