Hinndi, innde mum koRepublic of India, ko leydiAasiya fuɗnaange . Ko leydi jeeɗiɗaɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e wertallo; leydi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe gila 2023; e, gila nde heɓi jeytaare mum e hitaande 1947, demokaraasi ɓurɗo heewde yimɓe e winndere ndee.[1] Ina keeri e maayo Hinndi to bannge worgo, maayo Aarabeeɓe to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, e maayo Bengal to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, ina renndini keeri leydi ePakistaan to bannge worgo;Siin,Nepal, eButaan to bannge worgo; eBanngalteer eMiyanmar to fuɗnaange. E nder geec Hinndi, Hinndi ina ɓadiiSiri Lanka e Maldiif; duuɗe mum Andaman e Nikobar ina ndenndi keeri maayo e Myanmar,Taylande, eIndoneesi .
Neɗɗaŋke hannde oo arii e duunde Hinndi ummoraadeAfrik ko ina wona duuɓi 55 000 jooni. Luttugol maɓɓe, ɓurna fuu nder yaasi bana yaajotooɓe, waɗi nokkuure nden feere feere. Yimɓe ummorii e nder leydi leydi ndii nder hirnaange maayo Indus duuɓi 9,000 ɓaawo, ɓe ɓeydi e nder leydi Indus Valley nder hitaande 2000 BCE.[2] Ha 1200 BCE, feere archaic of Sanskrit, a Indo-European language, haani haandi nder Inde diga woyla hirnaange.[3][4] Yimre maako ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon anndina ɓaawo ɓaawo ɓooyi Hindu'en nder lesdi Hinndi.[5] Ɗemɗe Dravidian en gonnooɗe ko adii ɗuum, lomtinaama e diiwanuuji worgo ɗii.[6] Ha 400 BCE, caste fuɗɗii ɓamtude nder Hinduism, e Buddhism e Jainism fuɗɗii, e anndinaade social orders no hawtaaki e geɗal.[7] Fuu fuɗɗam fuɗɗam haɓɓuki siyasa waɗi Maurya e Gupta Empires.[8] Ɓaare mawɗe ɓurndi e wakkati oon, ammaa darnde rewɓe ɓenni, e ɓeydaaki laatina ɗum goonɗinki. HaSenegaal Indi, laamorde cakaaji ɗon dilli ɗemngal Dravidian e aada diina to laamorde ha Senegaal fuunaaŋge Aasiya.[9]
E nder ujunere hitaande 1re,diine kerecee en,lislaam,diine yahuud en, e diine zoroastrian en mbaɗti sosde e daande maayo Hinndi to bannge worgo e hirnaange. E nder teeminanɗe gadane ujunnaaje ɗiɗmere konuuli juulɓe ummoriiɓe Aasiya hakkundeejo ina njuɓɓina e nder laddeeji worgo leydi Hinndi. Sultanaat Delhi mo ɗum heɓi oo, fawi fuɗnaange leydi Hinndi e nder laylayti renndo lislaam mo yontaaji hakkundeeji. To fuɗnaange leydi Hinndi, laamu Vijayanagara sosi pinal hindu kuuɓtidinngal juutngal. To Punjab, Sikhism feeñii, salii diine juɓɓule. Laamu Mughal fuɗɗii ko e teeminanɗe ɗiɗi yaajde faggudu e jam, e acci lefol mahdi alɗungol. Yaajde seeɗa seeɗa laamu Kompaañ Angalteer Fuɗnaange Hinndi wayli Hinndi faggudu koloñaal kono semmbini njiimaandi mum . Laamu laamu Angalteer fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1858. Hakkeeji fodanooɗi Hinndinaaɓe ɗii ndokkaama seeɗa seeɗa,[10] kono waylooji karallaagal naati, miijooji jamaanu jaŋde e nguurndam renndo ƴettii ɗaɗi. Dille ngenndiyaŋkooje peeñii e nder leydi Hinndi, ko adii e nder laamu Angalteer ngu wonaaYuroopu, kadi ina jogii batte e dille ngenndiyaŋkooje goɗɗe. Teskaama e muñal ngal aldaa e fitinaaji caggal 1920, ngal wonti sabaabu gadano ngam joofnude laamu Angalteer. E hitaande 1947, laamu Hinndi Biritaan feccii e laamuuji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi, laamu Hinndi ɓurngu heewde Hinndu en e laamu Pakistaan ɓurngu heewde juulɓe. Ko ŋakkeende nguura mawnde e eggugol ngol meeɗaa yiyeede ina wondi e feccere ndee.
