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Don't return with operand when conceptually void#1755

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Merged
Byron merged 1 commit intogitpython-developers:mainfromEliahKagan:void
Dec 3, 2023

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@EliahKaganEliahKagan commentedDec 3, 2023•
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This changesreturn None toreturn where it appears in functions that are "conceptually void," i.e. cases where a function always returnsNone, its purpose is never to provide a return value to the caller, and it would be a bug (or at least confusing style) to use the return value or have the call as a subexpression.

This is already the prevailing style, so this is a consistency improvement, as well as improving clarity by avoiding giving the impression that "None" is significant in those cases.

Of course, functions that sometimes return values other thanNone do not havereturn None replaced with a barereturn statement. Those are left alone (when they returnNone, it means something).

For the most part this is straightforward, but:

  • Thehandle_stderr local function inIndexFile.checkout is also slightly further refactored to better express what the early return is doing.

    Because it is a local function, the diff in the "Files Changed" tab of this pull request makes it look like it is in thecheckout method, where such a change would not be correct. Instead, that is the enclosing scope, and it is in a nested function where the change does make sense.

  • TheNone operand is removed as usual inGitConfigParser.read, even though a superclass has a same-named method with a return type that is notNone. Usually when this happens, the superclass method returns something likeOptional[Something], and it is a case of return-type covariance, in which case theNone operands should still be written. Here, however, the overriding method does not intend to be an override: it has an incompatible signature and cannot be called as if it were the superclass method, nor is its return type compatible.

  • TheNone operand isretained in the code at the very end ofgit.cmd.handle_process_output, even though the return type is annotated as None, because the function also returns the expressionfinalizer(process). The argumentfinalizer is itself annotated to returnNone, but it looks like the intent may be to play along with the strange case thatfinalizer returns a non-None value, and forward it:

    GitPython/git/cmd.py

    Lines 207 to 210 inb8ee9be

    iffinalizer:
    returnfinalizer(process)
    else:
    returnNone

    So changingreturn None toreturn doesn't make sense there. But depending on intent, maybe it should be just:

    iffinalizer:finalizer(process)

I noticed after#1754, which made changes toGit.AutoInterrupt._terminate, was approved, that I had should have fixed how it usedreturn in some places andreturn None in others. So I looked forreturn None that should bereturn throughout the project to see what else to fix along with it, resulting in this PR.

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This changes `return None` to `return` where it appears infunctions that are "conceptually void," i.e. cases where a functionalways returns None, its purpose is never to provide a return valueto the caller, and it would be a bug (or at least confusing style)to use the return value or have the call as a subexpression.This is already the prevailing style, so this is a consistencyimprovement, as well as improving clarity by avoiding giving theimpression that "None" is significant in those cases.Of course, functions that sometimes return values other than Nonedo not have "return None" replaced with a bare "return" statement.Those are left alone (when they return None, it means something).For the most part this is straightforward, but:- The handle_stderr local function in IndexFile.checkout is also  slightly further refactored to better express what the early  return is doing.- The "None" operand is removed as usual in GitConfigParser.read,  even though a superclass has a same-named method with a return  type that is not None. Usually when this happens, the superclass  method returns something like Optional[Something], and it is a  case of return type covariance, in which case the None operands  should still be written. Here, however, the overriding method  does not intend to be an override: it has an incompatible  signature and cannot be called as if it were the superclass  method, nor is its return type compatible.- The "None" operand is *retained* in git.cmd.handle_process_output  even though the return type is annotated as None, because the  function also returns the expression `finalizer(process)`. The  argument `finalizer` is itself annotated to return None, but it  looks like the intent may be to play along with the strange case  that `finalizer` returns a non-None value, and forward it.
@EliahKaganEliahKagan marked this pull request as ready for reviewDecember 3, 2023 06:10
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What a wonderful improvement, with a rationale I can absolutely get behind.

I wonder if-> None annotations should also be removed as it's probably clearer what the intention is if there is no return value at all, especially given the now 'bare'return statements.

@ByronByron merged commitfe082ad intogitpython-developers:mainDec 3, 2023
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EliahKagan commentedDec 3, 2023•
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I wonder if-> None annotations should also be removed as it's probably clearer what the intention is if there is no return value at all, especially given the now 'bare'return statements.

I recommend against that, because the absence of a return-type annotation means-> Any.

