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1. Havepython3 installed on your computer.

It is suggested to usepypy3 to achieve the best efficiency.

1. Havegit installed on your computer. If you do not know whatgit is, seehttps://git-scm.com/downloads.

FormacOS users ensure you installedCommand Line Tools for Xcode.

3. cargo if you want to compile manually

0. FormacOS users, you can install directly using following scripts:

curl -fsSL https://atcrea.tech/cpc-mac| sh

For those who want to install with Visual Studio Code as well as itsextension, you can use the following script:

curl -fsSL https://atcrea.tech/cpc-mac| sh -s -- --with-vsc

1. ForWindows users, you can install directly using following scripts:

irm https://atcrea.tech/cpc-win| iex

You have to manually install theextension for Visual Studio Code.

For other users...

1. Clone the project to your computer usinggit clone https://github.com/iewnfod/CAIE_Code.git.

2. Enter the project folder:cd CAIE_Code.

3. The executable programs are inbin/ folder. You may directly run or consider addingbin/ to yourPATH.

4. If you want to compile manually:

• macOS: runbuild.sh
• Windows: runbuild.ps1

5. If you want to see the manual page fromman command, you should consider link the manual fileman/cpc.1 to yourMANPATH.

   For example(Linux):sudo ln -f ./man/cpc.1 /your/man/path.

6. If you cannot execute the complied files, please submit the problems on ourissue page.

• If you followed the instructions and usedgit or PKG to installcpc, you can update easily usingcpc -u.

• An auto-update feature is introduced afterdc0cd71 to automatically detect updates once a week.

• Otherwise, you should manually re-install the whole project.

cpc [filepath] [options]

It runs the entire file iffilepath is provided, otherwise, it enters playground mode.

• remote

  • github: Use GitHub as the update source. This source is always the latest.
  • gitee: Use Gitee as the update source, which might be slower than Github.

• branch

  • stable: Updates are slow, but the most stable.
  • nightly: Early adopters can try this branch, please actively report the issue.
  • dev: The latest version of CPC may contain many untested functions.

  This setting needs to be runcpc -u once for it to take effect.

  In a developer mod, your remote will not be changed by config and the branch will be locked indev.

• auto-update

  • true：Enable auto update.
  • false：Disable auto update.

• last-auto-updateAll non-negative real numbers are accepted and automatically updated by the system.

• interval-updateAll non-negative integers, in seconds, are accepted as the automatic update interval.

• recursion-limit(rl)all integer number as the recursion depth limit of the interpreter.

• integrity-protection

  • true: Enable integrity protection.
  • false: Disable integrity protection.

  Integrity Protection prevent any accidental or malicious modification of the interpreter.

  This protection will be automatically disabled in developer mode.

• dev

  • true: Enable developer mode.
  • false: Disable developer mode.

• Developer Options

  • dev.simulate-update
    • true: Enable simulation updates
    • false: Disable simulation updates

Please try to install all Python packages manually usingpip install -r requirements.txt

The program will automatically detectpypy3 when available and use it to interpret pseudocode because it has better efficiency.

If you havepypy3 installed you should install manually usingpypy3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt

You should retrypip install readline orpip install gnureadline.

Enter the directory of this project, and run

rm -rf .cpc_historycpc -u

If it still fails after re-installation, please report it to us on theissue page.

• machine: 2020 MacBook Pro
• processor: Apple M1
• RAM: 8GB
• Cores: 8 (4 efficient, 4 performance)
• OS: macOS 14.1.1 (23B81)
• Python version: PyPy 3.9.16

• assignment: 12M/s

DECLARE a : INTEGERFOR i <- 1 TO 12000000    a <- iNEXT i

• explicit conversion and assignment: 7.6M/s

DECLARE a : STRINGFOR i <- 1 TO 7600000    a <- STRING(i)NEXT i

• implicit conversion and assignment: 10M/s

DECLARE a : STRINGFOR i <- 1 TO 10000000    a <- iNEXT i

• print to terminal: 650K/s

FOR i <- 1 TO 650000    OUTPUT iNEXT i

• generating 100k randoms and shell sorting: about 3.5s

• use camelCase naming
• use.cpc as the file suffix
• useutf-8 encoding
• all reserved words are in upper case
• the program is case-sensitive
• use// to comment code

Most syntax follows thepseudocode standard of CAIE.

