其它学习资料

01.什么是Django

1. 什么是Django

2. Django版本选择

02.入门 Hello World

mysite    ├ mysite            Pyhton 包    │   └ - _init__.py    │   └ - settings.py 全局设置文件    │   └ - urls.py     全局路由控制    │   └ - wsgi.py     服务器使用的wsgi部署文件    └  manage.py        项目管理

03.Django基本应用结构

fromdjango.dbimportmodels# Create your models here.classArticle(models.Model):title=models.CharField(max_length=30)content=models.TextField()

# 生成的数据库迁移文件classMigration(migrations.Migration):initial=Truedependencies= [    ]operations= [migrations.CreateModel(name='Article',fields=[                ('id',models.AutoField(auto_created=True,primary_key=True,serialize=False,verbose_name='ID')),                ('title',models.CharField(max_length=30)),                ('content',models.TextField()),            ],        ),    ]

# admin.pyfrom .modelsimportArticle# Register your models here.admin.site.register(Article)

# LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'LANGUAGE_CODE='zh-Hans'# TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'TIME_ZONE='Asia/Shanghai'

04.使用模版显示内容

from .modelsimportArticleArticle.objects.get(条件)# 根据条件获取数据Article.objects.all()# 获取所有数据Article.objects.filter(条件)# 根据条件过滤数据article=Article.objects.get(id=article_id)returnHttpResponse('<h2>文章标题：%s </h2><hr> 文章内容：%s'% (article.title,article.content))

try:article=Article.objects.get(id=article_id)exceptArticle.DoesNotExist:raiseHttp404('not exit')

# article = Article.objects.get(id=article_id)article=get_object_or_404(Article,pk=article_id)context= {}context['article_obj']=article# return render(request, 'article_detail.html', context)returnrender(request,'article_detail.html',context)# 不需要request参数l

defarticle_list(request):articles=Article.objects.all()context= {}context['articles']=articlesreturnrender(request,'article_list.html',context)

# 总路由urlpatterns= [path('admin/',admin.site.urls),path('',views.index),path('article/',include('article.urls'))]# app 路由urlpatterns= [# localhost:8000/article/path('',views.article_list,name='article_list'),path('<int:article_id>',views.article_detail,name='article_detail'),]

05.定制后台和修改模型

# 设置模型显示 models.pyclassArticle(models.Model):title=models.CharField(max_length=30)content=models.TextField()def__str__(self):return'<Article: %s>'%self.title# admin.py# Register your models here.@admin.register(Article)# 使用装饰器更方便醒目classArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display= ('id','title','content')# ordering = ('-id', )  倒序ordering= ('id', )#admin.site.register(Article, ArticleAdmin)

classArticle(models.Model):title=models.CharField(max_length=30)content=models.TextField()# created_time = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now)created_time=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)last_updated_time=models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)author=models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE,default=1)is_deleted=models.BooleanField(default=False)readed_num=models.IntegerField(default=0)# admin.py 后台显示字段@admin.register(Article)classArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display= ('id','title','author','is_deleted','created_time','last_updated_time','content')# ordering = ('-id', )  倒序ordering= ('id', )# 使用，过滤删除的  views.pydefarticle_list(request):# articles = Article.objects.all()articles=Article.objects.filter(is_deleted=False)

06.开始完整制作网站

07.构建个人博客网站

pip install virtualenvvirtualevn mysit_env# 创建 虚拟环境activatedeactivatepip freeze> requirements.txt# 一键导出pip install -r requirements.txt# 一键安装

django-admin startproject mysitecd mysitepython manage.py startapp blogpython manage.py migratepython manage.py createsuperuser# 修改模型，先在INSTALLED_APPS中添加app namepython manage.py makemigrationspython manage.py migrate

# models.py# Create your models here.classBlogType(models.Model):type_name=models.CharField(max_length=15)def__str__(self):returnself.type_nameclassBlog(models.Model):title=models.CharField(max_length=50)blog_type=models.ForeignKey(BlogType,on_delete=models.CASCADE)content=models.TextField()author=models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)created_time=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)last_updated_time=models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)def__str__(self):return'<Blog: %s>'%self.title# admin.pyfromdjango.contribimportadminfrom .modelsimportBlogType,Blog# Register your models here.@admin.register(BlogType)classBlogTypeAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display= ('id','type_name')@admin.register(Blog)classBlogAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display= ('id','title','blog_type','author','created_time','last_updated_time')ordering= ('id',)

08.常用的模版标签和过滤器

<p>一共有{{blogs|length}} 篇博客</p>context['blogs_count']=Blog.objects.all().count{{blogs_count}}

09.模版嵌套

10.使用CSS美化页面

11.CSS框架协助前端布局

12.Bootstrap响应式布局

13.分页和shell命令行模式

pythonmanage.pyshellfromblog.modelsimportBlogblog=Blog()# 实例化blog.title='xxx'...blog.save()

>>>fromblog.modelsimportBlog>>>dir()['Blog','__builtins__']>>>Blog.objects.all()<QuerySet [<Blog:<Blog:第一篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第二篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第三篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第四篇长内容>>]>>>>Blog.objects.count()4>>>blog=Blog()>>>dir()['Blog','__builtins__','blog']>>>blog.title='shell 下第1篇'>>>blog.content='xxxx'>>>fromblog.modelsimportBlogType>>>BlogType.objects.all()<QuerySet [<BlogType:随笔>,<BlogType:感悟>,<BlogType:其他>]>>>>BlogType.objects.all()[2]<BlogType:其他>>>>blog_type=BlogType.objects.all()[2]>>>blog.blog_type=blog_type>>>fromdjango.contrib.auth.modelsimportUser>>>User.objects.all()<QuerySet [<User:able>]>>>>user=User.objects.all()[0]>>>blog.author=user>>>blog.save()>>>Blog.objects.all()<QuerySet [<Blog:<Blog:第一篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第二篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第三篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第四篇长内容>>,<Blog:<Blog:shell下第1篇>>]>>>>dir(blog)# 查看所有 属性和方法，方便稍后调用# 批量添加>>>foriinrange(1,31):...blog=Blog()...blog.title='for %s'%i...blog.content='xxxx:%s'%i...blog.blog_type=blog_type...blog.author=user...blog.save()...>>>Blog.objects.all().count()35