Well, really it is more complicated than that:

  • When a function has no parameter type annotationsand no return type annotations, all parameter and return types are implicitlyAny, and also the function is considered by static type checkers to bedynamically typed, causing code in it to be skipped over by type checkers.
  • When a function has at least one parameter type annotationor a return type annotation, then any parameter or return type that is not annotated is implicitlyAny, but the function is considered by static type checkers asstatically typed and they check the code inside it. (Of course, Python is still dynamically typed; the static type system is still a separate type system with its own separate rules, such asint being a subtype offloat.)Except...
  • If the function is an__init__ method with at least one parameter type annotation and no return type annotation, then the return type is implicitlyNone. The idea here, as I understand it, is that although one should always write-> None even on__init__ when defining it with type annotations, this is often unintuitive, so if someone defines__init__ in a way that cause static type checkers to consider it statically typed but omits-> None, then-> None was intended.

(Note that a function can have no non-Any annotation yet still be considered statically typed by static type checkers, so long as at least one: Any or-> Any annotation is present. Code in the function itself can then be detected as having type errors, including some code that uses the dynamically typed parameters. For example, whenx has typeAny, introducinga bya = [x] causes it to have typelist[Any], also calledlist, but operationslists don't support, e.g.,a.add(10) ora.append(10, 20) ora + 3, will still be detected as type errors.)

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Oh, I see! Thanks for elaborating. So-> None is actually the way to do it:None as type is likevoid, and not to be confused withNone, the value.

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EliahKagan commentedDec 3, 2023•
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It's true thatNone in a type annotation means something different fromNone elsewhere, since theNone object isn't a type. Its type,NoneType, can't be written easily, not being a builtin. Dynamically, one can writetype(None). It is also possible to importNoneType fromtypes, but annotating with it goes strongly enough against convention that static type checkers regard it as an error. (This is probably best, because if it were used, it might be with the intention of signifying something subtly different fromNone, yet its meaning as a static type annotation would not be able to be different.)

However,None as a return type really does express the type of theNone object, and it is meaningful when theNone object is a value that makes sense to think of as the result, as well as in the "conceptually void" case where it may be better to not think of there being a result.

The common case is in unions. One should not usually writeUnion[Something, None], becauseOptional[Something] is equivalent and nicer. But it is reasonable to writeSomething | None.

But there are also narrow situations whereNoneby itself as a return type does not really mean what I am calling conceptually void. A simple but somewhat unsatisfying example:

defget_sentinel()->None:"""This used to vary. Now it doesn't but we have to have it for compatibility."""returnNone

The following is, I think, a more satisfying example, in which a-> None method in a derived class is not really conceptually void because it is a case of return-type covariance, and it will sometimes be called on an expression whose type is that of the base class, whose specific type the caller may not know:

fromtypingimportoverrideclassMessage: ...classSession: ...classConnection:defcreate_send(self,message:Message)->Session|None:        ...classEphemerealConnection(Connection):@overridedefcreate_send(self,message:Message)->None:        ...

(This is also valid without the@override annotation, which was introduced recently.)

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@EliahKaganEliahKagan deleted the void branchDecember 3, 2023 21:33
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By the way, I have learned that there is aflake8-return plugin that includes rules to detect this sort of thing, in both directions, most of the time. However, I don't propose that plugin itself be added, since those rules are alsobuilt intoruff.

