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This tutorial aims to provide an in-depth introduction to version control systems usinggit andGitHub. It is designed to equip you with the necessary skills to effectively use these tools, regardless of your experience level.

We will use the ⌨️ Command Line Interface (CLI) (i.e.Bash for Windows andTerminal in MacOS) to perform essential command line techniques. In case you want to learn how to usegit withGitHub Desktop, please refer to the slides availablehere.

Git is a free and open-source version control software that was created by Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux. It helps software developers track changes made to their code over time, making it easier to collaborate with others and revert changes when necessary.

All files in a project directory, or arepository (repo for short), are tracked by a hidden.git file located in the root directory. You can create a new repository on your local machine by navigating to the directory where you want your project to live and typing thegit init command.

Git allows you to roll back to a previous snapshot of your project called acommit. When you want to take a snapshot of your work, you'll need toadd the changes to your files to astaging area. You can think of a staging area (literally) like a staging area. The changes that you want to be included in your next snapshot need to be put on stage in order to be captured by thecommit.

Each commit requires a message to describe what has changed. These commit messages should be brief but descriptive, allowing you (or others) to understand what has changed without having to read the code.

Here is a visual representation of the process:

Let's delve into some commongit commands. This is not a complete list — for a more comprehensive look at thegit commands, check theofficial Git documentation:

The process described above happens on your local machine. This is perfect for solo projects, but if you want to collaborate with others or create a backup of your code, you'll need to useGitHub.

GitHub is a platform that allows developers to host and share their Git repositories online. It's a fantastic tool for collaboration, allowing multiple developers to work on the same project simultaneously without overwriting each other's changes. It's also a great way to backup your code — should your local machine ever fail, you can simply clone your repository from GitHub and continue where you left off. In addition to providing a great UI on top of a server that hosts your repositories, GitHub has a number of additional features such as issue tracking, wiki pages, and notifications that make it a great collaboration tool.

GitHub repositories are just like Git repositories, but with some added features. For example, GitHub allows forpull requests, where one developer can propose changes to a project that another developer can review and approve. GitHub also includes tools for project management, such as issue tracking and project boards.

One key thing to remember is that GitHub doesn't just store a copy of your code files — it stores theentire history of changes to the files, thanks to Git. This allows other developers to view the files at an earlier point in time, or even revert the entire project back to an earlier state.

Here's a step-by-step guide to get you started with Git and GitHub:

1. Create a GitHub Account: Visitgithub.com and register for an account.

2. Install Git: Depending on your operating system, download and install Git using one of the following methods:

   • Windows users: Download and installGit for Windows.
   • Mac users: Download and installGit for MacOS or use Homebrew by typingbrew install git in the Terminal.

3. Configure Git: Once Git is installed, you'll need to configure it with your name and email address. This information is used to track who made each commit in a project. Open your Terminal or Command Prompt and type the following commands, replacing "FirstName LastName" and "email@example.com" with your name and email:

   # Enter YOUR NAME to set your namegit config --global user.name"FirstName LastName"# Enter YOUR EMAIL to set your email. Make sure it is the email associated with your GitHub account!git config --global user.email"email@example.com"

   You can verify that the configuration worked by typinggit config --list. The output should include your name and email. Ensure you use the email associated with your GitHub account. This is important because Git will use this information when you work on a project.

Seethis article for more information on setting up GitHub.

4. Set up SSH Keys: SSH (Secure Shell) keys are a way to identify yourself to GitHub without needing to provide your username and password every time. They are a pair of encryption keys that work together to secure your connection. The public key is stored on GitHub and the private key is stored on your local machine.

   Here are the steps to generate a new SSH key and add it to your GitHub account:

• Check for existing SSH keys: Open your Terminal or Command Prompt and typels -al ~/.ssh. If you see files namedid_rsa.pub orid_ed25519.pub, you already have an SSH key. If not, you'll need to create one.

• Generate a new SSH key: In your Terminal or Command Prompt, typessh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your email address", replacing "your email address" with the email you used to sign up for GitHub. PressEnter to accept the default file location. When asked to enter a passphrase, either type a secure passphrase or pressEnter to proceed without a passphrase.

• Add your SSH key to the ssh-agent: First, start the ssh-agent in the background by typingeval "$(ssh-agent -s)". Then, add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent by typingssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 (orssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa if you're using an RSA key).