>>>fromdjango.core.paginatorimportPaginator>>>fromblog.modelsimportBlog>>>blogs=Blog.objects.all()>>>blogs.count()35>>>paginator=Paginator(blogs,10)<string>:1:UnorderedObjectListWarning:Paginationmayyieldinconsistentresultswithanunorderedobject_list:<class'blog.models.Blog'>QuerySet.# 需要给模型添加 排序方式classMeta:ordering= ['-created_time']# 然后数据迁移pythonmanage.pymakemigrationspythonmanage.pymigrate>>>paginator=Paginator(blogs,10)>>>paginator<django.core.paginator.Paginatorobjectat0x1021de550>>>>dir(paginator)>>paginator.count35>>>paginator.num_pages4>>>page1=paginator.page(1)>>>page1<Page1of4>>>>page1.object_list

14.优化分页展示

current_page_num=page_of_blogs.number# 获取当前页码# 获取当前页的前后2页的页码范围page_range= [xforxinrange(current_page_num-2,current_page_num+3)ifxinpaginator.page_range ]# 加上省略号间隔页码ifpage_range[0]-1>=2:page_range.insert(0,'...')ifpaginator.num_pages-page_range[-1]>=2:page_range.append('...')# 加上首页和尾页ifpage_range[0]!=1:page_range.insert(0,1)ifpage_range[-1]!=paginator.num_pages:page_range.append(paginator.num_pages)

15.上下篇博客和按月分类

blog=get_object_or_404(Blog,pk=blog_pk)context['previous_blog']=Blog.objects.filter(created_time__gt=blog.created_time).last()context['next_blog']=Blog.objects.filter(created_time__lt=blog.created_time).first()context['blog']=blog

>>>fromblog.modelsimportBlog>>>Blog.objects.filter(title__contains='shell')<QuerySet [<Blog:<Blog:shell下第1篇>>]>>>>Blog.objects.filter(title__startswith='shell')<QuerySet [<Blog:<Blog:shell下第1篇>>]>>>>Blog.objects.filter(id__in=[1,2,3])<QuerySet [<Blog:<Blog:第一篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第二篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第三篇博客>>]>>>>Blog.objects.filter(id__range=(1,3))<QuerySet [<Blog:<Blog:第一篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第二篇博客>>,<Blog:<Blog:第三篇博客>>]>

16.统计分类博客的数量

# 获取博客分类的对应博客数量blog_types=BlogType.objects.all()blog_types_list= []forblog_typeinblog_types:blog_type.blog_count=Blog.objects.filter(blog_type=blog_type).count()blog_types_list.append(blog_type)# context['blog_types'] = BlogType.objects.all()context['blog_types']=blog_types_list

fromdjango.db.modelsimportCountBlogType.objects.annotate(blog_count=Count('blog'))context['blog_types']=BlogType.objects.annotate(blog_count=Count('blog'))

blog_dates=Blog.objects.dates('created_time','month',order='DESC')blog_dates_dict= {}forblog_dateinblog_dates:blog_count=Blog.objects.filter(created_time__year=blog_date.year,created_time__month=blog_date.month).count()blog_dates_dict[blog_date]=blog_countcontext['blog_dates']=blog_dates_dict

17.博客后台富文本编辑

{{ blog.content|safe }}# 安全的，可以识别html tab{{ blog.content|striptags|truncatechars:120 }}# 有时不用显示tag，过滤掉tag

# mediaMEDIA_URL='/media/'MEDIA_ROOT=os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'media')# 配置ckeditorCKEDITOR_UPLOAD_PATH='upload/'# urls.pyfromdjango.contribimportadminfromdjango.urlsimportpath,includefromdjango.confimportsettingsfromdjango.conf.urls.staticimportstatic# from blog.views import blog_listfrom .importviewsurlpatterns= [path('',views.home,name='home'),path('admin/',admin.site.urls),path('ckeditor',include('ckeditor_uploader.urls')),path('blog/',include('blog.urls')),]urlpatterns+=static(settings.MEDIA_URL,document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)# modelsfromckeditor_uploader.fieldsimportRichTextUploadingFieldcontent=RichTextUploadingField()

18.博客阅读简单计数

# 如果浏览器中没有设置的cookie了，就计数ifnotrequest.COOKIES.get('blog_%s_readed'%blog_pk):blog.readed_num+=1blog.save()response=render(request,'blog/blog_detail.html',context)# response.set_cookie('blog_%s_readed' % blog_pk, 'true', max_age=60) # 60s 失效response.set_cookie('blog_%s_readed'%blog_pk,'true')# 默认退出浏览器失效returnresponse

19.博客阅读计数优化

方法一

classReadNum(models.Model):read_num=models.IntegerField(default=0)blog=models.OneToOneField(Blog,on_delete=models.CASCADE)# 或者 blog = models.ForeignKey(Blog, on_delete=models.CASCADE)@admin.register(ReadNum)classReadNumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display= ('read_num','blog')ifnotrequest.COOKIES.get('blog_%s_readed'%blog_pk):# blog.readed_num += 1# blog.save()ifReadNum.objects.filter(blog=blog):# 存在记录readnum=ReadNum.objects.get(blog=blog)else:# 不存在记录readnum=ReadNum(blog=blog)# 计数加1readnum.read_num+=1readnum.save()

