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Promise based HTTP client for the browser and node.js

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Axios

Promise based HTTP client for the browser and node.js

WebsiteDocumentation

npm versionCDNJSBuild statusGitpod Ready-to-Codecode coverageinstall sizenpm bundle sizenpm downloadsgitter chatcode helpersKnown VulnerabilitiesContributors

Table of Contents

Features

  • Browser Requests: MakeXMLHttpRequests directly from the browser.
  • Node.js Requests: Makehttp requests from Node.js environments.
  • Promise-based: Fully supports thePromise API for easier asynchronous code.
  • Interceptors: Intercept requests and responses to add custom logic or transform data.
  • Data Transformation: Transform request and response data automatically.
  • Request Cancellation: Cancel requests using built-in mechanisms.
  • Automatic JSON Handling: Automatically serializes and parsesJSON data.
  • Form Serialization: 🆕 Automatically serializes data objects tomultipart/form-data orx-www-form-urlencoded formats.
  • XSRF Protection: Client-side support to protect againstCross-Site Request Forgery.

Browser Support

ChromeFirefoxSafariOperaEdge
Chrome browser logoFirefox browser logoSafari browser logoOpera browser logoEdge browser logo
Latest ✔Latest ✔Latest ✔Latest ✔Latest ✔

Browser Matrix

Installing

Package manager

Using npm:

$ npm install axios

Using bower:

$ bower install axios

Using yarn:

$ yarn add axios

Using pnpm:

$ pnpm add axios

Using bun:

$ bun add axios

Once the package is installed, you can import the library usingimport orrequire approach:

importaxios,{isCancel,AxiosError}from'axios';

You can also use the default export, since the named export is just a re-export from the Axios factory:

importaxiosfrom'axios';console.log(axios.isCancel('something'));

If you userequire for importing,only default export is available:

constaxios=require('axios');console.log(axios.isCancel('something'));

For some bundlers and some ES6 linters you may need to do the following:

import{defaultasaxios}from'axios';

For cases where something went wrong when trying to import a module into a custom or legacy environment,you can try importing the module package directly:

constaxios=require('axios/dist/browser/axios.cjs');// browser commonJS bundle (ES2017)// const axios = require('axios/dist/node/axios.cjs'); // node commonJS bundle (ES2017)

CDN

Using jsDelivr CDN (ES5 UMD browser module):

<scriptsrc="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/axios@1.6.7/dist/axios.min.js"></script>

Using unpkg CDN:

<scriptsrc="https://unpkg.com/axios@1.6.7/dist/axios.min.js"></script>

Example

Note: CommonJS usageIn order to gain the TypeScript typings (for intellisense / autocomplete) while using CommonJS imports withrequire(), use the following approach:

importaxiosfrom'axios';//const axios = require('axios'); // legacy way// Make a request for a user with a given IDaxios.get('/user?ID=12345').then(function(response){// handle successconsole.log(response);}).catch(function(error){// handle errorconsole.log(error);}).finally(function(){// always executed});// Optionally the request above could also be done asaxios.get('/user',{params:{ID:12345}}).then(function(response){console.log(response);}).catch(function(error){console.log(error);}).finally(function(){// always executed});// Want to use async/await? Add the `async` keyword to your outer function/method.asyncfunctiongetUser(){try{constresponse=awaitaxios.get('/user?ID=12345');console.log(response);}catch(error){console.error(error);}}

Note:async/await is part of ECMAScript 2017 and is not supported in InternetExplorer and older browsers, so use with caution.

Performing aPOST request

axios.post('/user',{firstName:'Fred',lastName:'Flintstone'}).then(function(response){console.log(response);}).catch(function(error){console.log(error);});

Performing multiple concurrent requests

functiongetUserAccount(){returnaxios.get('/user/12345');}functiongetUserPermissions(){returnaxios.get('/user/12345/permissions');}Promise.all([getUserAccount(),getUserPermissions()]).then(function(results){constacct=results[0];constperm=results[1];});

axios API

Requests can be made by passing the relevant config toaxios.

axios(config)
// Send a POST requestaxios({method:'post',url:'/user/12345',data:{firstName:'Fred',lastName:'Flintstone'}});
// GET request for remote image in node.jsaxios({method:'get',url:'https://bit.ly/2mTM3nY',responseType:'stream'}).then(function(response){response.data.pipe(fs.createWriteStream('ada_lovelace.jpg'))});
axios(url[, config])
// Send a GET request (default method)axios('/user/12345');

Request method aliases

For convenience, aliases have been provided for all common request methods.

axios.request(config)
axios.get(url[, config])
axios.delete(url[, config])
axios.head(url[, config])
axios.options(url[, config])
axios.post(url[, data[, config]])
axios.put(url[, data[, config]])
axios.patch(url[, data[, config]])
NOTE

When using the alias methodsurl,method, anddata properties don't need to be specified in config.

Concurrency (Deprecated)

Please usePromise.all to replace the below functions.

Helper functions for dealing with concurrent requests.

axios.all(iterable)axios.spread(callback)

Creating an instance

You can create a new instance of axios with a custom config.

axios.create([config])
constinstance=axios.create({baseURL:'https://some-domain.com/api/',timeout:1000,headers:{'X-Custom-Header':'foobar'}});

Instance methods

The available instance methods are listed below. The specified config will be merged with the instance config.

axios#request(config)
axios#get(url[, config])
axios#delete(url[, config])
axios#head(url[, config])
axios#options(url[, config])
axios#post(url[, data[, config]])
axios#put(url[, data[, config]])
axios#patch(url[, data[, config]])
axios#getUri([config])

Request Config

These are the available config options for making requests. Only theurl is required. Requests will default toGET ifmethod is not specified.