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[![MendRenovate](https://app.renovatebot.com/images/banner.svg)](https://renovatebot.com)This PR contains the following updates:| Package | Change | Age | Adoption | Passing | Confidence ||---|---|---|---|---|---|| [GitPython](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython) |`==3.1.40` -> `==3.1.41` |[![age](https://developer.mend.io/api/mc/badges/age/pypi/GitPython/3.1.41?slim=true)](https://docs.renovatebot.com/merge-confidence/)|[![adoption](https://developer.mend.io/api/mc/badges/adoption/pypi/GitPython/3.1.41?slim=true)](https://docs.renovatebot.com/merge-confidence/)|[![passing](https://developer.mend.io/api/mc/badges/compatibility/pypi/GitPython/3.1.40/3.1.41?slim=true)](https://docs.renovatebot.com/merge-confidence/)|[![confidence](https://developer.mend.io/api/mc/badges/confidence/pypi/GitPython/3.1.40/3.1.41?slim=true)](https://docs.renovatebot.com/merge-confidence/)|---### Release Notes<details><summary>gitpython-developers/GitPython (GitPython)</summary>###[`v3.1.41`](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/releases/tag/3.1.41):- fix Windows security issue[CompareSource](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/compare/3.1.40...3.1.41)The details about the Windows security issue [can be found in thisadvisory](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/security/advisories/GHSA-2mqj-m65w-jghx).Special thanks go to[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) who reported theissue and fixed it in a single stroke, while being responsible for anincredible amount of improvements that he contributed over the lastcouple of months ❤️.#### What's Changed- Add `__all__` in git.exc by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1719](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1719)- Set submodule update cadence to weekly by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1721](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1721)- Never modify sys.path by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1720](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1720)- Bump git/ext/gitdb from `8ec2390` to `ec58b7e` by[@&#8203;dependabot](https://togithub.com/dependabot) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1722](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1722)- Revise comments, docstrings, some messages, and a bit of code by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1725](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1725)- Use zero-argument super() by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1726](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1726)- Remove obsolete note in \_iter_packed_refs by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1727](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1727)- Reorganize test_util and make xfail marks precise by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1729](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1729)- Clarify license and make module top comments more consistent by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1730](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1730)- Deprecate compat.is\_<platform>, rewriting all uses by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1732](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1732)- Revise and restore some module docstrings by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1735](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1735)- Make the rmtree callback Windows-only by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1739](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1739)- List all non-passing tests in test summaries by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1740](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1740)- Document some minor subtleties in test_util.py by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1749](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1749)- Always read metadata files as UTF-8 in setup.py by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1748](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1748)- Test native Windows on CI by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1745](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1745)- Test macOS on CI by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1752](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1752)- Let close_fds be True on all platforms by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1753](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1753)- Fix IndexFile.from_tree on Windows by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1751](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1751)- Remove unused TASKKILL fallback in AutoInterrupt by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1754](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1754)- Don't return with operand when conceptually void by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1755](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1755)- Group .gitignore entries by purpose by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1758](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1758)- Adding dubious ownership handling by[@&#8203;marioaag](https://togithub.com/marioaag) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1746](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1746)- Avoid brittle assumptions about preexisting temporary files in testsby [@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1759](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1759)- Overhaul noqa directives by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1760](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1760)- Clarify some Git.execute kill_after_timeout limitations by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1761](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1761)- Bump actions/setup-python from 4 to 5 by[@&#8203;dependabot](https://togithub.com/dependabot) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1763](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1763)- Don't install black on Cygwin by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1766](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1766)- Extract all "import gc" to module level by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1765](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1765)- Extract remaining local "import gc" to module level by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1768](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1768)- Replace xfail with gc.collect in TestSubmodule.test_rename by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1767](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1767)- Enable CodeQL by [@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan)in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1769](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1769)- Replace some uses of the deprecated mktemp function by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1770](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1770)- Bump