方法二

fromdjango.dbimportmodelsfromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.fieldsimportGenericForeignKeyfromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.modelsimportContentType# Create your models here.classReadNum(models.Model):read_num=models.IntegerField(default=0)content_type=models.ForeignKey(ContentType,on_delete=models.CASCADE)object_id=models.PositiveIntegerField()content_object=GenericForeignKey('content_type','object_id')

fromdjango.contribimportadminfrom .modelsimportReadNum# Register your models here.@admin.register(ReadNum)classReadNumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display= ('read_num','content_object')

# shell 中实践 使用>>>fromread_statistics.modelsimportReadNum>>>fromblog.modelsimportBlog>>>fromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.modelsimportContentType>>>ContentType.objects.filter(model='blog')<QuerySet [<ContentType:blog>]>>>>ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Blog)<ContentType:blog>>>>ct=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Blog)>>>blog=Blog.objects.first()>>>blog.pk1>>>ReadNum.objects.filter(content_type=ct,object_id=blog.pk)<QuerySet [<ReadNum:ReadNumobject (2)>]>>>>rn=ReadNum.objects.filter(content_type=ct,object_id=blog.pk)[0]>>>rn<ReadNum:ReadNumobject (2)>>>>rn.read_num11

20.阅读计数统计和显示

classReadDetail(models.Model):date=models.DateField(default=timezone.now)read_num=models.IntegerField(default=0)content_type=models.ForeignKey(ContentType,on_delete=models.CASCADE)object_id=models.PositiveIntegerField()content_object=GenericForeignKey('content_type','object_id')@admin.register(ReadDetail)classReadDetailAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display= ('date','read_num','content_object')# 每天阅读量 + 1date=timezone.now().date()ifReadDetail.objects.filter(content_type=ct,object_id=obj.pk,date=date).count():# 存在记录readDetail=ReadDetail.objects.get(content_type=ct,object_id=obj.pk,date=date)else:# 不存在记录readDetail=ReadDetail(content_type=ct,object_id=obj.pk,date=date)# 计数加1readDetail.read_num+=1readDetail.save()

# 每天阅读量 + 1date=timezone.now().date()readDetail,created=ReadDetail.objects.get_or_create(content_type=ct,object_id=obj.pk,date=date)readDetail.read_num+=1readDetail.save()

# 统计最近7天阅读量defget_seven_days_read_data(content_type):today=timezone.now().date()read_nums= []foriinrange(6,-1,-1):date=today-datetime.timedelta(days=i)read_details=ReadDetail.objects.filter(content_type=content_type,date=date)result=read_details.aggregate(read_num_sum=Sum('read_num'))# 聚合read_nums.append(result['read_num_sum']or0)# 空则为0returnread_numsdefhome(request):blog_content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Blog)read_nums=get_seven_days_read_data(blog_content_type)context= {}context['read_nums']=read_numsreturnrender(request,'home.html',context)# shell 实践理解 Sum 和 aggregate>>>fromdjango.db.modelsimportSum>>>fromread_statistics.modelsimportReadDetail>>>rds=ReadDetail.objects.all()>>>rds.aggregate(read_num_sum=Sum('read_num'))# 返回结果的dict{'read_num_sum':8}

21.热门阅读博客排行及缓存提速

# 获取今日热门文章defget_today_hot_data(content_type):today=timezone.now().date()read_details=ReadDetail.objects.filter(content_type=content_type,date=today).order_by('-read_num')returnread_details[:7]# 取前7条# 获取昨天热门文章defget_yesterday_hot_data(content_type):today=timezone.now().date()yesterday=today-datetime.timedelta(days=1)read_details=ReadDetail.objects.filter(content_type=content_type,date=yesterday).order_by('-read_num')returnread_details[:7]# 获取7天热门文章defget_7_days_hot_data(content_type):today=timezone.now().date()date=today-datetime.timedelta(days=7)blogs=Blog.objects\        .filter(read_details__date__lt=today,read_details__date__gte=date)\        .values('id','title')\        .annotate(read_num_sum=Sum('read_details__read_num'))\        .order_by('-read_num_sum')returnblogs[:7]

# 数据分组 聚合 查询 实践  GenericRelationfromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.fieldsimportGenericRelationclassBlog(models.Model,ReadNumExpandMethod):read_details=GenericRelation(ReadDetail)>>>fromblog.modelsimportBlog>>>blog=Blog.objects.first()>>>blog<Blog:<Blog:第一篇博客随笔>>>>>blog.read_details.all()<QuerySet [<ReadDetail:ReadDetailobject (4)>]>>>>importdatetime>>>fromdjango.utilsimporttimezone>>>toda=timezone.now().date()>>>today=timezone.now().date()>>>date=today-datetime.timedelta(days=7)>>>Blog.objects.filter(read_details__date__lt=today,read_details__date__gte=date)<QuerySet [<Blog:<Blog:第一篇博客随笔>>,<Blog:<Blog:第2篇博客随笔>>]>>>>blogs=Blog.objects.filter(read_details__date__lt=today,read_details__date__gte=date)>>>blogs.values('id','title')<QuerySet [{'id':1,'title':'第一篇博客 随笔'}, {'id':2,'title':'第2篇博客 随笔'}]>>>>fromdjango.db.modelsimportSum>>>blogs.values('id','title').annotate(read_num_sum=Sum('read_details__read_num')).order_by('-read_num_sum')<QuerySet [{'id':2,'title':'第2篇博客 随笔','read_num_sum':20}, {'id':1,'title':'第一篇博客 随笔','read_num_sum':7}]>

CACHES= {'default': {'BACKEND':'django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache','LOCATION':'my_cache_table',# 缓存表名    }}# Creating the cache tablepythonmanage.pycreatecachetable#Basic usage¶#The basic interface is set(key, value, timeout) and get(key):fromdjango.core.cacheimportcache>>>cache.set('my_key','hello, world!',30)>>>cache.get('my_key')'hello, world!'