{// `url` is the server URL that will be used for the requesturl:'/user',// `method` is the request method to be used when making the requestmethod:'get',// default// `baseURL` will be prepended to `url` unless `url` is absolute and option `allowAbsoluteUrls` is set to true.// It can be convenient to set `baseURL` for an instance of axios to pass relative URLs// to methods of that instance.baseURL:'https://some-domain.com/api/',// `allowAbsoluteUrls` determines whether or not absolute URLs will override a configured `baseUrl`.// When set to true (default), absolute values for `url` will override `baseUrl`.// When set to false, absolute values for `url` will always be prepended by `baseUrl`.allowAbsoluteUrls:true,// `transformRequest` allows changes to the request data before it is sent to the server// This is only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH' and 'DELETE'// The last function in the array must return a string or an instance of Buffer, ArrayBuffer,// FormData or Stream// You may modify the headers object.transformRequest:[function(data,headers){// Do whatever you want to transform the datareturndata;}],// `transformResponse` allows changes to the response data to be made before// it is passed to then/catchtransformResponse:[function(data){// Do whatever you want to transform the datareturndata;}],// `headers` are custom headers to be sentheaders:{'X-Requested-With':'XMLHttpRequest'},// `params` are the URL parameters to be sent with the request// Must be a plain object or a URLSearchParams objectparams:{ID:12345},// `paramsSerializer` is an optional config that allows you to customize serializing `params`.paramsSerializer:{// Custom encoder function which sends key/value pairs in an iterative fashion.encode?:(param:string):string=>{/* Do custom operations here and return transformed string */},// Custom serializer function for the entire parameter. Allows user to mimic pre 1.x behaviour.serialize?:(params:Record<string, any>,options?:ParamsSerializerOptions),// Configuration for formatting array indexes in the params.indexes:false// Three available options: (1) indexes: null (leads to no brackets), (2) (default) indexes: false (leads to empty brackets), (3) indexes: true (leads to brackets with indexes).},// `data` is the data to be sent as the request body// Only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', 'DELETE , and 'PATCH'// When no `transformRequest` is set, must be of one of the following types:// - string, plain object, ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferView, URLSearchParams// - Browser only: FormData, File, Blob// - Node only: Stream, Buffer, FormData (form-data package)data:{firstName:'Fred'},// syntax alternative to send data into the body// method post// only the value is sent, not the keydata:'Country=Brasil&City=Belo Horizonte',// `timeout` specifies the number of milliseconds before the request times out.// If the request takes longer than `timeout`, the request will be aborted.timeout:1000,// default is `0` (no timeout)// `withCredentials` indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests// should be made using credentialswithCredentials:false,// default// `adapter` allows custom handling of requests which makes testing easier.// Return a promise and supply a valid response (see lib/adapters/README.md)adapter:function(config){/* ... */},// Also, you can set the name of the built-in adapter, or provide an array with their names// to choose the first available in the environmentadapter:'xhr',// 'fetch' | 'http' | ['xhr', 'http', 'fetch']// `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used, and supplies credentials.// This will set an `Authorization` header, overwriting any existing// `Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.// Please note that only HTTP Basic auth is configurable through this parameter.// For Bearer tokens and such, use `Authorization` custom headers instead.auth:{username:'janedoe',password:'s00pers3cret'},// `responseType` indicates the type of data that the server will respond with// options are: 'arraybuffer', 'document', 'json', 'text', 'stream'//   browser only: 'blob'responseType:'json',// default// `responseEncoding` indicates encoding to use for decoding responses (Node.js only)// Note: Ignored for `responseType` of 'stream' or client-side requests// options are: 'ascii', 'ASCII', 'ansi', 'ANSI', 'binary', 'BINARY', 'base64', 'BASE64', 'base64url',// 'BASE64URL', 'hex', 'HEX', 'latin1', 'LATIN1', 'ucs-2', 'UCS-2', 'ucs2', 'UCS2', 'utf-8', 'UTF-8',// 'utf8', 'UTF8', 'utf16le', 'UTF16LE'responseEncoding:'utf8',// default// `xsrfCookieName` is the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf tokenxsrfCookieName:'XSRF-TOKEN',// default// `xsrfHeaderName` is the name of the http header that carries the xsrf token valuexsrfHeaderName:'X-XSRF-TOKEN',// default// `undefined` (default) - set XSRF header only for the same origin requestswithXSRFToken:boolean|undefined|((config:InternalAxiosRequestConfig)=>boolean|undefined),// `onUploadProgress` allows handling of progress events for uploads// browser & node.jsonUploadProgress:function({loaded, total, progress, bytes, estimated, rate, upload=true}){// Do whatever you want with the Axios progress event},// `onDownloadProgress` allows handling of progress events for downloads// browser & node.jsonDownloadProgress:function({loaded, total, progress, bytes, estimated, rate, download=true}){// Do whatever you want with the Axios progress event},// `maxContentLength` defines the max size of the http response content in bytes allowed in node.jsmaxContentLength:2000,// `maxBodyLength` (Node only option) defines the max size of the http request content in bytes allowedmaxBodyLength:2000,// `validateStatus` defines whether to resolve or reject the promise for a given// HTTP response status code. If `validateStatus` returns `true` (or is set to `null`// or `undefined`), the promise will be resolved; otherwise, the promise will be// rejected.validateStatus:function(status){returnstatus>=200&&status<300;// default},// `maxRedirects` defines the maximum number of redirects to follow in node.js.