Banngladesh koleydi e nderAasiyafuɗnaange. Ko leydi go’aɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e winndere ndee, e nder leyɗeele ɓurɗe heewde yimɓe, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 171 miliyoŋ neɗɗo e nder wertallo 148,460 kiloomeeta kaaree (57,320 miil kaaree). Bangladesh ina renndini keeri leydi e Indiya to fuɗnaange, hirnaange, e fuɗnaange, e Myanmar to fuɗnaange-rewo. Ina jogii daande maayo Bengal to bannge worgo mum, ina seerti e Butaan e Nepal ko e laawol Siliguri, e Siin ko e dowla Sikkim to bannge worgo mum. Dakaar, laamorgo e wuro ɓurngo mawnude, woni cakaare politik, kaalis, e pinal ngenndi ndii. Chittagong woni wuro ɗiɗaɓo ɓurngo mawnude e porto ɓurɗo heewde yimɓe e nder leydi ndi.
Leydi Bangladesh hannde ndii ko nokku cemmbinɗo laamuuji Buddhist e Hindu keewɗi e nder daartol ɓooyngol. Caggal nde juulɓe keɓi leydi ndii e hitaande 1204, diiwaan oo yi’i laamu Sultanaat e Mughal.[1] E jamaanu Mughal, haa teeŋti noon e les njiimaandi Bengal Subah, diiwaan oo yalti ko e nokkuuji ɓurɗi alɗude e njulaagu e nder laamu nguu, anndiraaɗo ƴellitaare njulaagu mbaylaandi e ndema. Hare Plassey e hitaande 1757 woni fuɗɗoode laamu koloñaal Angalteer e nder teeminanɗe ɗiɗi garooje ɗee. Caggal feccere leydi Indiya Biritanik e hitaande 1947, Fuɗnaange Bengal wonti bannge fuɗnaange e ɓurɗo heewde yimɓe e Dominion Pakistaan keso oo, caggal ɗuum innde mum wayliima wonti Fuɗnaange Pakistaan. Caggal ko ina ɓura duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi njiimaandi politik e njiyaagu njuɓɓudi ummoraade e laamu Pakistaan hirnaange, Pakistaan fuɗnaange heɓi wolde nder leydi e hitaande 1971; haa jooni ina addana ɗum hare ngam heɓde jeytaare. Mukti Bahini, e ballal konu Inndo, waɗii njiimaandi kaɓirɗe; e dow ballal warngooji, Bangladesh wonti leñol njiimaandi ñalnde 16 desaambar 1971. Caggal jeytaare mum, Sheek Mujibur Rahman ardii leydi ndii haa o waraa e hitaande 1975. Caggal ɗuum, hooreejo leydi ndii rokkaama Ziaur Rahman, mo kanko e hoore makko waraa e hitaande 1980 Huseyn Muhammadu Ershad, mo laamu fooli e nder fitinaaji mawɗi e hitaande 1990. Caggal demokaraasi e hitaande 1991, «hare Begum en» hakkunde Khaleda Zia e Sheek Hasina, siifi politik leydi ndii e nder duuɓi capanɗe tati garooji ɗii. Hasina fooli laamu e nder fitinaaji mawɗi ɗi almudɓe ardii e lewru ut 2024, laamu nguu sosaa, ngu Muhammad Yunus, keɓɗo njeenaari Nobel ardii.
Bangladesh ko leydi parlemaa ngootiri tuugiindi e njuɓɓudi Westminster. Ko leydi hakkundeeri ndi faggudu mum woni ɗiɗaɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e Asii fuɗnaange. Bangladesh woni leydi tataɓiri ɓurndi heewde juulɓe e winndere nde, kadi ko leydi joyaɓiri ɓurndi heewde haaleede e ɗemngal neeniwal. Ko kañum jogii konu tataɓo ɓurngu mawnude e nder Asii fuɗnaange, ko kañum ɓuri waawde wallitde e golle jam Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Ina waɗi diwanuuji jeetati, diiwanuuji 64, e diiwanuuji 495, ko ɗoon woni ladde mangrove ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Kono tan, leydi Bangladesh ina jeyaa e leyɗe ɓurɗe heewde mooliiɓe e nder winndere ndee, tee ina jokki e jogaade caɗeele ko wayi no njulaagu nguura, ŋakkeende jojjanɗe aadee, ŋakkeende kisal politik, ŋakkeende nguura, e batte bonɗe ɗe mbayliigu weeyo addanta. Nde ardii laabi ɗiɗi Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e weeyo, nde jeyaa ko e BIMSTEC, SAARC, OIC e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe.
Mbertudi leydi ndin ko 148.460 km2, jamaa hoɗuɗo e mayri no hewtaynoo fewndo hitaande 2018 yimɓe 161.376.708. Laamorde nden ko Dhaka.
Etimoloji Banngalade ("leydi Bengali") ina waawi rewrude e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20th, nde jimɗi njiimaandi Bengali, ko wayi no Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy mo Rabindranath Tagore winndi, e Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo mo Kazi Nazrul Islam winndi, kuutorii helmere ndee e hitaande 1905 e hitaande 1932.[2] Puɗɗagol e kitaale 1950, ngenndiyankooɓe Bengali ina kuutoroo helmere ndee e nder seppooji politik to Fuɗnaange Pakistaan.