github/codeql-action from 2 to 3 by[@&#8203;dependabot](https://togithub.com/dependabot) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1773](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1773)- Run some Windows environment variable tests only on Windows by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1774](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1774)- Fix TemporaryFileSwap regression where file_path could not be Path by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1776](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1776)- Improve hooks tests by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1777](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1777)- Fix if items of Index is of type PathLike by[@&#8203;stegm](https://togithub.com/stegm) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1778](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1778)- Better document IterableObj.iter_items and improve some subclasses by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1780](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1780)- Revert "Don't install black on Cygwin" by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1783](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1783)- Add missing pip in $PATH on Cygwin CI by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1784](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1784)- Shorten Iterable docstrings and put IterableObj first by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1785](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1785)- Fix incompletely revised Iterable/IterableObj docstrings by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1786](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1786)- Pre-deprecate setting Git.USE_SHELL by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1782](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1782)- Deprecate Git.USE_SHELL by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1787](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1787)- In handle_process_output don't forward finalizer result by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1788](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1788)- Fix mypy warning "Missing return statement" by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1789](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1789)- Fix two remaining Windows untrusted search path cases by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1792](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1792)#### New Contributors- [@&#8203;marioaag](https://togithub.com/marioaag) made their firstcontribution in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1746](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1746)- [@&#8203;stegm](https://togithub.com/stegm) made their firstcontribution in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1778](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1778)**Full Changelog**:gitpython-developers/GitPython@3.1.40...3.1.41</details>---### Configuration📅 **Schedule**: Branch creation - At any time (no schedule defined),Automerge - At any time (no schedule defined).🚦 **Automerge**: Enabled.♻ **Rebasing**: Whenever PR becomes conflicted, or you tick therebase/retry checkbox.🔕 **Ignore**: Close this PR and you won't be reminded about this updateagain.---- [ ] <!-- rebase-check -->If you want to rebase/retry this PR, checkthis box---This PR has been generated by [MendRenovate](https://www.mend.io/free-developer-tools/renovate/). 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EliahKagan added a commit to EliahKagan/GitPython that referenced this pull requestMar 5, 2024
Although sometimes found unintuitive, the reutrn type of a class's__init__ method is best annotated as None, as in other functionsthat return implicitly or by operand-less return statements.Note that this is only a minor improvement, effectively just astyle fix, because mypy treats __init__ specially and, *when atleast one parameter is annotated*, its return type is implicitlyNone rather than implicitly Any like other functions. All the__init__ methods modified here did already have one or moreannotated parameters.However, having __init__ methods without the return type makes iteasier to introduce a bug where an __init__ method with noparameters besides self -- which itself should almost always beunannotated and is properly inferred -- is written and the returnannotation needed to get mypy to regard it as statically typed,so it checks it at all, is omitted. (It is also inelegant whenone considers the meaning of __init__ and the distinction betweenit and __new__.)This commit does not add any return type annotations to functionsin the test suite, since the test suite doesn't currently usestatic typing.Further reading:-https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/#the-meaning-of-annotations-python/mypy#604-gitpython-developers#1755 (comment)
otc-zuulbot pushed a commit to opentelekomcloud-infra/eyes_on_docs that referenced this pull requestMar 6, 2024
Bump gitpython from 3.1.37 to 3.1.41Bumps gitpython from 3.1.37 to 3.1.41.Release notesSourced from gitpython's releases.3.1.41 - fix Windows security issueThe details about the Windows security issue can be found in this advisory.Special thanks go to @​EliahKagan who reported the issue and fixed it in a single stroke, while being responsible for an incredible amount of improvements that he contributed over the last couple of months ❤️.What's ChangedAdd __all__ in git.exc by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1719Set submodule update cadence to weekly by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1721Never modify sys.path by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1720Bump git/ext/gitdb from 8ec2390 to ec58b7e by @​dependabot ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1722Revise comments, docstrings, some messages, and a bit of code by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1725Use zero-argument super() by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1726Remove obsolete note in _iter_packed_refs by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1727Reorganize test_util and make xfail marks precise by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1729Clarify license and make module top comments more consistent by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1730Deprecate compat.is_, rewriting all uses by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1732Revise and restore some module docstrings by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1735Make the rmtree callback Windows-only by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1739List all non-passing tests in test summaries by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1740Document some minor subtleties in test_util.py by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1749Always read metadata files as UTF-8 in setup.py by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1748Test native Windows on CI by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1745Test macOS on CI by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1752Let