// If set to 0, no redirects will be followed.maxRedirects:21,// default// `beforeRedirect` defines a function that will be called before redirect.// Use this to adjust the request options upon redirecting,// to inspect the latest response headers,// or to cancel the request by throwing an error// If maxRedirects is set to 0, `beforeRedirect` is not used.beforeRedirect:(options,{ headers})=>{if(options.hostname==="example.com"){options.auth="user:password";}},// `socketPath` defines a UNIX Socket to be used in node.js.// e.g. '/var/run/docker.sock' to send requests to the docker daemon.// Only either `socketPath` or `proxy` can be specified.// If both are specified, `socketPath` is used.socketPath:null,// default// `transport` determines the transport method that will be used to make the request.// If defined, it will be used. Otherwise, if `maxRedirects` is 0,// the default `http` or `https` library will be used, depending on the protocol specified in `protocol`.// Otherwise, the `httpFollow` or `httpsFollow` library will be used, again depending on the protocol,// which can handle redirects.transport:undefined,// default// `httpAgent` and `httpsAgent` define a custom agent to be used when performing http// and https requests, respectively, in node.js. This allows options to be added like// `keepAlive` that are not enabled by default before Node.js v19.0.0. After Node.js// v19.0.0, you no longer need to customize the agent to enable `keepAlive` because// `http.globalAgent` has `keepAlive` enabled by default.httpAgent:newhttp.Agent({keepAlive:true}),httpsAgent:newhttps.Agent({keepAlive:true}),// `proxy` defines the hostname, port, and protocol of the proxy server.// You can also define your proxy using the conventional `http_proxy` and// `https_proxy` environment variables. If you are using environment variables// for your proxy configuration, you can also define a `no_proxy` environment// variable as a comma-separated list of domains that should not be proxied.// Use `false` to disable proxies, ignoring environment variables.// `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used to connect to the proxy, and// supplies credentials.// This will set an `Proxy-Authorization` header, overwriting any existing// `Proxy-Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.// If the proxy server uses HTTPS, then you must set the protocol to `https`.proxy:{protocol:'https',host:'127.0.0.1',// hostname: '127.0.0.1' // Takes precedence over 'host' if both are definedport:9000,auth:{username:'mikeymike',password:'rapunz3l'}},// `cancelToken` specifies a cancel token that can be used to cancel the request// (see Cancellation section below for details)cancelToken:newCancelToken(function(cancel){}),// an alternative way to cancel Axios requests using AbortControllersignal:newAbortController().signal,// `decompress` indicates whether or not the response body should be decompressed// automatically. If set to `true` will also remove the 'content-encoding' header// from the responses objects of all decompressed responses// - Node only (XHR cannot turn off decompression)decompress:true,// default// `insecureHTTPParser` boolean.// Indicates where to use an insecure HTTP parser that accepts invalid HTTP headers.// This may allow interoperability with non-conformant HTTP implementations.// Using the insecure parser should be avoided.// see options https://nodejs.org/dist/latest-v12.x/docs/api/http.html#http_http_request_url_options_callback// see also https://nodejs.org/en/blog/vulnerability/february-2020-security-releases/#strict-http-header-parsing-noneinsecureHTTPParser:undefined,// default// transitional options for backward compatibility that may be removed in the newer versionstransitional:{// silent JSON parsing mode// `true`  - ignore JSON parsing errors and set response.data to null if parsing failed (old behaviour)// `false` - throw SyntaxError if JSON parsing failed (Note: responseType must be set to 'json')silentJSONParsing:true,// default value for the current Axios version// try to parse the response string as JSON even if `responseType` is not 'json'forcedJSONParsing:true,// throw ETIMEDOUT error instead of generic ECONNABORTED on request timeoutsclarifyTimeoutError:false,},env:{// The FormData class to be used to automatically serialize the payload into a FormData objectFormData:window?.FormData||global?.FormData},formSerializer:{visitor:(value,key,path,helpers)=>{};// custom visitor function to serialize form valuesdots:boolean;// use dots instead of brackets formatmetaTokens:boolean;// keep special endings like {} in parameter keyindexes:boolean;// array indexes format null - no brackets, false - empty brackets, true - brackets with indexes},// http adapter only (node.js)maxRate:[100*1024,// 100KB/s upload limit,100*1024// 100KB/s download limit]}