fromdjango.core.cacheimportcachehot_data_for_7_days=cache.get('hot_data_for_7_days')ifhot_data_for_7_daysisNone:hot_data_for_7_days=get_7_days_hot_data(blog_content_type)cache.set('hot_data_for_7_days',hot_data_for_7_days,20)print('calc')else:print('use cache')

22.评论功能设计和用户登录

# modelsfromdjango.dbimportmodelsfromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.fieldsimportGenericForeignKeyfromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.modelsimportContentTypefromdjango.contrib.auth.modelsimportUserclassComment(models.Model):# 下面3行用来关联任意类型content_type=models.ForeignKey(ContentType,on_delete=models.CASCADE)object_id=models.PositiveIntegerField()content_object=GenericForeignKey('content_type','object_id')text=models.TextField()comment_time=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)user=models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)# adminfromdjango.contribimportadminfrom .modelsimportComment@admin.register(Comment)classCommentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display= ('content_object','text','comment_time','user')pythonmanage.pymakemigrationspythonmanage.pymigrate

#If the current user has not logged in, this attribute will be set to an instance of AnonymousUser, otherwise it will be an instance of User.ifrequest.user.is_authenticated:# Do something for authenticated users.    ...else:# Do something for anonymous users.    ...#This example shows how you might use both authenticate() and login():fromdjango.contrib.authimportauthenticate,logindefmy_view(request):username=request.POST['username']password=request.POST['password']user=authenticate(request,username=username,password=password)ifuserisnotNone:login(request,user)# Redirect to a success page.        ...else:# Return an 'invalid login' error message.        ...

23.html表单提交评论

fromdjango.urlsimportreverse# referer = request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER', '/') # 获取请求时网址，登录成功后返回referer=request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER',reverse('home'))#别名找到链接ifuserisnotNone:auth.login(request,user)returnredirect(referer)else:returnrender(request,'error.html', {'message':'用户名或密码错误'})

defupdate_comment(request):referer=request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER',reverse('home'))# 数据检查ifnotrequest.user.is_authenticated:returnrender(request,'error.html', {'message':'请先登录','redirect_to':referer})text=request.POST.get('text','').strip()# 多个空格也是空内容iftext=='':returnrender(request,'error.html', {'message':'评论内容不能为空','redirect_to':referer})try:content_type=request.POST.get('content_type','')object_id=int(request.POST.get('object_id',''))model_class=ContentType.objects.get(model=content_type).model_class()model_obj=model_class.objects.get(pk=object_id)exceptExceptionase:returnrender(request,'error.html', {'message':'评论对象不存在','redirect_to':referer})# 通过则保存数据comment=Comment()comment.user=usercomment.text=textcomment.content_object=model_objcomment.save()returnredirect(referer)# 提交后重定向到原页面

classComment(models.Model):# 下面3行用来关联任意类型content_type=models.ForeignKey(ContentType,on_delete=models.CASCADE)object_id=models.PositiveIntegerField()content_object=GenericForeignKey('content_type','object_id')text=models.TextField()comment_time=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)user=models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)classMeta:ordering= ['-comment_time']# 时间逆序，最新的在最前面

defblog_detail(request,blog_pk):blog=get_object_or_404(Blog,pk=blog_pk)read_cookie_key=read_statistics_one_read(request,blog)blog_content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(blog)comments=Comment.objects.filter(content_type=blog_content_type,object_id=blog.pk)context= {}context['comments']=commentscontext['previous_blog']=Blog.objects.filter(created_time__gt=blog.created_time).last()context['next_blog']=Blog.objects.filter(created_time__lt=blog.created_time).first()context['blog']=blogresponse=render(request,'blog/blog_detail.html',context)response.set_cookie(read_cookie_key,'true')# 阅读cookie标记returnresponse

24.使用Django Form表单

# forms.pyfromdjangoimportformsfromdjango.contribimportauth# 定制登录表单classLoginForm(forms.Form):username=forms.CharField(label='用户名',required=True)# 默认为Truepassword=forms.CharField(label='密码',widget=forms.PasswordInput)# views.pydeflogin(request):ifrequest.method=='POST':login_form=LoginForm(request.POST)iflogin_form.is_valid():# 验证通过username=login_form.cleaned_data['username']password=login_form.cleaned_data['password']user=auth.authenticate(request,username=username,password=password)ifuserisnotNone:auth.login(request,user)returnredirect(request.GET.get('from',reverse('home')))# 没有就跳转首页else:login_form.add_error(None,'用户名或密码错误')# 添加错误提示else:# get 加载页面login_form=LoginForm()# 实例化表单context= {}context['login_form']=login_formreturnrender(request,'login.html',context)# login.html<formaction=""method="POST">    {%csrf_token%}    {{login_form }}<inputtype="submit"value="登录"></form>

# 登录时的页面，带着当时的路径未登录，登录后方可评论<ahref="{% url 'login' %}?from={{ request.get_full_path }}">登录</a># 拿到路径，如果没有就跳转首页redirect(request.GET.get('from',reverse('home')))# 没有就跳转首页

classLoginForm(forms.Form):username=forms.CharField(label='用户名',required=True)# 默认为Truepassword=forms.CharField(label='密码',widget=forms.PasswordInput)# 验证数据方法defclean(self):username=self.cleaned_data['username']password=self.cleaned_data['password']user=auth.authenticate(username=username,password=password)ifuserisNone:raiseforms.ValidationError('用户名或密码错误')elif:self.cleaned_data['user']=userreturnself.cleaned_data# 优化后的调用deflogin(request):ifrequest.method=='POST':login_form=LoginForm(request.POST)iflogin_form.is_valid():user=login_form.cleaned_data['user']auth.login(request,user)returnredirect(request.GET.get('from',reverse('home')))else:# get 加载页面login_form=LoginForm()# 实例化表单context= {}context['login_form']=login_formreturnrender(request,'login.html',context)