Leydi Hinndi ko leydi fedde nde gila 1950, ɗon laamo nder sistemu parlementaar demokaraasi. Ɗum woni ummatoore ɗuuɗal, ɗemngal e lenyol ɗuuɗal. Yimɓe India ɓeydi diga 361 miliyaar nder hitaande 1951 haa ɓuri 1.4 miliyaar ha 2023.[11] Nder wakkati maajum, ko'e mum ko'e famɗude dow neɗɗo fuu ɓeydi diga US $64 hitaande to US $2,601, e limngal maako boo daga 16.6% haa 74%. LHinndi laati lesdi ɓurɗo ɓillaare nder 1951,[12] leydi Hinndi laati jawdi mawɗo ɓeydiingo bee saffugo e nokkuure jaɓugo kuugal anndal anndal, bee ɓeydiindi jaɓugo yimɓe.[13] Hinndi ɗon ɓesda limgal laaɓal, ammaa ɗon ɓesdi ɓesdaaki nder jawdi.[14] Ɗum lesdi naawdiyankeeji nukiliyaari ɗon ɗon mari daraja mawɗe nder kuugal konu. Ɗum woodi feccere dow Kashmir bee ɓooyi'en maako, Pakistan e China, ɗe ɗe laaɓataa diga caka karnijum 20.[15] Nder caɗeele ummatoore e jawdi Hinndi ɗon hawta bee haaluji hakkiilo e hakkiilo, nyaamdu ɓii-koore, e ɓeydaaki haaluji hawtaade.[16] Luttuɗe Hinndi ɗon haani e laabi ɗuuɗal nyawuuji nayi.[17] Yimɓe Hinndi, je ɗon laato e haani nder aada maɓɓe, ɗon ɗon jaɓɓa nder nokkuuje ɗo ɓe ɗon ɗowtana.
Siistem kastaaji Hinndi ina waɗi ko heewi e mbaydiiji renndo e ko heewi e keeri renndo tawaaɗi e nder duunde Hinndi. Laabi renndo ina cifaa e ujunnaaje ujunnaaje pelle ndonaandi e nder reedu, ina keewi noddireede jātis, walla "kastaaji".[18] Leydi Hinndi momti tomotaako e hitaande 1950 e ƴettugol doosgal leydi, gila ndeen waɗii sariyaaji goɗɗi luulndiiɗi njiyaagu e eɓɓooji wellitaare renndo. Kono tan, njuɓɓudi ndii ina jokki e doolnude e nder leydi Hinndi, tee ŋakkeende potal, njiyaagu, ceergal, e fitinaaji ina njokki.Iwdiiji kawtuɗi e yontaaji keewɗi ko huunde woowaande e nder leydi Hinndi, hay so tawii noon iwdiiji nukliyeer ina ɓeydoo heewde e nder gure. Ko ɓuri heewde e indinaaɓe ina njogii dewgal mum en ko jibnaaɓe mum en walla mawɓe galleeji mum en woɗɓe mbaɗata ɗum en. Dewgal ina sikkaa ko nguurndam, kadi keewal ceergal ina famzi no feewi, ko famzi fof gooto e ujunere dewgal ina joofna e ceergal.Dewgal sukaaɓe ina heewi, haa teeŋti noon e nder gure teeru; rewɓe heewɓe ina resnda ko adii nde ɓe njottotoo duuɓi 18, ko ɗum woni duuɓi maɓɓe dewgal sariya. Warngooji cukalel rewɓe e nder leydi Hinndi, e warngooji ɓiɗɓe rewɓe ko ɓooyaani koo, ina ngaddana mbaydiiji skewed gender ratios; limoore rewɓe majjuɓe e nder leydi ndi ɓeydiima fotde laabi nay, gila e miliyoŋaaji 15 haa 63 miliyoŋ e nder duuɓi 50 garooji ɗii, ko ɓuri yaawde e ɓeydagol yimɓe e nder oon sahaa gooto.