Response Schema

The response for a request contains the following information.

{// `data` is the response that was provided by the serverdata:{},// `status` is the HTTP status code from the server responsestatus:200,// `statusText` is the HTTP status message from the server responsestatusText:'OK',// `headers` the HTTP headers that the server responded with// All header names are lowercase and can be accessed using the bracket notation.// Example: `response.headers['content-type']`headers:{},// `config` is the config that was provided to `axios` for the requestconfig:{},// `request` is the request that generated this response// It is the last ClientRequest instance in node.js (in redirects)// and an XMLHttpRequest instance in the browserrequest:{}}

When usingthen, you will receive the response as follows:

axios.get('/user/12345').then(function(response){console.log(response.data);console.log(response.status);console.log(response.statusText);console.log(response.headers);console.log(response.config);});

When usingcatch, or passing arejection callback as second parameter ofthen, the response will be available through theerror object as explained in theHandling Errors section.

Config Defaults

You can specify config defaults that will be applied to every request.

Global axios defaults

axios.defaults.baseURL='https://api.example.com';// Important: If axios is used with multiple domains, the AUTH_TOKEN will be sent to all of them.// See below for an example using Custom instance defaults instead.axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization']=AUTH_TOKEN;axios.defaults.headers.post['Content-Type']='application/x-www-form-urlencoded';

Custom instance defaults

// Set config defaults when creating the instanceconstinstance=axios.create({baseURL:'https://api.example.com'});// Alter defaults after instance has been createdinstance.defaults.headers.common['Authorization']=AUTH_TOKEN;

Config order of precedence

Config will be merged with an order of precedence. The order is library defaults found inlib/defaults/index.js, thendefaults property of the instance, and finallyconfig argument for the request. The latter will take precedence over the former. Here's an example.

// Create an instance using the config defaults provided by the library// At this point the timeout config value is `0` as is the default for the libraryconstinstance=axios.create();// Override timeout default for the library// Now all requests using this instance will wait 2.5 seconds before timing outinstance.defaults.timeout=2500;// Override timeout for this request as it's known to take a long timeinstance.get('/longRequest',{timeout:5000});

Interceptors

You can intercept requests or responses before they are handled bythen orcatch.

constinstance=axios.create();// Add a request interceptorinstance.interceptors.request.use(function(config){// Do something before request is sentreturnconfig;},function(error){// Do something with request errorreturnPromise.reject(error);});// Add a response interceptorinstance.interceptors.response.use(function(response){// Any status code that lie within the range of 2xx cause this function to trigger// Do something with response datareturnresponse;},function(error){// Any status codes that falls outside the range of 2xx cause this function to trigger// Do something with response errorreturnPromise.reject(error);});

If you need to remove an interceptor later you can.

constinstance=axios.create();constmyInterceptor=instance.interceptors.request.use(function(){/*...*/});axios.interceptors.request.eject(myInterceptor);

You can also clear all interceptors for requests or responses.

constinstance=axios.create();instance.interceptors.request.use(function(){/*...*/});instance.interceptors.request.clear();// Removes interceptors from requestsinstance.interceptors.response.use(function(){/*...*/});instance.interceptors.response.clear();// Removes interceptors from responses

You can add interceptors to a custom instance of axios.

constinstance=axios.create();instance.interceptors.request.use(function(){/*...*/});

When you add request interceptors, they are presumed to be asynchronous by default. This can cause a delayin the execution of your axios request when the main thread is blocked (a promise is created under the hood forthe interceptor and your request gets put on the bottom of the call stack). If your request interceptors are synchronous you can add a flagto the options object that will tell axios to run the code synchronously and avoid any delays in request execution.

axios.interceptors.request.use(function(config){config.headers.test='I am only a header!';returnconfig;},null,{synchronous:true});

If you want to execute a particular interceptor based on a runtime check,you can add arunWhen function to the options object. The request interceptor will not be executedif and only if the returnofrunWhen isfalse. The function will be called with the configobject (don't forget that you can bind your own arguments to it as well.) This can be handy when you have anasynchronous request interceptor that only needs to run at certain times.

functiononGetCall(config){returnconfig.method==='get';}axios.interceptors.request.use(function(config){config.headers.test='special get headers';returnconfig;},null,{runWhen:onGetCall});

Note: options parameter(havingsynchronous andrunWhen properties) is only supported for request interceptors at the moment.

Multiple Interceptors

Given you add multiple response interceptorsand when the response was fulfilled

  • then each interceptor is executed
  • then they are executed in the order they were added
  • then only the last interceptor's result is returned
  • then every interceptor receives the result of its predecessor
  • and when the fulfillment-interceptor throws
    • then the following fulfillment-interceptor is not called
    • then the following rejection-interceptor is called
    • once caught, another following fulfill-interceptor is called again (just like in a promise chain).

Readthe interceptor tests for seeing all this in code.

Error Types

There are many different axios error messages that can appear that can provide basic information about the specifics of the error and where opportunities may lie in debugging.

The general structure of axios errors is as follows:

PropertyDefinition
messageA quick summary of the error message and the status it failed with.
nameThis defines where the error originated from. For axios, it will always be an 'AxiosError'.
stackProvides the stack trace of the error.
configAn axios config object with specific instance configurations defined by the user from when the request was made
codeRepresents an axios identified error. The table below lists out specific definitions for internal axios error.
statusHTTP response status code. Seehere for common HTTP response status code meanings.

Below is a list of potential axios identified error:

CodeDefinition
ERR_BAD_OPTION_VALUEInvalid value provided in axios configuration.
ERR_BAD_OPTIONInvalid option provided in axios configuration.
ERR_NOT_SUPPORTFeature or method not supported in the current axios environment.
ERR_DEPRECATEDDeprecated feature or method used in axios.
ERR_INVALID_URLInvalid URL provided for axios request.
ECONNABORTEDTypically indicates that the request has been timed out (unlesstransitional.clarifyTimeoutError is set) or aborted by the browser or its plugin.
ERR_CANCELEDFeature or method is canceled explicitly by the user using an AbortSignal (or a CancelToken).
ETIMEDOUTRequest timed out due to exceeding default axios timelimit.transitional.clarifyTimeoutError must be set totrue, otherwise a genericECONNABORTED error will be thrown instead.
ERR_NETWORKNetwork-related issue. In the browser, this error can also be caused by aCORS orMixed Content policy violation. The browser does not allow the JS code to clarify the real reason for the error caused by security issues, so please check the console.
ERR_FR_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTSRequest is redirected too many times; exceeds max redirects specified in axios configuration.
ERR_BAD_RESPONSEResponse cannot be parsed properly or is in an unexpected format. Usually related to a response with5xx status code.
ERR_BAD_REQUESTThe request has an unexpected format or is missing required parameters. Usually related to a response with4xx status code.