close_fds be True on all platforms by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1753Fix IndexFile.from_tree on Windows by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1751Remove unused TASKKILL fallback in AutoInterrupt by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1754Don't return with operand when conceptually void by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1755Group .gitignore entries by purpose by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1758Adding dubious ownership handling by @​marioaag ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1746Avoid brittle assumptions about preexisting temporary files in tests by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1759Overhaul noqa directives by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1760Clarify some Git.execute kill_after_timeout limitations by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1761Bump actions/setup-python from 4 to 5 by @​dependabot ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1763Don't install black on Cygwin by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1766Extract all "import gc" to module level by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1765Extract remaining local "import gc" to module level by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1768Replace xfail with gc.collect in TestSubmodule.test_rename by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1767Enable CodeQL by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1769Replace some uses of the deprecated mktemp function by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1770Bump github/codeql-action from 2 to 3 by @​dependabot ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1773Run some Windows environment variable tests only on Windows by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1774Fix TemporaryFileSwap regression where file_path could not be Path by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1776Improve hooks tests by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1777Fix if items of Index is of type PathLike by @​stegm ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1778Better document IterableObj.iter_items and improve some subclasses by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1780Revert "Don't install black on Cygwin" by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1783Add missing pip in $PATH on Cygwin CI by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1784Shorten Iterable docstrings and put IterableObj first by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1785Fix incompletely revised Iterable/IterableObj docstrings by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1786Pre-deprecate setting Git.USE_SHELL by @​EliahKagan ingitpython-developers/GitPython#1782... (truncated)Commitsf288738 bump patch levelef3192c Merge pull request #1792 from EliahKagan/popen1f3caa3 Further clarify comment in test_hook_uses_shell_not_from_cwd3eb7c2a Move safer_popen from git.util to git.cmdc551e91 Extract shared logic for using Popen safely on Windows15ebb25 Clarify comment in test_hook_uses_shell_not_from_cwdf44524a Avoid spurious "location may have moved" on Windowsa42ea0a Cover absent/no-distro bash.exe in hooks "not from cwd" test7751436 Extract venv management from test_installation66ff4c1 Omit CWD in search for bash.exe to run hooks on WindowsAdditional commits viewable in compare viewYou can trigger a rebase of this PR by commenting@dependabot rebase.Dependabot commands and optionsYou can trigger Dependabot actions by commenting on this PR:@dependabot rebase will rebase this PR@dependabot recreate will recreate this PR, overwriting any edits that have been made to it@dependabot merge will merge this PR after your CI passes on it@dependabot squash and merge will squash and merge this PR after your CI passes on it@dependabot cancel merge will cancel a previously requested merge and block automerging@dependabot reopen will reopen this PR if it is closed@dependabot close will close this PR and stop Dependabot recreating it. You can achieve the same result by closing it manually@dependabot show <dependency name> ignore conditions will show all of the ignore conditions of the specified dependency@dependabot ignore this major version will close this PR and stop Dependabot creating any more for this major version (unless you reopen the PR or upgrade to it yourself)@dependabot ignore this minor version will close this PR and stop Dependabot creating any more for this minor version (unless you reopen the PR or upgrade to it yourself)@dependabot ignore this dependency will close this PR and stop Dependabot creating any more for this dependency (unless you reopen the PR or upgrade to it yourself)You can disable automated security fix PRs for this repo from the Security Alerts page.NoteAutomatic rebases have been disabled on this pull request as it has been open for over 30 days.Reviewed-by: Vladimir Vshivkov
JoeWang1127 referenced this pull request in googleapis/sdk-platform-javaApr 6, 2024
[![MendRenovate](https://app.renovatebot.com/images/banner.svg)](https://renovatebot.com)This PR contains the following updates:| Package | Change | Age | Adoption | Passing | Confidence ||---|---|---|---|---|---|| [GitPython](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython) |`==3.1.40` -> `==3.1.41` |[![age](https://developer.mend.io/api/mc/badges/age/pypi/GitPython/3.1.41?slim=true)](https://docs.renovatebot.com/merge-confidence/)|[![adoption](https://developer.mend.io/api/mc/badges/adoption/pypi/GitPython/3.1.41?slim=true)](https://docs.renovatebot.com/merge-confidence/)|[![passing](https://developer.mend.io/api/mc/badges/compatibility/pypi/GitPython/3.1.40/3.1.41?slim=true)](https://docs.renovatebot.com/merge-confidence/)|[![confidence](https://developer.mend.io/api/mc/badges/confidence/pypi/GitPython/3.1.40/3.1.41?slim=true)](https://docs.renovatebot.com/merge-confidence/)|---> [!WARNING]> Some dependencies could not be looked up. Check the DependencyDashboard for more information.### GitHub Vulnerability Alerts####[CVE-2024-22190](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/security/advisories/GHSA-2mqj-m65w-jghx)### SummaryThis issue exists because of an incomplete fix forCVE-2023-40590. OnWindows, GitPython uses an untrusted search path if it uses a shell torun `git`, as well as when it runs `bash.exe` to interpret hooks. Ifeither of those features are used on Windows, a malicious `git.exe` or`bash.exe` may be run from an untrusted repository.### DetailsAlthough GitPython often avoids executing programs found in an untrustedsearch path since 3.1.33, two situations remain where this still occurs.Either can allow arbitrary code execution under some circumstances.