>>>fromdjangoimportforms>>>filter(lambdax:'Input'inx,dir(forms))<filterobjectat0x10304ea58>>>>list(filter(lambdax:'Input'inx,dir(forms)))['CheckboxInput','ClearableFileInput','DateInput','DateTimeInput','EmailInput','FileInput','HiddenInput','MultipleHiddenInput','NumberInput','PasswordInput','TextInput','TimeInput','URLInput']>>>>>>filter(lambdax:'Field'inx,dir(forms))<filterobjectat0x10304e908>>>>list(filter(lambdax:'Field'inx,dir(forms)))['BooleanField','BoundField','CharField','ChoiceField','ComboField','DateField','DateTimeField','DecimalField','DurationField','EmailField','Field','FileField','FilePathField','FloatField','GenericIPAddressField','ImageField','IntegerField','ModelChoiceField','ModelMultipleChoiceField','MultiValueField','MultipleChoiceField','NullBooleanField','RegexField','SlugField','SplitDateTimeField','TimeField','TypedChoiceField','TypedMultipleChoiceField','URLField','UUIDField']

# 定制登录表单显示classLoginForm(forms.Form):username=forms.CharField(label='用户名',required=True,# 默认为Truewidget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control','placeholder':'请输入用户名'}))# 设置渲染后的html的属性password=forms.CharField(label='密码',widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'form-control','placeholder':'请输入密码'}))

<divclass="containter"><divclass="row"><divclass="col-xs-4 col-xs-offset-4"><divclass="panel panel-default"><divclass="panel-heading"><h3class="panel-title">登录</h3></div><divclass="panel-body"><formaction=""method="POST">{%csrf_token%}{%comment%}{{ login_form}} 定制显示{%endcomment%}{%forfieldinlogin_form%}<labelfor="field.id_for_label">{{field.label}}</label>{{ field}}<pclass="text-danger">{{ field.errors.as_text}}</p>{%endfor%}<spanclass="pull-left text-danger">{{login_form.non_field_errors}}</span><inputtype="submit"value="登录"class="btn btn-primary pull-right"></form></div></div></div></div></div>

classRegForm(forms.Form):username=forms.CharField(label='用户名',required=True,# 默认为Truemax_length=30,min_length=4,widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control','placeholder':'请输入3-30位用户名'}))email=forms.EmailField(label='邮箱',widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control','placeholder':'请输入邮箱'}))password=forms.CharField(label='密码',min_length=6,widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'form-control','placeholder':'请输入密码'}))password_again=forms.CharField(label='密码',min_length=6,widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'form-control','placeholder':'再输入一次密码'}))# 验证数据, 是否有效，是否存在defclean_username(self):username=self.cleaned_data['username']ifUser.objects.filter(username=username).exists():raiseforms.ValidationError('用户名已存在')returnusernamedefclean_email(self):email=self.cleaned_data['email']ifUser.objects.filter(email=email).exists():raiseforms.ValidationError('邮箱已存在')returnemaildefclean_password_again(self):password=self.cleaned_data['password']password_again=self.cleaned_data['password_again']ifpassword!=password_again:raiseforms.ValidationError('两次输入的密码不一致')returnpassword_again

未登录，登录后方可评论<aclass="btn btn-primary"href="{% url 'login' %}?from={{ request.get_full_path }}">登录</a><span>or</span><aclass="btn btn-danger"href="{% url 'register' %}?from={{ request.get_full_path }}">注册</a>

defregister(request):ifrequest.method=='POST':reg_form=RegForm(request.POST)ifreg_form.is_valid():username=reg_form.cleaned_data['username']password=reg_form.cleaned_data['password']email=reg_form.cleaned_data['email']# 创建用户user=User.objects.create_user(username,email,password)user.save()# 或者'''            user = User()            user.username = username            user.email = email            user.set_password(password)            user.save()            '''# 登录用户user=auth.authenticate(username=username,password=password)auth.login(request,user)# 跳转注册之前的页面returnredirect(request.GET.get('from',reverse('home')))else:reg_form=RegForm()# 实例化表单context= {}context['reg_form']=reg_formreturnrender(request,'register.html',context)

25.表单富文本编辑和ajax异步提交评论

# comment/forms.pyfromdjangoimportformsfromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.modelsimportContentTypefromdjango.db.modelsimportObjectDoesNotExistclassCommentForm(forms.Form):content_type=forms.CharField(widget=forms.HiddenInput)object_id=forms.IntegerField(widget=forms.HiddenInput)text=forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)def__init__(self,*args,**kwargs):if'user'inkwargs:self.user=kwargs.pop('user')# 接收用户信息, 并剔除，为了下一句不出错super(CommentForm,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)# 验证数据defclean(self):# 判断用户是否登录ifself.user.is_authenticated:self.cleaned_data['user']=self.userelse:raiseforms.ValidationError('用户尚未登录')# 评论对象验证content_type=self.cleaned_data['content_type']object_id=self.cleaned_data['object_id']try:model_class=ContentType.objects.get(model=content_type).model_class()model_obj=model_class.objects.get(pk=object_id)self.cleaned_data['content_object']=model_objexceptObjectDoesNotExist:raiseforms.ValidationError('评论对象不存在')returnself.cleaned_data# 提交<formaction="{% url 'update_comment' %}"method="POST"style="overflow: hidden">    {%csrf_token%}<labelfor="comment_text">{{user.username }}，欢迎评论～</label>    {{comment_form }}<inputtype="submit"value="评论"class="btn btn-primary"style="float:right"></form># 处理逻辑defupdate_comment(request):referer=request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER',reverse('home'))comment_form=CommentForm(request.POST,user=request.user)# 实例化, 传递了用户信息，直接有表单类验证登录ifcomment_form.is_valid():# 通过则保存数据comment=Comment()comment.user=comment_form.cleaned_data['user']comment.text=comment_form.cleaned_data['text']comment.content_object=comment_form.cleaned_data['content_object']comment.save()returnredirect(referer)# 提交后重定向到原页面else:returnrender(request,'error.html', {'message':comment_form.errors,'redirect_to':referer})