However, indentation issuggested but not compulsory.

Each statement followingCASE statement must end with a;, semicolon.

The following items give theDATATYPE, its description, and the default value set when defined in brackets.

• INTEGER integer, whole number (0)

  12123-123

• REAL float-point number (0.0)

  1.10.1-12.1233

• CHAR one single character ('')

  '1''!''d'

• STRING string ("")

  "Hello""World""!"

• BOOLEAN boolean (FALSE)

  TRUEFALSE

• DATE date (current date)

  25/07/202310/12/2012

None is a null datatype returned by some special functions. it should not be used in normal coding and cannot be declared.

1. Variables and constants

   • Declare variables

     DECLARE <identifier> : <data type>DECLARE <identifier> : ARRAY [<lower>:<upper>, ...] OF <data type>

   • Declare constants

     CONSTANT <identifier> = <value>

   • Assignment

     <identifier> <- <value><identifier>[<index>, ...] <- <value>

     Pseudocode uses<- instead of=.

2. I/O

   • Input

     INPUT <identifier>

   • Output

     OUTPUT <value>, ...

3. Operations

   • + addition
   • - subtraction
   • * multiplication
   • / division
   • > greater than
   • >= greater than or equal to
   • < smaller than
   • <= smaller than or equal to
   • = equal (NOT AN ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT)
   • <> not equal
   • & conglomerate strings
   • MOD modulus, find the remainder
   • DIV integer division

4. Logic operations

   • AND
   • OR
   • NOT

5. Conditional statements

   • IF statements

     IF <condition> THEN    <statements>ENDIFIF <condition> THEN    <statements>ELSE    <statements>ENDIF

   • CASE statements

     IMPORTANT: official standards do not have semicolons; here

     CASE OF <identifier>    <value> : <statements>;    <value> : <statements>;    ...    OTHERWISE : <statements>;ENDCASE

6. Loop statements

   • FOR loop

     FOR <identifier> <- <value> TO <value>    <statements>NEXT <identifier>

   • REPEAT loop

     REPEAT    <statements>UNTIL <condition>

   • WHILE loop

     WHILE <condition>    <statements>ENDWHILE

7. functions

   • functions without a return value (procedure)

     PROCEDURE <identifier> ()    <statements>ENDPROCEDUREPROCEDURE <identifier> (<param> : <data type>, ...)    <statements>ENDPROCEDURE

   • call a procedure

     CALL <identifier> ()CALL <identifier> (<value>, ...)

   • functions with return values

     FUNCTION <identifier> RETURNS <data type>    <statements>    RETURN <value>ENDFUNCTIONFUNCTION <identifier> (<param> : <data type>, ...) RETURNS <data type>    <statements>    RETURN <value>ENDFUNCTION

   • call a function with return values

     <identifier> ()<identifier> (<value>, ...)

   • Before the parameters of those sub-routines, youcan useBYREF orBYVAL to force the program to pass those parameters by reference or by-value respectively. If noBYREF norBYVAL is given, the program will follow the prior parameter. If the program cannot find a clear indication it will, by default pass parameters by value.
     • If you explicitly define the data types of the array passedBYVAL the program will implicitly convert to the designated data type; the program will not convert data types when passedBYREF.
     • BYREF : pass the reference of a variable
     • BYVAL : pass a copy of the variable

8. File I/O

   • open a file

     OPENFILE <file path> FOR <file mode>

   • read a file

     READFILE <file path>, <variable>

   • write to a file

     WRITEFILE <file path>, <data>

   • close a file

     CLOSEFILE <file path>

   • locate in the file

     SEEK <file path>, <address>

   • File Mode
     1. READ
     2. WRITE
     3. APPEND
     4. RANDOM

9. Self-defined data types

   • enumerate type

     TYPE <identifier> = (<identifier>, ...)

