</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specifies whether transaction commit will wait for WAL records

to be written to disk before the command returns a <quote>success</quote>

indication to the client. Valid values are <literal>on</literal>,

<literal>remote_apply</literal>, <literal>remote_write</literal>, <literal>local</literal>,

and <literal>off</literal>. The default, and safe, setting

is <literal>on</literal>. When <literal>off</literal>, there can be a delay between

when success is reported to the client and when the transaction is

really guaranteed to be safe against a server crash. (The maximum

Specifies how much WAL processing must complete before

the database server returns a <quote>success</quote>

indication to the client. Valid values are

<literal>remote_apply</literal>, <literal>on</literal>

(the default), <literal>remote_write</literal>,

<literal>local</literal>, and <literal>off</literal>.

</para>

<para>

If <varname>synchronous_standby_names</varname> is empty,

the only meaningful settings are <literal>on</literal> and

<literal>off</literal>; <literal>remote_apply</literal>,

<literal>remote_write</literal> and <literal>local</literal>

all provide the same local synchronization level

as <literal>on</literal>. The local behavior of all

non-<literal>off</literal> modes is to wait for local flush of WAL

to disk. In <literal>off</literal> mode, there is no waiting,

so there can be a delay between when success is reported to the

client and when the transaction is later guaranteed to be safe

against a server crash. (The maximum

delay is three times <xref linkend="guc-wal-writer-delay"/>.) Unlike

<xref linkend="guc-fsync"/>, setting this parameter to <literal>off</literal>

does not create any risk of database inconsistency: an operating

exact certainty about the durability of a transaction. For more

discussion see <xref linkend="wal-async-commit"/>.

</para>

<para>

If <xref linkend="guc-synchronous-standby-names"/> is non-empty, this

parameter also controls whether or not transaction commits will wait

for their WAL records to be replicated to the standby server(s).

When set to <literal>on</literal>, commits will wait until replies

If <xref linkend="guc-synchronous-standby-names"/> is non-empty,

<varname>synchronous_commit</varname> also controls whether

transaction commits will wait for their WAL records to be

processed on the standby server(s).

</para>

<para>

When set to <literal>remote_apply</literal>, commits will wait

until replies from the current synchronous standby(s) indicate they

have received the commit record of the transaction and applied

it, so that it has become visible to queries on the standby(s),

and also written to durable storage on the standbys. This will

cause much larger commit delays than previous settings since

it waits for WAL replay. When set to <literal>on</literal>,

commits wait until replies

from the current synchronous standby(s) indicate they have received

the commit record of the transaction and flushed it todisk. This

the commit record of the transaction and flushed it todurable storage. This

ensures the transaction will not be lost unless both the primary and

all synchronous standbys suffer corruption of their database storage.

When set to <literal>remote_apply</literal>, commits will wait until replies

from the current synchronous standby(s) indicate they have received the

commit record of the transaction and applied it, so that it has become

visible to queries on the standby(s).

When set to <literal>remote_write</literal>, commits will wait until replies

from the current synchronous standby(s) indicate they have

received the commit record of the transaction and written it out to

their operating system. This setting is sufficient to

ensure data preservation even if a standby instance of

<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> were to crash, but not if the standby

suffers an operating-system-level crash, since the data has not

received the commit record of the transaction and written it to

their file systems. This setting ensures data preservation if a standby instance of

<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> crashes, but not if the standby

suffers an operating-system-level crash because the data has not

necessarily reached durable storage on the standby.

Finally, the setting <literal>local</literal> causes commits to wait for

local flush to disk, but not for replication. This isnotusually

The setting <literal>local</literal> causes commits to wait for

local flush to disk, but not for replication. This is usually not

desirable when synchronous replication is in use, but is provided for

completeness.

</para>

<para>

If <varname>synchronous_standby_names</varname> is empty, the settings

<literal>on</literal>, <literal>remote_apply</literal>, <literal>remote_write</literal>

and <literal>local</literal> all provide the same synchronization level:

transaction commits only wait for local flush to disk.

</para>

<para>

This parameter can be changed at any time; the behavior for any

one transaction is determined by the setting in effect when it

asynchronously when the default is the opposite, issue <command>SET

LOCAL synchronous_commit TO OFF</command> within the transaction.

</para>

<para>

<xref linkend="synchronous-commit-matrix"/> summarizes the

capabilities of the <varname>synchronous_commit</varname> settings.

</para>

<table id="synchronous-commit-matrix">

<title>synchronous_commit Modes</title>

<tgroup cols="5">

<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="1.1*"/>

<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1*"/>

<colspec colname="col3" colwidth="1*"/>

<colspec colname="col4" colwidth="1*"/>

<colspec colname="col5" colwidth="1*"/>

<thead>

<row>

<entry>synchronous_commit setting</entry>

<entry>local durable commit</entry>

<entry>standby durable commit after PG crash</entry>

<entry>standby durable commit after OS crash</entry>

<entry>standby query consistency</entry>

</row>

</thead>

<tbody>

<row>

<entry>remote_apply</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry>on</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry>remote_write</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry>local</entry>

<entry align="center">&bull;</entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry>off</entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

<entry align="center"></entry>

</row>

</tbody>

</tgroup>

</table>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_REMOTE_WRITE,/* wait for local flush and remote

SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_REMOTE_FLUSH,/* wait for local and remote flush */

}SyncCommitLevel;