# forms.pyfromckeditor.widgetsimportCKEditorWidgetclassCommentForm(forms.Form):text=forms.CharField(widget=CKEditorWidget(config_name='comment_ckeditor'))# settings.py 添加设置即可，通过 comment_ckeditor# 配置ckeditor评论表单CKEDITOR_CONFIGS= {'comment_ckeditor': {'toolbar':'custom','toolbar_custom': [            ['Bold','Italic','Underline','Strike','Subscript','Superscript'],            ['TextColor','BGColor','RemoveFormat'],            ['NumberedList','BulletedList'],            ['Link','Unlink'],            ['Smiley','SpecialChar','Blockquote'],        ],'width':'auto','height':'180','tabspace':4,'removePlugins':'elementspath','resize_enable':False,    }}# 前端引入js<scripttype="text/javascript"src="{% static "ckeditor/ckeditor-init.js" %}"></script><scripttype="text/javascript"src="{% static "ckeditor/ckeditor/ckeditor.js" %}"></script>div.django-ckeditor-widget {width:100%;}

{#ajax异步提交,因为直接提交会刷新页面 #}{%blockscript_extends%}<scripttype="text/javascript">    $('#comment_form').submit(function(){// 判断评论内容是否为空  包括空的换行$("#comment_error").text('');if(CKEDITOR.instances['id_text'].document.getBody().getText().trim()==''){$("#comment_error").text('评论内容为空');returnfalse;}        // 更新数据到textarea里面        CKEDITOR.instances['id_text'].updateElement();        // 异步提交        $.ajax({url:"{% url 'update_comment' %}",type:'POST',data:$(this).serialize(),// this 即 #comment_formcache:false,success:function(data){// 提交成功后调用的方法console.log(data);// 如果成功，就插入显示数据$("#no_comment").remove();if(data['status']=='SUCCESS'){varcomment_html='<div>'+data['username']+' ('+data['comment_time']+'): '+data['text']+'</div>';$("#comment_list").prepend(comment_html);// 清空评论区内容CKEDITOR.instances['id_text'].setData('');}else{// 显示错误信息$("#comment_error").text(data['message']);}},error:function(xhr){// 提交异常时调用的方法console.log(xhr);}});        return false;});</script>{%endblockscript_extends%}

defupdate_comment(request):# referer = request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER', reverse('home'))comment_form=CommentForm(request.POST,user=request.user)# 实例化, 传递了用户信息，直接有表单类验证登录data= {}ifcomment_form.is_valid():# 通过则保存数据comment=Comment()comment.user=comment_form.cleaned_data['user']comment.text=comment_form.cleaned_data['text']comment.content_object=comment_form.cleaned_data['content_object']comment.save()# 返回数据data['status']='SUCCESS'data['username']=comment.user.usernamedata['comment_time']=comment.comment_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')data['text']=comment.textelse:data['status']='ERROR'data['message']=list(comment_form.errors.values())[0][0]returnJsonResponse(data)

classCommentForm(forms.Form):text=forms.CharField(widget=CKEditorWidget(config_name='comment_ckeditor'),error_messages={'required':'评论内容为空'})

26.回复功能设计和树结构

classComment(models.Model):    ...text=models.TextField()comment_time=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)user=models.ForeignKey(User,related_name='comments',on_delete=models.CASCADE)root=models.ForeignKey('self',related_name='root_comment',null=True,on_delete=models.CASCADE)parent=models.ForeignKey('self',related_name='parent_comment',null=True,on_delete=models.CASCADE)reply_to=models.ForeignKey(User,related_name='replies',null=True,on_delete=models.CASCADE)

# 评论表单classCommentForm(forms.Form):# 回复的哪条reply_comment_id=forms.IntegerField(widget=forms.HiddenInput(attrs={'id':'reply_comment_id'}))# 验证提交的数据defclean_reply_comment_id(self):reply_comment_id=self.cleaned_data['reply_comment_id']ifreply_comment_id<0:raiseforms.ValidationError('回复出错')elifreply_comment_id==0:self.cleaned_data['parent']=NoneelifComment.objects.filter(pk=reply_comment_id).exists():self.cleaned_data['parent']=Comment.objects.get(pk=reply_comment_id)else:raiseforms.ValidationError('回复出错')returnreply_comment_id

<divclass="comment-area"><h3class="comment-area-title">评论列表</h3><divid="comment_list">{%forcommentincomments%}<divid="root_{{ comment.pk }}"class="comment"><span>{{ comment.user.username}}<span>({{ comment.comment_time|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s"}}):</span><divid="comment_{{ comment.pk }}">{{ comment.text|safe}}</div><ahref="#">回复</a>{%forreplyincomment.root_comment.all%}<divclass="reply"><span>{{ reply.user.username}}</span><span>({{ reply.comment_time|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s"}}):</span><span>回复</span><span>{{ reply.reply_to.username}}</span><divid="comment_{{ reply.pk }}">{{ reply.text|safe}}</div><ahref="#">回复</a></div>{%endfor%}</div>{%empty%}<spanid='no_comment'>暂无评论</span>{%endfor%}</div></div>

// 判断是 评论 还是 回复， 不同的插入位置的// 没指定#reply_comment_id 就是评论， 回复是指定回复某一条的if($('#reply_comment_id').val()=='0'){// 插入评论varcomment_html='<divpl-c1">+data['pk']+'"> \    <span>'+data['username']+'</span> \    <span>('+data['comment_time']+'):</span>\    <divpl-c1">+data['pk']+'">'+data['text']+'</div> \    <a href="#">回复</a></div>';$('#comment_list').prepend(comment_html);}else{// 插入回复varreply_html='<div><span>'+data['username']+'</span> \    <span>('+data['comment_time']+'):</span> \    <span> 回复 </span> \    <span>'+data['reply_to']+': </span> \    <divpl-c1">+data['pk']+'">'+data['text']+'</div> \    <a href="#">回复</a></div>';$('#root_'+data['root_pk']).append(reply_html);}

functionreply(reply_comment_id){// 设置值$('#reply_comment_id').val(reply_comment_id);// 显示回复的哪条varhtml=$('#comment_'+reply_comment_id).html();$('#reply_content').html(html);$('#reply_content_container').show();// 点击回复后，屏幕滚动到评论表单, 并获得焦点,$('html').animate({scrollTop:$('#comment_form').offset().top-60},300,function(){CKEDITOR.instances['id_text'].focus();});}