[19] E wiyde wiɗto laamu leydi Hinndi, sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓeydii heen 21 miliyoŋ, ɓe njiɗaa, ɓe keɓataa toppitagol no haanirta nii.[20] Hay so laamu nguu haɗii warngooji cuɓaaɗi e nder renndo ngo, ko ɗum huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi e nder leydi Hinndi, ko ɗum batte ɓurondiral sukaaɓe worɓe e nder renndo jom suudu.[21] Yoɓde njoɓdi, hay so tawii ko ko rewaani laawol, ina heddii e yaajde e nder laabi kalas.[22] Maayɗeele baɗɗe e dokkal, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko e ɓuuɓri jommbaajo, ina ɓeydoo heewde, hay so tawii sariyaaji tiiɗɗi ina kaɓa e dokkal.[23]
Bhutesvara Yakshis, ko mbaydiiji Budisma ummoriiɗi Mathura, 2nd century CE
Rewɓe e sari e nder duɗal janngirde mawɓe to Tamil NaduRewɓe (gila nano haa ñaamo) ina ɓoornii churidar e kameez (e caggal kamera), jeans e sweater, e kameez shalwar pink
Gila e jamanuuji ɓooyɗi haa e gargol jamaanu hannde oo, ko ɓoornungal gaadanteewal ɓurngal yaajde e nder leydi Hinndi ko ɓoornungal. Wonande rewɓe ɗum ƴetti ko mbaadi sari, ko mbaydi gootiri, njuuteendi mum ko yaaruuji keewɗi. Sari oo ko aadaaji ina taarii les ɓanndu e ɓalndu. E mbaadi mum hannde, ina hawra e les, walla petticoat indien, ina tuuree e nder jokkere enɗam ngam ɓeydaade tiiɗde. Kadi ina heewi ɓoorneede e blusa Hinndinkeejo, walla choli, ko kañum woni comci gadani dow ɓanndu, joofnirde sari ndee—ina rewa e dow ɓalndu—ina sudda hakkunde ɓalndu nduu, ina suuɗa mbaydiiji ɓanndu toowndu nduu. Wonande worɓe, njuuteendi mbaydi nanndundi heen kono ɓurndi juutde, hono dhoti, waɗii ko mbaydi les ɓanndu.
Thali, walla ñamri ndi ñaamataa e leydi Hinndi worgo
Fuɗɗoode nyaamdu Hinndinko'en woni nyaamdu nyaamdu ndu'o ɗon nyiɓɓa bana laaɓɗum, e ɗon ɓeyda bee nyaamdu njamndi. Cereal ngal ɗum waɗi ina waawi wonde rice e steamed; chapati, burdo ɓesngu ɓesngu; idli, ko mburu ɓuuɓɗo mo ɓuuɓnaaka; walla dosa, ko panke ɓuuɓɗo.[24] Ko e nder kuuje ɗe ina woodi laaɗe, e nder kuje e nder leɗɗe ɗe ina woodi ko ina woodi ko e ginger e gargoyle, maa e nder kuɗɗe ɗe ina poti hawta e kooriander, kumin, kurkum, cinnamon, cardamon e goɗɗe. Ɓe mbaawataa hawtaago e leɗɗe, reedu, malla leɗɗe. Nder feere feere, ko'e kuuje ɗon hawta nder nder kuuwugo.[25]
Chef tandoor gooto to damal Turkman, Delhi ɓooyɗo, ina waɗaKhameeri roti (mbaydi mburu ɓuuɓndi ndi juulɓe njiylotoo .) Aada Aasiya hakkundeejo soodde mburu e nder galle ina yahdi e Mughal en haa to Hinndi).
