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Commitdaaf999

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Improvements to Ian Barwick patch.
1 parent0896707 commitdaaf999

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‎doc/FAQ‎

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
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Last updated: Sun Oct 1322:49:56 EDT 2002
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Last updated: Sun Oct 1323:15:09 EDT 2002
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Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
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3.6) How do I tune the database engine for better performance?
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3.7) What debugging features are available?
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3.8) Why do I get "Sorry, too many clients" when trying to connect?
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3.9) Whatare the pg_sorttempNNN.NN filesinmy database directory?
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3.9) Whatisinthe pgsql_tmp directory?
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3.10) Why do I need to do a dump and restore to upgrade PostgreSQL
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releases?
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distribution or the MS Windows FAQ at
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http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html.
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A native port to some Microsoft platforms is currently being worked
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upon.
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A native port to MS Win NT/2000/XP is currently being worked on.
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1.5) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
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1.15) How can I financially assist PostgreSQL?
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PostgreSQL has had a first-class infrastructure since we started in
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1994. This is all thanks to Marc Fournier, who has created and managed
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1996. This is all thanks to Marc Fournier, who has created and managed
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this infrastructure over the years.
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Quality infrastructure is very important to an open-source project. It
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2.3) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface? A report generator?
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An embedded query language interface?
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We have a nice graphical user interface called PgAccess, whichis
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shippedaspart of the distribution. PgAccess also has a report
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generator. The Web page ishttp://www.pgaccess.org/.
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We have a nice graphical user interface called PgAccess whichcan also
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be usedasa report generator. The Web page is
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http://www.pgaccess.org/.
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We also include ecpg, which is an embedded SQL query language
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interface for C.
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* C++ (libpq++)
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* Embedded C (ecpg)
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* Java (jdbc)
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* Perl (DBD::Pg)
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* Perl (DBD::Pg and perl5)
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* ODBC (odbc)
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* Python (PyGreSQL)
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* TCL (libpgtcl)
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* C Easy API (libpgeasy)
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* PHP ('pg_' functions, Pear::DB)
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Additional interfaces are available at
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http://www.PostgreSQL.org/interfaces.html.
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http://www.PostgreSQL.org/interfaces.html and
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http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org.
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_________________________________________________________________
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Administrative Questions
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was 64, and changing it required a rebuild after altering the
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MaxBackendId constant in include/storage/sinvaladt.h.
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3.9) What are thepg_tempNNN.NN files in my database directory?
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3.9) What are thepgsql_tmp directory?
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They are temporary files generated by the query executor. For example,
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if a sort needs to be done to satisfy an ORDER BY, and the sort
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requires more space than the backend's -S parameter allows, then
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temporary files are created to hold the extra data.
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The temporary filesshould be deleted automatically, but might not if
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a backend crashes during a sort.If you have no backends running at
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the time, it is safe to delete the pg_tempNNN.NN files.
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The temporary filesare usually deleted automatically, but might
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remain ifa backend crashes during a sort.A stop and restart of the
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postmaster will remove files from those directories.
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3.10) Why do I need to do a dump and restore to upgrade between major
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PostgreSQL releases?
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4.4) How do you remove a column from a table?
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Prior to version7.3,ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN is not supported. You
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can do this instead:
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This functionality was added in release7.3 withALTER TABLE DROP
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COLUMN. In earlier versions, youcan do this:
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BEGIN;
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LOCK TABLE old_table;
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SELECT ... -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
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Case-insensitive equality comparisons are normally expressed as:
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SELECT *
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FROM tab
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WHERELOWER(col) = 'abc';
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WHERElower(col) = 'abc';
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This will not use an standard index. However, if you create a
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functional index, it will be used:
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CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (LOWER(col));
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CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
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4.13) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL?
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‎doc/src/FAQ/FAQ.html‎