Handling Errors

the default behavior is to reject every response that returns with a status code that falls out of the range of 2xx and treat it as an error.

axios.get('/user/12345').catch(function(error){if(error.response){// The request was made and the server responded with a status code// that falls out of the range of 2xxconsole.log(error.response.data);console.log(error.response.status);console.log(error.response.headers);}elseif(error.request){// The request was made but no response was received// `error.request` is an instance of XMLHttpRequest in the browser and an instance of// http.ClientRequest in node.jsconsole.log(error.request);}else{// Something happened in setting up the request that triggered an Errorconsole.log('Error',error.message);}console.log(error.config);});

Using thevalidateStatus config option, you can override the default condition (status >= 200 && status < 300) and define HTTP code(s) that should throw an error.

axios.get('/user/12345',{validateStatus:function(status){returnstatus<500;// Resolve only if the status code is less than 500}})

UsingtoJSON you get an object with more information about the HTTP error.

axios.get('/user/12345').catch(function(error){console.log(error.toJSON());});

Cancellation

AbortController

Starting fromv0.22.0 Axios supports AbortController to cancel requests in fetch API way:

constcontroller=newAbortController();axios.get('/foo/bar',{signal:controller.signal}).then(function(response){//...});// cancel the requestcontroller.abort()

CancelToken👎deprecated

You can also cancel a request using aCancelToken.

The axios cancel token API is based on the withdrawncancellable promises proposal.

This API is deprecated since v0.22.0 and shouldn't be used in new projects

You can create a cancel token using theCancelToken.source factory as shown below:

constCancelToken=axios.CancelToken;constsource=CancelToken.source();axios.get('/user/12345',{cancelToken:source.token}).catch(function(thrown){if(axios.isCancel(thrown)){console.log('Request canceled',thrown.message);}else{// handle error}});axios.post('/user/12345',{name:'new name'},{cancelToken:source.token})// cancel the request (the message parameter is optional)source.cancel('Operation canceled by the user.');

You can also create a cancel token by passing an executor function to theCancelToken constructor:

constCancelToken=axios.CancelToken;letcancel;axios.get('/user/12345',{cancelToken:newCancelToken(functionexecutor(c){// An executor function receives a cancel function as a parametercancel=c;})});// cancel the requestcancel();

Note: you can cancel several requests with the same cancel token/abort controller.If a cancellation token is already cancelled at the moment of starting an Axios request, then the request is cancelled immediately, without any attempts to make a real request.

During the transition period, you can use both cancellation APIs, even for the same request:

Usingapplication/x-www-form-urlencoded format

URLSearchParams

By default, axios serializes JavaScript objects toJSON. To send data in theapplication/x-www-form-urlencoded format instead, you can use theURLSearchParams API, which issupported in the vast majority of browsers,and Node starting with v10 (released in 2018).

constparams=newURLSearchParams({foo:'bar'});params.append('extraparam','value');axios.post('/foo',params);

Query string (Older browsers)

For compatibility with very old browsers, there is apolyfill available (make sure to polyfill the global environment).

Alternatively, you can encode data using theqs library:

constqs=require('qs');axios.post('/foo',qs.stringify({'bar':123}));

Or in another way (ES6),

importqsfrom'qs';constdata={'bar':123};constoptions={method:'POST',headers:{'content-type':'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'},data:qs.stringify(data),  url,};axios(options);

Older Node.js versions

For older Node.js engines, you can use thequerystring module as follows:

constquerystring=require('querystring');axios.post('https://something.com/',querystring.stringify({foo:'bar'}));

You can also use theqs library.

Note: Theqs library is preferable if you need to stringify nested objects, as thequerystring method hasknown issues with that use case.

🆕 Automatic serialization to URLSearchParams

Axios will automatically serialize the data object to urlencoded format if the content-type header is set to "application/x-www-form-urlencoded".

constdata={x:1,arr:[1,2,3],arr2:[1,[2],3],users:[{name:'Peter',surname:'Griffin'},{name:'Thomas',surname:'Anderson'}],};awaitaxios.postForm('https://postman-echo.com/post',data,{headers:{'content-type':'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}});

The server will handle it as:

{x:'1','arr[]':['1','2','3'],'arr2[0]':'1','arr2[1][0]':'2','arr2[2]':'3','arr3[]':['1','2','3'],'users[0][name]':'Peter','users[0][surname]':'griffin','users[1][name]':'Thomas','users[1][surname]':'Anderson'}

If your backend body-parser (likebody-parser ofexpress.js) supports nested objects decoding, you will get the same object on the server-side automatically

varapp=express();app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({extended:true}));// support encoded bodiesapp.post('/',function(req,res,next){// echo body as JSONres.send(JSON.stringify(req.body));});server=app.listen(3000);

Usingmultipart/form-data format

FormData

To send the data as amultipart/formdata you need to pass a formData instance as a payload.Setting theContent-Type header is not required as Axios guesses it based on the payload type.

constformData=newFormData();formData.append('foo','bar');axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post',formData);

In node.js, you can use theform-data library as follows:

constFormData=require('form-data');constform=newFormData();form.append('my_field','my value');form.append('my_buffer',newBuffer(10));form.append('my_file',fs.createReadStream('/foo/bar.jpg'));axios.post('https://example.com',form)

🆕 Automatic serialization to FormData

Starting fromv0.27.0, Axios supports automatic object serialization to a FormData object if the requestContent-Typeheader is set tomultipart/form-data.

The following request will submit the data in a FormData format (Browser & Node.js):

importaxiosfrom'axios';axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post',{x:1},{headers:{'Content-Type':'multipart/form-data'}}).then(({data})=>console.log(data));

In thenode.js build, the (form-data) polyfill is used by default.