27.获取评论数和细节处理

# 创建包，和文件# Django_Course/mysite/comment/templatetags/comment_tags.py# vscode  cmd +k  p  复制当前文件的路径fromdjangoimporttemplatefromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.modelsimportContentTypefrom ..modelsimportCommentregister=template.Library()@register.simple_tagdefget_comment_count(obj):content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(obj)# 根据具体对象获取contenttypereturnComment.objects.filter(content_type=content_type,object_id=obj.pk).count(){%loadcomment_tags%}评论({%get_comment_countblog%}

@register.simple_tagdefget_comment_form(obj):content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(obj)form=CommentForm(initial={'content_type':content_type,'object_id':obj.pk,'reply_comment_id':0    })returnform@register.simple_tagdefget_comment_list(obj):content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(obj)comments=comments=Comment.objects.filter(content_type=content_type,object_id=obj.pk,parent=None)returncomments.order_by('-comment_time')# 引用{%get_comment_formblogascomment_form%}{%forfieldincomment_form%}{%get_comment_listblogascomments%}{%forcommentincomments%}

//js 时间戳转当前时间，并格式化显示functionnumFormat(num){return('00'+num).substr(-2);}functiontimeFormat(timestamp){vardatetime=newDate(timestamp*1000);varyear=datetime.getFullYear();varmonth=numFormat(datetime.getMonth())+1;varday=numFormat(datetime.getDate());varhour=numFormat(datetime.getHours());varminute=numFormat(datetime.getMinutes());varsecond=numFormat(datetime.getSeconds());returnyear+'-'+month+'-'+day+' '+hour+':'+minute+':'+second}data['comment_time']=comment.comment_time.timestamp()

div#reply_content_container {border:1px solid#d1d1d1;border-bottom: none;background-color:#f8f8f8;overflow: hidden;padding:1em1em0.5em;}p#reply_title {border-bottom:1px dashed#ccc;padding-bottom:0.5em;}

28.实现点赞功能, 看似简单，内容很多

# Django_Course/mysite/likes/models.pyfromdjango.dbimportmodelsfromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.fieldsimportGenericForeignKeyfromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.modelsimportContentTypefromdjango.contrib.auth.modelsimportUserclassLikeCount(models.Model):content_type=models.ForeignKey(ContentType,on_delete=models.CASCADE)object_id=models.PositiveIntegerField()content_object=GenericForeignKey('content_type','object_id')liked_num=models.IntegerField(default=0)classLikeRecord(models.Model):content_type=models.ForeignKey(ContentType,on_delete=models.CASCADE)object_id=models.PositiveIntegerField()content_object=GenericForeignKey('content_type','object_id')user=models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)liked_time=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)# 总 urls 添加path('likes/',include('likes.urls')),# app  urlspath('like_change',views.like_change,name='like_change')

functionlikeChange(obj,content_type,object_id){varis_like=(obj.getElementsByClassName('active').length==0);console.log(is_like)// 异步提交$.ajax({url:"{% url 'like_change' %}",type:'GET',data:{content_type:content_type,object_id:object_id,is_like:is_like,},cache:false,success:function(data){console.log(data);if(data['status']=='SUCCESS'){// 更新点赞状态varelement=$(obj.getElementsByClassName('glyphicon'));if(is_like){element.addClass('active');}else{element.removeClass('active');}// 更新点赞数量varliked_num=$(obj.getElementsByClassName('liked-num'));liked_num.text(data['liked_num']);}else{alert(data['message']);}},error:function(xhr){console.log(xhr)}});}

div.like {color:#337ab7;cursor: pointer;display: inline-block;padding:0.5em0.3em;}div.like .active{color: red;}

defErrorResponse(code,message):data= {}data['status']='ERROR'data['code']=codedata['message']=messagereturnJsonResponse(data)defSuccessResponse(liked_num):data= {}data['status']='SUCCESS'data['liked_num']=liked_numreturnJsonResponse(data)deflike_change(request):# 获取请求传递的数据# 获取用户，验证用户登录user=request.userifnotuser.is_authenticated:returnErrorResponse(400,'you were not login')content_type=request.GET.get('content_type')object_id=int(request.GET.get('object_id'))try:content_type=ContentType.objects.get(model=content_type)model_class=content_type.model_class()model_obj=model_class.objects.get(pk=object_id)exceptObjectDoesNotExist:returnErrorResponse(401,'object not exist')# 处理数据ifrequest.GET.get('is_like')=='true':# 要点赞print('hi')like_record,created=LikeRecord.objects.get_or_create(content_type=content_type,object_id=object_id,user=user)ifcreated:# 未点赞过，点赞数加1like_count,created=LikeCount.objects.get_or_create(content_type=content_type,object_id=object_id)like_count.liked_num+=1like_count.save()returnSuccessResponse(like_count.liked_num)else:# 已点赞过，不能重复点赞returnErrorResponse(402,'you were liked')else:# 取消点赞ifLikeRecord.objects.filter(content_type=content_type,object_id=object_id,user=user):# 有点赞，取消点赞like_record=LikeRecord.objects.get(content_type=content_type,object_id=object_id,user=user)like_record.delete()# 点赞总数 -1like_count,created=LikeCount.objects.get_or_create(content_type=content_type,object_id=object_id)ifnotcreated:like_count.liked_num-=1like_count.save()returnSuccessResponse(like_count.liked_num)else:returnErrorResponse(404,'data error')else:# 没点赞过，不能取消returnErrorResponse(403,'you were not liked')