↑Lowe 2015, pp.1–2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLowe2015 (help): "It consists of 1,028 hymns (sūktas), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India."
↑Witzel 2003, pp.68–70 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWitzel2003 (help): "It is known from internal evidence that the Vedic texts were orally composed in northern India, at first in the Greater Punjab and later on also in more eastern areas, including northern Bihar, between ca. 1500 BCE and ca. 500–400 BCE. The oldest text, the Rgveda, must have been more or less contemporary with the Mitanni texts of northern Syria/Iraq (1450–1350 BCE); [...] The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is in fact something of atape-recording of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. [...] The RV text was composed before the introduction and massive use of iron, that is before ca. 1200–1000 BCE."
↑Template:Harvard citation no brackets: "The Ṛgveda is one of the four Vedas, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the earliest evidence for what will become Hinduism. [...] Although Vedic religion is very different in many regards from what is known as Classical Hinduism, the seeds are there. Gods like Viṣṇu and Śiva (under the name Rudra), who will become so dominant later, are already present in the Ṛgveda, though in roles both lesser than and different from those they will later play, and the principal Ṛgvedic gods like Indra remain in later Hinduism, though in diminished capacity."
↑Template:Harvard citation no brackets: "The Ṛgveda is one of the four Vedas, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the earliest evidence for what will become Hinduism. [...] Although Vedic religion is very different in many regards from what is known as Classical Hinduism, the seeds are there. Gods like Viṣṇu and Śiva (under the name Rudra), who will become so dominant later, are already present in the Ṛgveda, though in roles both lesser than and different from those they will later play, and the principal Ṛgvedic gods like Indra remain in later Hinduism, though in diminished capacity."
↑"Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent",Encyclopaedia Britannica,archived from the original on 13 August 2019, retrieved15 August 2019,Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinentTemplate:Nbsp... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947.Encyclopaedia Britannica.Archived from the original on 13 August 2019.Retrieved15 August 2019.Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent...has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947.
↑Kapoor, Mudit; Shamika, Ravi (10 February 2014)."India's missing women".The Hindu. Retrieved17 November 2019.In the last 50 years of Indian democracy, the absolute number of missing women has increased fourfold from 15 million to 68 million. This is not merely a reflection of the overall population growth, but rather a worsening of the dangerous trend over time. As a percentage of the female electorate, missing women have gone up significantly — from 13 per cent to approximately 20 per cent
↑Tamang, J. P.; Fleet, G. H. (2009),"Yeasts Diversity in Fermented Foods and Beverages", in Satyanarayana, T.; Kunze, G. (eds.),Yeast Biotechnology: Diversity and Applications, Springer, p.180,ISBN978-1-4020-8292-4,Idli is an acid-leavened and steamed cake made by bacterial fermentation of a thick batter made from coarsely ground rice and dehulled black gram. Idli cakes are soft, moist and spongy, have desirable sour flavour, and is eaten as breakfast in South India. Dosa batter is very similar to idli batter, except that both the rice and black gram are finely grounded. The batter is thinner than that of idli and is fried as a thin, crisp pancake and eaten directly in South India.
↑Jhala, Angma Day (2015),Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India, Routledge, p.70,ISBN978-1-317-31657-2,With the ascent of the Mughal Empire in sixteenth-century India, Turkic, Persian and Afghan traditions of dress, 'architecture and cuisine' were adopted by non-Muslim indigenous elites in South Asia. In this manner, Central Asian cooking merged with older traditions within the subcontinent, to create such signature dishes as biryani (a fusion of the Persian pilau and the spice-laden dishes of Hindustan), and the Kashmiri meat stew of Rogan Josh. It not only generated new dishes and entire cuisines, but also fostered novel modes of eating. Such newer trends included the consumption of Persian condiments, which relied heavily on almonds, pastries and quince jams, alongside Indian achars made from sweet limes, green vegetables and curds as side relishes during Mughlai meals.
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