You can overload the FormData class by setting theenv.FormData config variable,but you probably won't need it in most cases:

constaxios=require('axios');varFormData=require('form-data');axios.post('https://httpbin.org/post',{x:1,buf:newBuffer(10)},{headers:{'Content-Type':'multipart/form-data'}}).then(({data})=>console.log(data));

Axios FormData serializer supports some special endings to perform the following operations:

  • {} - serialize the value with JSON.stringify
  • [] - unwrap the array-like object as separate fields with the same key

Note: unwrap/expand operation will be used by default on arrays and FileList objects

FormData serializer supports additional options viaconfig.formSerializer: object property to handle rare cases:

  • visitor: Function - user-defined visitor function that will be called recursively to serialize the data objectto aFormData object by following custom rules.

  • dots: boolean = false - use dot notation instead of brackets to serialize arrays and objects;

  • metaTokens: boolean = true - add the special ending (e.guser{}: '{"name": "John"}') in the FormData key.The back-end body-parser could potentially use this meta-information to automatically parse the value as JSON.

  • indexes: null|false|true = false - controls how indexes will be added to unwrapped keys offlat array-like objects.

    • null - don't add brackets (arr: 1,arr: 2,arr: 3)
    • false(default) - add empty brackets (arr[]: 1,arr[]: 2,arr[]: 3)
    • true - add brackets with indexes (arr[0]: 1,arr[1]: 2,arr[2]: 3)

Let's say we have an object like this one:

constobj={x:1,arr:[1,2,3],arr2:[1,[2],3],users:[{name:'Peter',surname:'Griffin'},{name:'Thomas',surname:'Anderson'}],'obj2{}':[{x:1}]};

The following steps will be executed by the Axios serializer internally:

constformData=newFormData();formData.append('x','1');formData.append('arr[]','1');formData.append('arr[]','2');formData.append('arr[]','3');formData.append('arr2[0]','1');formData.append('arr2[1][0]','2');formData.append('arr2[2]','3');formData.append('users[0][name]','Peter');formData.append('users[0][surname]','Griffin');formData.append('users[1][name]','Thomas');formData.append('users[1][surname]','Anderson');formData.append('obj2{}','[{"x":1}]');

Axios supports the following shortcut methods:postForm,putForm,patchFormwhich are just the corresponding http methods with theContent-Type header preset tomultipart/form-data.

Files Posting

You can easily submit a single file:

awaitaxios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post',{'myVar' :'foo','file':document.querySelector('#fileInput').files[0]});

or multiple files asmultipart/form-data:

awaitaxios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post',{'files[]':document.querySelector('#fileInput').files});

FileList object can be passed directly:

awaitaxios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post',document.querySelector('#fileInput').files)

All files will be sent with the same field names:files[].

🆕 HTML Form Posting (browser)

Pass HTML Form element as a payload to submit it asmultipart/form-data content.

awaitaxios.postForm('https://httpbin.org/post',document.querySelector('#htmlForm'));

FormData andHTMLForm objects can also be posted asJSON by explicitly setting theContent-Type header toapplication/json:

awaitaxios.post('https://httpbin.org/post',document.querySelector('#htmlForm'),{headers:{'Content-Type':'application/json'}})

For example, the Form

<formid="form"><inputtype="text"name="foo"value="1"><inputtype="text"name="deep.prop"value="2"><inputtype="text"name="deep prop spaced"value="3"><inputtype="text"name="baz"value="4"><inputtype="text"name="baz"value="5"><selectname="user.age"><optionvalue="value1">Value 1</option><optionvalue="value2"selected>Value 2</option><optionvalue="value3">Value 3</option></select><inputtype="submit"value="Save"></form>

will be submitted as the following JSON object:

{"foo":"1","deep":{"prop":{"spaced":"3"}},"baz":["4","5"],"user":{"age":"value2"}}

SendingBlobs/Files as JSON (base64) is not currently supported.

🆕 Progress capturing

Axios supports both browser and node environments to capture request upload/download progress.The frequency of progress events is forced to be limited to3 times per second.

awaitaxios.post(url,data,{onUploadProgress:function(axiosProgressEvent){/*{      loaded: number;      total?: number;      progress?: number; // in range [0..1]      bytes: number; // how many bytes have been transferred since the last trigger (delta)      estimated?: number; // estimated time in seconds      rate?: number; // upload speed in bytes      upload: true; // upload sign    }*/},onDownloadProgress:function(axiosProgressEvent){/*{      loaded: number;      total?: number;      progress?: number;      bytes: number;      estimated?: number;      rate?: number; // download speed in bytes      download: true; // download sign    }*/}});

You can also track stream upload/download progress in node.js:

const{data}=awaitaxios.post(SERVER_URL,readableStream,{onUploadProgress:({progress})=>{console.log((progress*100).toFixed(2));},headers:{'Content-Length':contentLength},maxRedirects:0// avoid buffering the entire stream});

Note:Capturing FormData upload progress is not currently supported in node.js environments.

⚠️ WarningIt is recommended to disable redirects by setting maxRedirects: 0 to upload the stream in thenode.js environment,as follow-redirects package will buffer the entire stream in RAM without following the "backpressure" algorithm.

🆕 Rate limiting

Download and upload rate limits can only be set for the http adapter (node.js):

const{data}=awaitaxios.post(LOCAL_SERVER_URL,myBuffer,{onUploadProgress:({progress, rate})=>{console.log(`Upload [${(progress*100).toFixed(2)}%]:${(rate/1024).toFixed(2)}KB/s`)},maxRate:[100*1024],// 100KB/s limit});

🆕 AxiosHeaders

Axios has its ownAxiosHeaders class to manipulate headers using a Map-like API that guarantees caseless work.Although HTTP is case-insensitive in headers, Axios will retain the case of the original header for stylistic reasonsand for a workaround when servers mistakenly consider the header's case.The old approach of directly manipulating headers object is still available, but deprecated and not recommended for future usage.