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alink="#0000ff">
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<H1>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL</H1>
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<P>Last updated: Sun Oct 1322:49:56 EDT 2002</P>
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<P>Last updated: Sun Oct 1323:15:09 EDT 2002</P>
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<P>Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (<Ahref=
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"mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)<BR>
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ <H2 align="center">Administrative Questions</H2>
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<Ahref="#3.7">3.7</A>) What debugging features are available?<BR>
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<Ahref="#3.8">3.8</A>) Why do I get<I>"Sorry, too many
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clients"</I> when trying to connect?<BR>
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<Ahref="#3.9">3.9</A>) Whatarethe<I>pg_sorttempNNN.NN</I>
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files in my databasedirectory?<BR>
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<Ahref="#3.9">3.9</A>) Whatis inthe<I>pgsql_tmp</I>
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directory?<BR>
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<Ahref="#3.10">3.10</A>) Why do I need to do a dump and restore
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to upgrade PostgreSQL releases?<BR>
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<P>The database server can run on Windows NT and Win2k using
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Cygwin, the Cygnus Unix/NT porting library. See
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<I>pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN</I> in the distribution or the MS Windows FAQ
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at<Ahref="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html</A>.</P>
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at<Ahref="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html">
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http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html</A>.</P>
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<p>A native port tosome Microsoft platforms is currently being worked
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upon.</p>
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<p>A native port toMS Win NT/2000/XP is currently being worked
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on.</p>
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<H4><Aname="1.5">1.5</A>) Where can I get PostgreSQL?</H4>
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PostgreSQL?</H4>
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<P>PostgreSQL has had a first-class infrastructure since we started
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in1994. This is all thanks to Marc Fournier, who has created
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in1996. This is all thanks to Marc Fournier, who has created
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and managed this infrastructure over the years.</P>
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<P>Quality infrastructure is very important to an open-source
@@ -545,9 +546,9 @@ <H4><A name="2.3">2.3</A>) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user
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interface? A report generator? An embedded query language
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interface?</H4>
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548-
<P>We have a nice graphical user interface called PgAccess, whichis
549-
shipped as part of the distribution. PgAccess also has a report
550-
generator. The Web page is<Ahref="http://www.pgaccess.org/">http://www.pgaccess.org/</A>.</P>
549+
<P>We have a nice graphical user interface called PgAccess whichcan
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also be used as a report generator. The Web page is
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<Ahref="http://www.pgaccess.org/">http://www.pgaccess.org/</A>.</P>
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<P>We also include<I>ecpg</I>, which is an embedded SQL query
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language interface for C.</P>
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<LI>Java (jdbc)</LI>
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<LI>Perl (DBD::Pg)</LI>
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<LI>Perl (DBD::Pg and perl5)</LI>
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<LI>ODBC (odbc)</LI>
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<LI>PHP ('pg_' functions, Pear::DB)</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>Additional interfaces are available at
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<ahref="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/interfaces.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/interfaces.html</A>.
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<ahref="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/interfaces.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/interfaces.html</A>
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and
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<ahref="http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org">http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org</A>.
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</P>
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<HR>
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the MaxBackendId constant in
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<I>include/storage/sinvaladt.h</I>.</P>
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<H4><Aname="3.9">3.9</A>) What are the<I>pg_tempNNN.NN</I>
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files in my databasedirectory?</H4>
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<H4><Aname="3.9">3.9</A>) What are the<I>pgsql_tmp</I>
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directory?</H4>
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<P>They are temporary files generated by the query executor. For
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example, if a sort needs to be done to satisfy an<SMALL>ORDER
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BY,</SMALL> and the sort requires more space than the backend's
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<I>-S</I> parameter allows, then temporary files are created to
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hold the extra data.</P>
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<P>The temporary files should be deleted automatically, but might
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not if a backend crashes during a sort. If you have no backends
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running at the time, it is safe to delete the pg_tempNNN.NN
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files.</P>
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<P>The temporary files are usually deleted automatically, but might
781+
remain if a backend crashes during a sort. A stop and restart of the
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<I>postmaster</I> will remove files from those directories.</P>
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<H4><Aname="3.10">3.10</A>) Why do I need to do a dump and restore
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to upgrade between major PostgreSQL releases?</H4>
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data in a generic format that can then be loaded in using the new internal
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format.</P>
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<p>In releases where the on-disk format does not change, the
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<i>pg_upgrade</i> script can be used to upgrade without a dump/restore.
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The release notes mention whether<i>pg_upgrade</i> is available for the
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release.</p>
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<P>In releases where the on-disk format does not change, the
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<I>pg_upgrade</I> script can be used to upgrade without a dump/restore.
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The release notes mention whether<I>pg_upgrade</I> is available for the
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release.</P>
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<HR>
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<H4><Aname="4.4">4.4</A>) How do you remove a column from a
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table?</H4>
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834-
<P>Prior to version 7.3,<SMALL>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</SMALL> is not supported.
835-
You can do this instead:</P>
836+
<P>This functionality was added in release 7.3 with
837+
<SMALL>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</SMALL>. In earlier versions,
838+
you can do this:</P>
836839
<PRE>
837840
BEGIN;
838841
LOCK TABLE old_table;
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<PRE>
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SELECT *
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FROM tab
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WHERELOWER(col) = 'abc';
1029+
WHERElower(col) = 'abc';
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</PRE>
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This will not use an standard index. However, if you create a
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functional index, it will be used:
10311034
<PRE>
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CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (LOWER(col));
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CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
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</PRE>
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<H4><Aname="4.13">4.13</A>) In a query, how do I detect if a field
@@ -1118,7 +1121,7 @@ <H4><A name="4.15.2">4.15.2</A>) How do I get the value of a
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and your<SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL> column, respectively.
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<P>Alternatively, you could retrieve the assigned
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<SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL> value with the<I>currval</I>() function
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<SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL> value with the<I>currval()</I> function
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<I>after</I> it was inserted by default, e.g.,</P>
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<PRE>
11241127
execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
@@ -1135,7 +1138,7 @@ <H4><A name="4.15.2">4.15.2</A>) How do I get the value of a
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<H4><Aname="4.15.3">4.15.3</A>) Don't<I>currval()</I> and
11361139
<I>nextval()</I> lead to a race condition with other users?</H4>
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<P>No.<i>currval</i>() returns the current value assigned by your
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<P>No.<I>currval()</I> returns the current value assigned by your
11391142
backend, not by all users.</P>
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<H4><Aname="4.15.4">4.15.4</A>) Why aren't my sequence numbers

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