Does this actually garbage collect the mpl objects? The artists, axes, and figures tend to end up with circular references.

This is what happens in current matplotlib:http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/gist.githubusercontent.com/kmike/93102e3fdf75dfc29631/raw/matplotlib-gc3.ipynb

This is the same example with nogc.collect() in matplotlib:http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/gist.githubusercontent.com/kmike/93102e3fdf75dfc29631/raw/matplotlib-gc2.ipynb

This is an example withgc.collect(1) in matplotlib:http://nbviewer.ipython.org/gist/kmike/93102e3fdf75dfc29631/matplotlib-gc.ipynb (note that subsequentgc.collect doesn't collect anything new).

So yes, I thinkgc.collect(1) collects some mpl objects. But note that the number of objects increases by about 5k after each plotting call even ifgc.collect() is called. This is what happens:

In [28]:cnt = Counter(     cls for cls in     [getattr(obj, '__class__', type(obj)) for obj in gc.get_objects()]    if 'matplotlib' in str(cls))cnt.most_common(20)Out[28]:[(matplotlib.path.Path, 486), (matplotlib.transforms.Bbox, 382), (matplotlib.font_manager.FontEntry, 359), (matplotlib.transforms.CompositeGenericTransform, 324), (matplotlib.transforms.Affine2D, 320), (matplotlib.lines.Line2D, 216), (matplotlib.markers.MarkerStyle, 216), (matplotlib.transforms.IdentityTransform, 193), (matplotlib.text.Text, 172), (matplotlib.font_manager.FontProperties, 164), (matplotlib.transforms.BboxTransformTo, 160), (matplotlib.colors.LinearSegmentedColormap, 144), (matplotlib.transforms.TransformedBbox, 116), (matplotlib.transforms.TransformedPath, 104), (matplotlib.transforms.ScaledTranslation, 52), (matplotlib.patches.Rectangle, 48), (matplotlib.axis.XTick, 40), (matplotlib.axis.YTick, 32), (matplotlib.cbook.maxdict, 21), (matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry, 20)]

Numbers increase after each "hist" call followed by fullgc.collect(). So it seemsgc.collect() doesn't really help, and it can be very slow. It collects some items, andgc.collect(1) seems to collect the same items.

There is a lot of moving parts (IPython, matplotlib, gc, various plotting methods, etc) so I may miss something, and the analysis can be incorrect. But running full garbage collection that user can't control is a bad decision IMHO. If leftovers from matplotlib is an issue it is always possible to rungc.collect() manually and get the same results.

gc.collect(1) is a compromiss that seems to fix most of the problemsgc.collect() fixes without its huge overhead in presence of long-living objects.

Thank you for digging down into this.

This looks fine to me, but think@mdboom or@efiring should take a look at it as well.

@kmike: In your examples, can you clear the figure? An internal reference is still held to it in these examples... That should, at least by design, result in no leaks from the matplotlib side (though IPython may still hold references to the results of each cell). You might also try this testing outside of IPython to remove that as a factor when testing.

@mdboom I can try to do it, but are you suggesting to keepgc.collect() if it collects more objects thangc.collect(1)? The disadvantage ofgc.collect() is that it checks all objects in memory, it is potentially a costly operation, whilegc.collect(1) is bounded.

clf() should leave no remaining objects around, at least by design. I haven't investigated in some time whether that's still the case. If making this change keeps more matplotlib objects around than it is a no-go. A speed penalty is always better than an unbounded memory leak. If that's the case, we may need to find another solution to the speed problem -- by introducing moreweakref's where appropriate or refactoring the code to reduce the number of cyclical references.

My understanding is that the speed cost is due to large numbers ofuser objects makinggc.collect() take a long time.

Yeah, that is my understanding too. I think the OP makes a good point.
Calling clf() has side-effects (mostly benign, but still real).
Unfortunately, I am not savy enough on the gc module to understand the
implications of calling collect(1). The documentation merely refers to
"generations", but I have no clue what that means.

On Wed, May 7, 2014 at 1:27 PM, Thomas A Caswell
notifications@github.comwrote:

My understanding is that the speed cost is due to large numbers of _user_objects making
gc.collect() take a long time.

—
Reply to this email directly or view it on GitHubhttps://github.com//pull/3045#issuecomment-42456997
.

The docstring for gc.set_threshold() "explains" the generations and the collection scheme, but that still leaves me with a less-than-complete understanding. My interpretation is that collect(0) will look at objects that have not been checked previously; collect(1) will look at objects that have been checked exactly once; collect(2) at objects that have been checked twice or more; and collect() will look at all objects, by going through each of the three generation lists. It is not clear whether collect(1) actually operates on the generation 0 list and the generation 1 list, or only the latter. If only the latter, it would not seem to be very useful when used in isolation.
The thresholds that I see are 700, 10, and 10, meaning collect(0) is run automatically only when there have been 700 more allocations than deallocations, irrespective of the actual amount of memory involved. Allocations of some primitive objects are not counted.

gc.collect(1) checks generations <= 1.

I'd even removegc.collect altogether;gc.collect(1) is just to be a bit conservative.

It is true that unbounded memory leak is worse than a speed penalty, but now we have an O(N) speed penalty where N is a number of alive user objects, not a number of matplotlib objects, and the leak is not really a leak because objects will be eventually collected - in the worst case users can callgc.collect() themselves to make this happen sooner. As for the speed penalty - they can do nothing.

A "leak" is in kilobytes of temporary allocated memory per chart (maybe megabytes in pathological cases); the speed penalty can be seconds of wait time for each executed IPython cell (seeipython/ipython#5795).

I am in favor of merging this.

I think this explains some issues I was having with my code at the end of grad school but due to the need to graduate didn't take the time to track down.

@mdboom@efiring What do you want to do about this? I am in favor of merging.

Responding to@mdboom's last comment: Anything we can do to ensure prompt release of memory is a good move in general, but it doesn't address the OP's problem, which is thatgc.collect() can be damagingly slow if there is a huge number of user objects, regardless of whether any of them are actually collectible. I think that in the OP's case, these objects are not created by the plotting, so they are not under our control.

The problem addressed by this PR can be quite bad; I am in favor of giving it a try. It would certainly be good to have a clearer understanding of when, if ever in practice, it would lead to troublesome increases in memory consumption. My impression is that this should be very rare, so the tradeoff is worthwhile.