Working with headers

An AxiosHeaders object instance can contain different types of internal values. that control setting and merging logic.The final headers object with string values is obtained by Axios by calling thetoJSON method.

Note: By JSON here we mean an object consisting only of string values intended to be sent over the network.

The header value can be one of the following types:

  • string - normal string value that will be sent to the server
  • null - skip header when rendering to JSON
  • false - skip header when rendering to JSON, additionally indicates thatset method must be called withrewrite option set totrueto overwrite this value (Axios uses this internally to allow users to opt out of installing certain headers likeUser-Agent orContent-Type)
  • undefined - value is not set

Note: The header value is considered set if it is not equal to undefined.

The headers object is always initialized inside interceptors and transformers:

axios.interceptors.request.use((request:InternalAxiosRequestConfig)=>{request.headers.set('My-header','value');request.headers.set({"My-set-header1":"my-set-value1","My-set-header2":"my-set-value2"});request.headers.set('User-Agent',false);// disable subsequent setting the header by Axiosrequest.headers.setContentType('text/plain');request.headers['My-set-header2']='newValue'// direct access is deprecatedreturnrequest;});

You can iterate over anAxiosHeaders instance using afor...of statement:

constheaders=newAxiosHeaders({foo:'1',bar:'2',baz:'3'});for(const[header,value]ofheaders){console.log(header,value);}// foo 1// bar 2// baz 3

new AxiosHeaders(headers?)

Constructs a newAxiosHeaders instance.

constructor(headers?: RawAxiosHeaders | AxiosHeaders | string);

If the headers object is a string, it will be parsed as RAW HTTP headers.

constheaders=newAxiosHeaders(`Host: www.bing.comUser-Agent: curl/7.54.0Accept: */*`);console.log(headers);// Object [AxiosHeaders] {//   host: 'www.bing.com',//   'user-agent': 'curl/7.54.0',//   accept: '*/*'// }

AxiosHeaders#set

set(headerName,value:Axios,rewrite?:boolean);set(headerName,value,rewrite?:(this:AxiosHeaders,value:string,name:string,headers:RawAxiosHeaders)=>boolean);set(headers?:RawAxiosHeaders|AxiosHeaders|string,rewrite?:boolean);

Therewrite argument controls the overwriting behavior:

  • false - do not overwrite if header's value is set (is notundefined)
  • undefined (default) - overwrite the header unless its value is set tofalse
  • true - rewrite anyway

The option can also accept a user-defined function that determines whether the value should be overwritten or not.

Returnsthis.

AxiosHeaders#get(header)

  get(headerName: string, matcher?: true | AxiosHeaderMatcher): AxiosHeaderValue;  get(headerName: string, parser: RegExp): RegExpExecArray | null;

Returns the internal value of the header. It can take an extra argument to parse the header's value withRegExp.exec,matcher function or internal key-value parser.

constheaders=newAxiosHeaders({'Content-Type':'multipart/form-data; boundary=Asrf456BGe4h'});console.log(headers.get('Content-Type'));// multipart/form-data; boundary=Asrf456BGe4hconsole.log(headers.get('Content-Type',true));// parse key-value pairs from a string separated with \s,;= delimiters:// [Object: null prototype] {//   'multipart/form-data': undefined,//    boundary: 'Asrf456BGe4h'// }console.log(headers.get('Content-Type',(value,name,headers)=>{returnString(value).replace(/a/g,'ZZZ');}));// multipZZZrt/form-dZZZtZZZ; boundZZZry=Asrf456BGe4hconsole.log(headers.get('Content-Type',/boundary=(\w+)/)?.[0]);// boundary=Asrf456BGe4h

Returns the value of the header.

AxiosHeaders#has(header, matcher?)

has(header: string, matcher?: AxiosHeaderMatcher): boolean;

Returnstrue if the header is set (has noundefined value).

AxiosHeaders#delete(header, matcher?)

delete(header: string | string[], matcher?: AxiosHeaderMatcher): boolean;

Returnstrue if at least one header has been removed.

AxiosHeaders#clear(matcher?)

clear(matcher?: AxiosHeaderMatcher): boolean;

Removes all headers.Unlike thedelete method matcher, this optional matcher will be used to match against the header name rather than the value.

constheaders=newAxiosHeaders({'foo':'1','x-foo':'2','x-bar':'3',});console.log(headers.clear(/^x-/));// trueconsole.log(headers.toJSON());// [Object: null prototype] { foo: '1' }

Returnstrue if at least one header has been cleared.

AxiosHeaders#normalize(format);

If the headers object was changed directly, it can have duplicates with the same name but in different cases.This method normalizes the headers object by combining duplicate keys into one.Axios uses this method internally after calling each interceptor.Setformat to true for converting headers name to lowercase and capitalize the initial letters (cOntEnt-type =>Content-Type)

constheaders=newAxiosHeaders({'foo':'1',});headers.Foo='2';headers.FOO='3';console.log(headers.toJSON());// [Object: null prototype] { foo: '1', Foo: '2', FOO: '3' }console.log(headers.normalize().toJSON());// [Object: null prototype] { foo: '3' }console.log(headers.normalize(true).toJSON());// [Object: null prototype] { Foo: '3' }

Returnsthis.