#### When a shell is usedGitPython can be told to run `git` commands through a shell rather thanas direct subprocesses, by passing `shell=True` to any method thataccepts it, or by both setting `Git.USE_SHELL = True` and not passing`shell=False`. Then the Windows `cmd.exe` shell process performs thepath search, and GitPython does not prevent that shell from finding andrunning `git` in the current directory.When GitPython runs `git` directly rather than through a shell, theGitPython process performs the path search, and currently omits thecurrent directory by setting `NoDefaultCurrentDirectoryInExePath` in itsown environment during the `Popen` call. Although the `cmd.exe` shellwill honor this environment variable when present, GitPython does notcurrently pass it into the shell subprocess's environment.Furthermore, because GitPython sets the subprocess CWD to the root of arepository's working tree, using a shell will run a malicious `git.exe`in an untrusted repository even if GitPython itself is run from atrusted location.This also applies if `Git.execute` is called directly with `shell=True`(or after `Git.USE_SHELL = True`) to run any command.#### When hook scripts are runOn Windows, GitPython uses `bash.exe` to run hooks that appear to bescripts. However, unlike when running `git`, no steps are taken to avoidfinding and running `bash.exe` in the current directory.This allows the author of an untrusted fork or branch to cause amalicious `bash.exe` to be run in some otherwise safe workflows. Anexample of such a scenario is if the user installs a trusted hook whileon a trusted branch, then switches to an untrusted feature branch(possibly from a fork) to review proposed changes. If the untrustedfeature branch contains a malicious `bash.exe` and the user's currentworking directory is the working tree, and the user performs an actionthat runs the hook, then although the hook itself is uncorrupted, itruns with the malicious `bash.exe`.Note that, while `bash.exe` is a shell, this is a separate scenario fromwhen `git` is run using the unrelated Windows `cmd.exe` shell.### PoCOn Windows, create a `git.exe` file in a repository. Then create a`Repo` object, and call any method through it (directly or indirectly)that supports the `shell` keyword argument with `shell=True`:```powershellmkdir testrepogit init testrepocp ... testrepo git.exe # Replace "..." with any executable of choice.python -c "import git; print(git.Repo('testrepo').git.version(shell=True))"```The `git.exe` executable in the repository directory will be run.Or use no `Repo` object, but do it from the location with the `git.exe`:```powershellcd testrepopython -c "import git; print(git.Git().version(shell=True))"```The `git.exe` executable in the current directory will be run.For the scenario with hooks, install a hook in a repository, create a`bash.exe` file in the current directory, and perform an operation thatcauses GitPython to attempt to run the hook:```powershellmkdir testrepocd testrepogit initmv .git/hooks/pre-commit.sample .git/hooks/pre-commitcp ... bash.exe # Replace "..." with any executable of choice.echo "Some text" >file.txtgit add file.txtpython -c "import git; git.Repo().index.commit('Some message')"```The `bash.exe` executable in the current directory will be run.### ImpactThe greatest impact is probably in applications that set `Git.USE_SHELL= True` for historical reasons. (Undesired console windows had, in thepast, been created in some kinds of applications, when it was not used.)Such an application may be vulnerable to arbitrary code execution from amalicious repository, even with no other exacerbating conditions. Thisis to say that, if a shell is used to run `git`, the full effect ofCVE-2023-40590 is still present. Furthermore, as noted above, runningthe application itself from a trusted directory is not a sufficientmitigation.An application that does not direct GitPython to use a shell to run`git` subprocesses thus avoids most of the risk. However, there is nosuch straightforward way to prevent GitPython from running `bash.exe` tointerpret hooks. So while the conditions needed for that to be exploitedare more involved, it may be harder to mitigate decisively prior topatching.### Possible solutionsA straightforward approach would be to address each bug directly:- When a shell is used, pass `NoDefaultCurrentDirectoryInExePath` intothe subprocess environment, because in that scenario the subprocess isthe `cmd.exe` shell that itself performs the path search.- Set `NoDefaultCurrentDirectoryInExePath` in the GitPython processenvironment during the `Popen` call made to run hooks with a `bash.exe`subprocess.These need only be done on Windows.---### Release Notes<details><summary>gitpython-developers/GitPython (GitPython)</summary>###[`v3.1.41`](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/releases/tag/3.1.41):- fix Windows security issue[CompareSource](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/compare/3.1.40...3.1.41)The details about the Windows security issue [can be found in thisadvisory](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/security/advisories/GHSA-2mqj-m65w-jghx).Special thanks go to[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) who reported theissue and fixed it in a single stroke, while being responsible for anincredible amount of improvements that he contributed over the lastcouple of months ❤️.#### What's Changed- Add `__all__` in git.exc by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1719](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1719)- Set submodule update cadence to weekly by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1721](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1721)- Never modify sys.path by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1720](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1720)- Bump git/ext/gitdb from `8ec2390` to `ec58b7e` by[@&#8203;dependabot](https://togithub.com/dependabot) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1722](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1722)- Revise comments, docstrings, some messages, and a bit of code by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1725](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1725)- Use zero-argument super() by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1726](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1726)- Remove obsolete note in \_iter_packed_refs by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1727](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1727)- Reorganize test_util and make xfail marks precise by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1729](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1729)- Clarify license and make module top comments more consistent by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1730](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1730)- Deprecate compat.is\_<platform>, rewriting all uses by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1732](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1732)- Revise and restore some module docstrings by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1735](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1735)- Make the rmtree callback Windows-only by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1739](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1739)- List all non-passing tests in test summaries by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1740](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1740)- Document some minor subtleties in test_util.py by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1749](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1749)- Always