   • pointer type

     TYPE <identifier> = ^<data type>

   • records(classes)

   In this case, the program will not check the data types when assigning a variable of this type to another. The program will assign the other variable as thereference for this one. TYPE <identifier> <statements> ENDTYPE

10. Object Oriented Programme

    • define an object

      CLASS <identifier>    PUBLIC PROCEDURE NEW (<params>)        <statements>    ENDPROCEDURE    <statements>ENDCLASS

    • private or public variable

      PRIVATE <identifier> : <type>PUBLIC <identifier> : <type>

    • private or public procedure and function

      PRIVATE PROCEDURE <identifier> (<params>)    <statements>ENDPROCEDUREPUBLIC PROCEDURE <identifier> (<params>)    <statements>ENDPROCEDUREPRIVATE FUNCTION <identifier> (<params>) RETURNS <type>    <statements>ENDFUNCTIONPUBLIC FUNCTION <identifier> (<params>) RETURNS <type>    <statements>ENDFUNCTION

    • create an object

      NEW <identifier> (<values>)

    If you do not sign a variable or procedure or function explicitly, it will be public by default.

• delete a variable or constant on RAM

  DELETE <identifier>

• do nothing

  PASS

• importCPC files

  IMPORT <expression>

  expression here should be a string within double quotes.There is no isolation between the imported file and the main file. Identifiers may collide.It is suggested to use theImport function to import a package instead.

  CONSTANT <identifier> = Import("<path to import file>")

• LEFT(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

  $ LEFT("ABCDEFGH", 3)"ABC"

• RIGHT(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

  $ RIGHT("ABCDEFGH", 3)"FGH"

• LENGTH(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER

  $ LENGTH("Happy Days")10

• MID(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER, y : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

  $ MID("ABCDEFGH", 2, 3)"BCD"

• LCASE(ThisChar : CHAR) RETURNS CHAR

Decrapricated since 2023 $ LCASE('W') 'w'

• UCASE(ThisChar : CHAR) RETURNS CHAR

Decrapricated since 2023 $ UCASE('h') 'H'

• TO_UPPER(x : <datatype>) RETURNS <datatype>

may beCHAR orSTRING

  $ TO_UPPER("hello")  "HELLO"  $ TO_UPPER('a')  'A'

• TO_LOWER(x : <datatype>) RETURNS <datatype>

may beCHAR orSTRING

  $ TO_LOWER("HELLO")  "hello"  $ TO_LOWER('A')  'a'

• INT(x : REAL) RETURNS INTEGER

  $ INT(27.5415)27

• RAND(x : INTEGER) RETURNS REAL

  $ RAND(87)35.43

• EOF(file_path : STRING) RETURNS BOOLEAN
• POW(x: REAL, y: REAL) RETURNS REAL
• DAY(ThisDate : DATE) RETURNS INTEGER

    $ DAY(25/07/2023)  25

• MONTH(ThisDate : DATE) RETURNS INTEGER

    $ MONTH(25/07/2023)  7

• YEAR(ThisDate : DATE) RETURNS INTEGER

    $ YEAR(12/12/2005)  2005

• DAYINDEX(ThisDate : DATE) RETURNS INTEGER

Where Sunday = 1, Monday = 2 etc

  $ DAYINDEX(25/03/2024)  2

• SETDATE(day : INTEGER, month : INTEGER, year : INTEGER) RETURNS DATE

    $ SETDATE(25, 03, 2024)  25/03/2024

• TODAY() RETURNS DATE

    $ TODAY()  25/03/2024

These functions are fairly useful, but they are not included in theCAIE standard.

• EXIT(code : INTEGER): exit the program with the exit codecode. Defalt exit code is 0.

• ROUND(x : REAL, decimalPlace : INTEGER): round thefloat-point numberx to some decimal place. The default decimal place is 0(to the nearest whole number).

• PYTHON(code : STRING, *args) is a Python interface. You can pass any Python statements intocode and the program will run it in standard Python. the return value of this function is the value of variable_result in the Python code.

  Example:

  > DECLARE a : INTEGER> a <- 0> OUTPUT PYTHON("_result=a+1", a)1

  if the Python code does not assign a value to_result, the function will returnNone.youmust pass all variables used in the Python code in*args, otherwise, it will not run correctly.

• VARTYPE(v) is an interface to get the type ofv and return it as a string.

• ANY is a type that used to allow some unknown type data.

• For more non-official scripts, please seescripts.

• Implement all features provided byofficial document.
• Increase the stability for running to achieve a relatively useable situation.

• Give the kernel a great update and optimization.
• Implement a high performance virtual machine to run. (Similar as the solution of Java)

• Allow building into executable binary file.

• Provide more packages for use.
• Increase running speed and stability.
• Implement bootstrap.