AxiosHeaders#concat(...targets)

concat(...targets: Array<AxiosHeaders | RawAxiosHeaders | string | undefined | null>): AxiosHeaders;

Merges the instance with targets into a newAxiosHeaders instance. If the target is a string, it will be parsed as RAW HTTP headers.

Returns a newAxiosHeaders instance.

AxiosHeaders#toJSON(asStrings?)

toJSON(asStrings?: boolean): RawAxiosHeaders;

Resolve all internal headers values into a new null prototype object.SetasStrings to true to resolve arrays as a string containing all elements, separated by commas.

AxiosHeaders.from(thing?)

from(thing?: AxiosHeaders | RawAxiosHeaders | string): AxiosHeaders;

Returns a newAxiosHeaders instance created from the raw headers passed in,or simply returns the given headers object if it's anAxiosHeaders instance.

AxiosHeaders.concat(...targets)

concat(...targets: Array<AxiosHeaders | RawAxiosHeaders | string | undefined | null>): AxiosHeaders;

Returns a newAxiosHeaders instance created by merging the target objects.

Shortcuts

The following shortcuts are available:

  • setContentType,getContentType,hasContentType

  • setContentLength,getContentLength,hasContentLength

  • setAccept,getAccept,hasAccept

  • setUserAgent,getUserAgent,hasUserAgent

  • setContentEncoding,getContentEncoding,hasContentEncoding

🔥 Fetch adapter

Fetch adapter was introduced inv1.7.0. By default, it will be used ifxhr andhttp adapters are not available in the build,or not supported by the environment.To use it by default, it must be selected explicitly:

const{data}=axios.get(url,{adapter:'fetch'// by default ['xhr', 'http', 'fetch']})

You can create a separate instance for this:

constfetchAxios=axios.create({adapter:'fetch'});const{data}=fetchAxios.get(url);

The adapter supports the same functionality asxhr adapter,including upload and download progress capturing.Also, it supports additional response types such asstream andformdata (if supported by the environment).

🔥 Custom fetch

Starting fromv1.12.0, you can customize the fetch adapter to use a custom fetch API instead of environment globals.You can pass a customfetch function,Request, andResponse constructors via env config.This can be helpful in case of custom environments & app frameworks.

Also, when using a custom fetch, you may need to set custom Request and Response too. If you don't set them, global objects will be used.If your custom fetch api does not have these objects, and the globals are incompatible with a custom fetch,you must disable their use inside the fetch adapter by passing null.

Note: SettingRequest &Response tonull will make it impossible for the fetch adapter to capture the upload & download progress.

Basic example:

importcustomFetchFunctionfrom'customFetchModule';constinstance=axios.create({adapter:'fetch',onDownloadProgress(e){console.log('downloadProgress',e);},env:{fetch:customFetchFunction,Request:null,// undefined -> use the global constructorResponse:null}});

🔥 Using with Tauri

A minimal example of setting up Axios for use in aTauri app with a platform fetch function that ignores CORS policy for requests.

import{fetch}from"@tauri-apps/plugin-http";importaxiosfrom"axios";constinstance=axios.create({adapter:'fetch',onDownloadProgress(e){console.log('downloadProgress',e);},env:{    fetch}});const{data}=awaitinstance.get("https://google.com");

🔥 Using with SvelteKit

SvelteKit framework has a custom implementation of the fetch function for server rendering (so calledload functions), and also uses relative paths,which makes it incompatible with the standard URL API. So, Axios must be configured to use the custom fetch API:

exportasyncfunctionload({ fetch}){const{data:post}=awaitaxios.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1',{adapter:'fetch',env:{      fetch,Request:null,Response:null}});return{ post};}

🔥 HTTP2

In version1.13.0, experimentalHTTP2 support was added to thehttp adapter.ThehttpVersion option is now available to select the protocol version used.Additional native options for the internalsession.request() call can be passed via thehttp2Options config.This config also includes the customsessionTimeout parameter, which defaults to1000ms.

constform=newFormData();form.append('foo','123');const{data, headers, status}=awaitaxios.post('https://httpbin.org/post',form,{httpVersion:2,http2Options:{// rejectUnauthorized: false,// sessionTimeout: 1000},onUploadProgress(e){console.log('upload progress',e);},onDownloadProgress(e){console.log('download progress',e);},responseType:'arraybuffer'});

Semver

Since Axios has reached av.1.0.0 we will fully embrace semver as per the spechere

Promises

axios depends on a native ES6 Promise implementation to besupported.If your environment doesn't support ES6 Promises, you canpolyfill.

TypeScript

axios includesTypeScript definitions and a type guard for axios errors.

letuser:User=null;try{const{ data}=awaitaxios.get('/user?ID=12345');user=data.userDetails;}catch(error){if(axios.isAxiosError(error)){handleAxiosError(error);}else{handleUnexpectedError(error);}}

Because axios dual publishes with an ESM default export and a CJSmodule.exports, there are some caveats.The recommended setting is to use"moduleResolution": "node16" (this is implied by"module": "node16"). Note that this requires TypeScript 4.7 or greater.If use ESM, your settings should be fine.If you compile TypeScript to CJS and you can’t use"moduleResolution": "node 16", you have to enableesModuleInterop.If you use TypeScript to type check CJS JavaScript code, your only option is to use"moduleResolution": "node16".

Online one-click setup

You can use Gitpod, an online IDE(which is free for Open Source) for contributing or running the examples online.

Open in Gitpod

Resources

Credits

axios is heavily inspired by the$http service provided inAngularJS. Ultimately axios is an effort to provide a standalone$http-like service for use outside of AngularJS.

License

License: MIT


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