read metadata files as UTF-8 in setup.py by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1748](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1748)- Test native Windows on CI by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1745](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1745)- Test macOS on CI by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1752](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1752)- Let close_fds be True on all platforms by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1753](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1753)- Fix IndexFile.from_tree on Windows by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1751](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1751)- Remove unused TASKKILL fallback in AutoInterrupt by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1754](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1754)- Don't return with operand when conceptually void by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1755](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1755)- Group .gitignore entries by purpose by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1758](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1758)- Adding dubious ownership handling by[@&#8203;marioaag](https://togithub.com/marioaag) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1746](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1746)- Avoid brittle assumptions about preexisting temporary files in testsby [@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1759](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1759)- Overhaul noqa directives by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1760](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1760)- Clarify some Git.execute kill_after_timeout limitations by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1761](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1761)- Bump actions/setup-python from 4 to 5 by[@&#8203;dependabot](https://togithub.com/dependabot) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1763](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1763)- Don't install black on Cygwin by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1766](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1766)- Extract all "import gc" to module level by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1765](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1765)- Extract remaining local "import gc" to module level by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1768](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1768)- Replace xfail with gc.collect in TestSubmodule.test_rename by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1767](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1767)- Enable CodeQL by [@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan)in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1769](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1769)- Replace some uses of the deprecated mktemp function by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1770](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1770)- Bump github/codeql-action from 2 to 3 by[@&#8203;dependabot](https://togithub.com/dependabot) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1773](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1773)- Run some Windows environment variable tests only on Windows by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1774](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1774)- Fix TemporaryFileSwap regression where file_path could not be Path by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1776](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1776)- Improve hooks tests by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1777](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1777)- Fix if items of Index is of type PathLike by[@&#8203;stegm](https://togithub.com/stegm) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1778](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1778)- Better document IterableObj.iter_items and improve some subclasses by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1780](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1780)- Revert "Don't install black on Cygwin" by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1783](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1783)- Add missing pip in $PATH on Cygwin CI by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1784](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1784)- Shorten Iterable docstrings and put IterableObj first by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1785](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1785)- Fix incompletely revised Iterable/IterableObj docstrings by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1786](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1786)- Pre-deprecate setting Git.USE_SHELL by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1782](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1782)- Deprecate Git.USE_SHELL by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1787](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1787)- In handle_process_output don't forward finalizer result by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1788](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1788)- Fix mypy warning "Missing return statement" by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1789](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1789)- Fix two remaining Windows untrusted search path cases by[@&#8203;EliahKagan](https://togithub.com/EliahKagan) in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1792](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1792)#### New Contributors- [@&#8203;marioaag](https://togithub.com/marioaag) made their firstcontribution in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1746](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1746)- [@&#8203;stegm](https://togithub.com/stegm) made their firstcontribution in[https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1778](https://togithub.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/pull/1778)**Full Changelog**:gitpython-developers/GitPython@3.1.40...3.1.41</details>---### Configuration📅 **Schedule**: Branch creation - "" (UTC), Automerge - At any time (noschedule defined).🚦 **Automerge**: Disabled by config. Please merge this manually once youare satisfied.♻ **Rebasing**: Whenever PR becomes conflicted, or you tick therebase/retry checkbox.🔕 **Ignore**: Close this PR and you won't be reminded about this updateagain.---- [ ] <!-- rebase-check -->If you want to rebase/retry this PR, checkthis box---This PR has been generated by [MendRenovate](https://www.mend.io/free-developer-tools/renovate/). Viewrepository job log[here](https://developer.mend.io/github/googleapis/sdk-platform-java).<!--renovate-debug:eyJjcmVhdGVkSW5WZXIiOiIzNy4yNjkuMiIsInVwZGF0ZWRJblZlciI6IjM3LjI2OS4yIiwidGFyZ2V0QnJhbmNoIjoibWFpbiJ9-->
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