• Add your SSH key to your GitHub account: Typecat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub (orcat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub for RSA keys) and pressEnter to display your public key. Select and copy the key. Then, go to the GitHub website, click your profile photo, selectSettings, thenSSH and GPG keys, thenNew SSH key. Paste your key into the "Key" field and clickAdd SSH key.

• Test your SSH connection: Go back to your Terminal or Command Prompt and typessh -T git@github.com. If you see a message saying"You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access", then everything is working!

For more information on SSH keys, check out theGitHub guide for SSH keys or theSoftware Carpentry guide.

Here isone example of a workflow you may choose when working on a project. Let's imagine that there's a repository online that you want to use as a starting point for a project. First, you may wantyour own cloud copy of a repository on GitHub. In order to start working on the files, you'll need to get them on your computer (they're still only in the cloud). To do so, you will cloneyour repository to your machine. This will create a local copy of the filesas well as their entire history on your local machine. We'll use the terminal to clone the repository, but we need to get some information about it first. To get the URL location of the repository, click theClone or Download button, then click on the clipboard icon to copy the URL to your clipboard:

Then, on your terminal, you could use thegit clone command described below. Here is a diagram of the full process:

Now that we've covered the basics of Git and GitHub, let's take a look at how they can be used for collaboration.

Let's imagine you find a repository on GitHub that you'd like to contribute to. The first step is to create your own copy of the repository on GitHub, known as afork. This gives you a version of the project that you have full control over, allowing you to make changes without affecting the original project.

Once you have forked the repository, you'll want toclone it to your local machine. This creates a copy of the project files on your computer, allowing you to work on the project even when you're offline. To clone a repository, navigate to the main page of the repository on GitHub, click the "Clone or download" button, and copy the URL that appears. Then, open your Terminal or Command Prompt, navigate to the directory where you want the project to live, and typegit clone, followed by the URL you copied.

Now that you have a local copy of the project, you can start making changes. Remember to commit your changes frequently with clear, descriptive commit messages. This will make it easier for others to understand what you've done.

When you're ready to share your changes with others, you'll need topush your commits to GitHub. This uploads your changes to the GitHub repository, making them available to others. To push your changes, open your Terminal or Command Prompt, navigate to your project directory, and typegit push origin main, replacing "master" with the name of the branch you want to push.

Finally, to propose that your changes be merged into the original project, you can create apull request. To do this, navigate to the main page of the original repository on GitHub, click the "Pull requests" tab, then click the "New pull request" button. Select your fork on the right-hand side, review the changes, then click the "Create pull request" button. The project owner will be able to review your changes and decide whether to merge them into the project.

Here are some additionalgit commands that allow you to interact easily with GitHub:

Set configuration values for your username and email

git config --global user.name YOUR NAMEgit config --global user.email YOUR EMAIL

Set default branch to main

git config --global init.default branch main

Get help on a command

githelp COMMANDgit COMMAND -h

Initialize a new git repository

git init

Clone a repository

git clone REPOSITORY URL

Add a file to the staging area

git add FILE

Add all file changes to the staging area

git add --allgit add -Agit add.

Check the unstaged changes

git diff

Commit the staged changes

git commit -m"MESSAGE"

Reset staging area to the last commit

git reset

Check the state of the working directory and the staging area

git status

Remove a file from the index and working directory

git rm FILENAME

Rename a file

git mv (OLD NAME) (NEW NAME)

List the commit history

git log

List all the local branches

git branch

Create a new branch

git branch BRANCH NAME

Rename the current branch

git branch -m NEW BRANCH NAME

Delete a branch

git branch -d BRANCH NAME

Switch to another branch

git switch BRANCH NAME

Merge specified branch into the current branch

git merge BRANCH NAME

Create a connection to a remote repository

git remote add (NAME) (REPOSITORY URL)

Push the committed changes to a remote directory

git push (REMOTE) (BRANCH)

Download the content from a remote repository

git pull REMOTE

• Official Git web site:https://www.git-scm.com/

• Official GitHub.com web site:https://github.com/

• Git and GitHub.com cheat sheet:https://education.github.com/git-cheat-sheet-education.pdf

• Git Reference Manual:http://git-scm.com/docs

• Git Overview Book:http://git-scm.com/book/en/v2

• Sample ignore files:https://github.com/github/gitignore

• How can I learn more about Markdown languages?

  • Here is a great Markdown tutorial

  • Here is a quick Markdown guide