# Django_Course/mysite/likes/templatetags/likes_tags.pyfromdjangoimporttemplatefromdjango.contrib.contenttypes.modelsimportContentTypefrom ..modelsimportLikeCount,LikeRecordregister=template.Library()@register.simple_tagdefget_like_count(obj):content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(obj)like_count,created=LikeCount.objects.get_or_create(content_type=content_type,object_id=obj.pk)returnlike_count.liked_num@register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)# 使用模版里面的变量defget_like_status(context,obj):content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(obj)user=context['user']ifnotuser.is_authenticated:return''ifLikeRecord.objects.filter(content_type=content_type,object_id=obj.pk,user=user).exists():return'active'else:return''@register.simple_tagdefget_content_type(obj):content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(obj)returncontent_type.model

{%loadlikes_tags%}// 博客列表中引用点赞({% get_like_countblog%})// 添加点赞功能到评论列表<divclass="like"onclick="likeChange(this, '{% get_content_type comment %}', {{ comment.pk }})"><spanclass="glyphicon glyphicon-thumbs-up {% get_like_status comment %}"></span><spanclass="liked-num">{% get_like_countcomment%}</span></div>// 添加点赞功能回复列表<divclass="like"onclick="likeChange(this, '{% get_content_type reply %}', {{ reply.pk }})"><spanclass="glyphicon glyphicon-thumbs-up {% get_like_status reply %}"></span><spanclass="liked-num">{%get_like_countreply%}</span></div>

29.完善点赞功能

// 定义字符串格式化方法，解决字符串拼接麻烦问题// '{0}+{1}'.format('a', 'b') -> "a+b"String.prototype.format=function(){varstr=this;for(vari=0;i<arguments.length;i++){varstr=str.replace(newRegExp('\\{'+i+'\\}','g'),arguments[i])};returnstr;}// 异步提交$.ajax({url:"{% url 'update_comment' %}",type:'POST',data:$(this).serialize(),// this 即 #comment_formcache:false,success:function(data){// 提交成功后调用的方法, data是后端返回给前端的数据console.log(data);// 如果成功，就插入显示数if(data['status']=='SUCCESS'){// 判断是 评论 还是 回复， 不同的插入位置的if($('#reply_comment_id').val()=='0'){// 插入评论varcomment_html='<div>'+'<span>({2}):</span>'+'<div> {3} </div>'+'<div>'+'<span></span>'+'<span> 0 </span></div>'+'<a href="#">回复</a></div>';comment_html=comment_html.format(data['pk'],data['username'],timeFormat(data['comment_time']),data['text'],data['content_type'])$('#comment_list').prepend(comment_html);...

<!-- Modal --><divclass="modal fade"id="login_modal"tabindex="-1"role="dialog"><divclass="modal-dialog modal-sm"role="document"><divclass="modal-content"><formid="login_modal_form"action=""method="POST"><divclass="modal-header"><buttontype="button"class="close"data-dismiss="modal"aria-label="Close"><spanaria-hidden="true">&times;</span></button><h4class="modal-title"id="myModalLabel">登录</h4></div><divclass="modal-body">{%csrf_token%}{%forfieldinlogin_form%}<labelfor="{{ field.id_for_label }}">{{field.label}}</label>{{ field}}{%endfor%}<spanid="login_modal_tip"class="text-danger"></span></div><divclass="modal-footer"><buttontype="submit"class="btn btn-primary">登录</button><buttontype="button"class="btn btn-default"data-dismiss="modal">关闭</button></div></form></div></div></div>

// 但检查未登录时 显示登录框if(data['code']==400){$('#login_modal').modal('show');// 提交登录请求$('#login_modal_form').submit(function(eventt){event.preventDefault();// 阻止页面提交$.ajax({url:"{% url 'login_for_modal' %}",type:'POST',data:$(this).serialize(),cache:false,success:function(data){if(data['status']=='SUCCESS'){window.location.reload();// 刷新页面}else{$('#login_modal_tip').text('用户名或密码错误');}}});});

deflogin_for_modal(request):login_form=LoginForm(request.POST)data= {}iflogin_form.is_valid():user=login_form.cleaned_data['user']auth.login(request,user)data['status']='SUCCESS'else:data['status']='ERROR'returnJsonResponse(data)

30.导航栏添加用户操作

// 登录状态显示用户名，未登录状态显示登录和注册<ulclass="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">{%ifnotuser.is_authenticated%}<li><ahref="{% url 'login' %}?from={{ request.get_full_path }}">登录</a></li><li><ahref="{% url 'register' %}?from={{ request.get_full_path }}">注册</a></li>{%else%}<liclass="dropdown"><ahref="#"class="dropdown-toggle"data-toggle="dropdown"role="button">{{user.username}}<spanclass="caret"></span></a><ulclass="dropdown-menu"><li><ahref="{% url 'user_info' %}">个人资料</a></li><lirole="separator"class="divider"></li><li><ahref="{% url 'logout' %}?from={{ request.get_full_path }}">退出</a></li></ul></li>{%endif%}</ul>// 用户中心页面<divclass="containter"><divclass="row"><divclass="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1">{%ifuser.is_authenticated%}<h2>{{user.username}}</h2><ul><li>昵称：<ahref="#">修改昵称</a></li><li>邮箱：{%ifuser.email%}{{user.email}}{%else%} 未绑定<ahref="#">绑定邮箱</a>{%endif%}</li><li>上次登录的时间:{{ user.last_login|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s"}}</li><li><ahref="#">修改密码</a></li></ul>{%else%}<span>未登录，跳转到首页....</span><scripttype="text/javascript">window.location.href='/';</script>{%endif%}</div></div></div>