Helmere Bangla ko innde mawnde wonande diiwaan Bengal e ɗemngal Bengali fof. Iwdi helmere Bangla ndee laaɓaani, miijooji ina kollita leñol proto-Dravidian en jamaanu njamndi,[3] e Laamu Vanga jamaanu njamndi.[4] Kuutoragol helmere ndee ko adii fof ko lefol Nesari e hitaande 805 caggal Iisaa. Helmere Vangala Desa ndee ina tawee e binndanɗe Inndo fuɗnaange teeminannde 11th.[5][6] Helmere nde heɓi darnde laamu e jamaanu Sultanaat Bengal e teeminannde 14th.[7][8] Shamsudin Ilyas Shah hollitii hoore mum ko "Shah Bangala" gadano e hitaande 1342.[6] Konngol Bangāl wonti innde ɓurnde heewde e diiwaan oo e jamaanu lislaam.[9] Daartol Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubaarak mo teeminannde 16th siftinii e nder deftere mum Ain-i-Akbari wonde ɓeydugol suffix "al" ummorii ko e wonde rajah en ɓooyɓe leydi ndii ina ƴetta tufɗe leydi e nder nokkuuji lesɗi to les tule ceene ɗe mbiyaten "al". Ɗumɗoo ina haalee kadi e nder deftere Gulam Huseyn Salim nde o winndi.[10]
Bangladesh ina joginoo 169,8 miliyoŋ neɗɗo e binnditagol 2022, ɗum ɓeydiima haa 171,4 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2023. Ko leydi go’aɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e winndere nde, leydi joyaɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Aasi, e leydi mawndi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e winndere nde, tawi ko 1 265 neɗɗo/km2 e hitaande 2020.[11] Hakindo jibinannde (TFR) e nder leydi Bangladesh, nde wonnoo ko e ɓurɗe toowde e winndere ndee, ina famɗi no feewi, gila e 5,5 e hitaande 1985 haa 3,7 e hitaande 1995, haa 1,9 e hitaande 2022,[12] ko les jibinannde lomtinande 2,1.[13] Ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe leydi ndii ina nguuri e gure teeru, tawi ko 40% tan nguuri e nder gure teeru haa hitaande 2023.[14] Bangladesh ina jogii duuɓi hakkundeeji ko ina tolnoo e duuɓi 28, tawi 26% e yimɓe leydi ndii ina njogii duuɓi 14 walla ko ɓuri ɗum,[15] e 6% tan ina njogii duuɓi 65 e ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande 2023.[16]
Bangladesh ko renndo ngootaagu e leƴƴi e pinal, sibu Bengali en ina mbaɗi 99% e yimɓe leydi ndii. Yimɓe Adivasi en ina mbaɗi Chakma en, Marma en, Santhal en, Mros en, Tanchangya en, Bawm en, Tripuri en, Khasi en, Kumi en, Kuki en, Garos en, e Bisnupriya en Manipur en. Diiwaan Chittagong Hill Tracts heɓi jiiɓru e fitinaaji tuggi 1975 haa 1997 e nder dille ndimaagu yimɓe mum. Hay so tawii nanondiral jam siynaama e hitaande 1997, diiwaan oo ina heddii e militeer en.[17] Pakistaannaaɓe haalooɓe ɗemngal Urdu, ɓe ngoni ko e ɓiyleydaagu, ɓe ndokkaama ɓiyleydaagu e hitaande 2008.[18] Bangladesh kadi ina jaɓɓoo ko ina tolnoo e 700,000 mooliiɗo Rohingya gila 2017, ɗum noon ina jeyaa e leyɗeele ɓurɗe heewde mooliiɓe e nder winndere nde.[19]
Shaheed Minar, woni monimaaji ngenndiiji to Dakaar, sosaaɗi ngam siftorde martabaaji dillere ɗemngal Bengali e hitaande 1952, ko maande ngenndiyaŋkaagal Bengali.
Ɗemngal laawɗungal e ɓurngal heewde e leydi Bangladesh ko ɗemngal Bengali, ngal ko ɓuri 99% e yimɓe leydi ndii kaalata ko ɗemngal mum en neeniwal.[20][21] Bengali ina siforee no jokkondire ɗemɗe ɗo ɗemɗe ceertuɗe kaaleteeɗe e nder leydi ndii fof. Won diglossia ɗo ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe mbaawi faamde walla haalde e ɗemngal Bengali Standard Colloquial, e ɗemngal mum en diiwaan walla ɗemngal mum en.[22] Ina jeyaa e ɗeen ɗemɗe Chittagonian kaaleteeɗe e diiwaan fuɗnaange-rewo Chittagong,[23] Noakhali kaaleteeɗo e diiwaan fuɗnaange-rewo Noakhali[24][25] e Sylheti kaaleteeɗo e diiwaan fuɗnaange-rewo Sylhet.[26]
Engele ina jogii darnde mawnde e nder geɗe ñaawoore e jaŋde leydi Bangladesh, sabu daartol leydi ndii e nder laamu Biritaan. Nde haalaama no feewi, nde faamee, nde janngetee ko e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde, e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde, tawa kadi ko e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ɗemngal Inngila ina heewi tawtoreede.[27]
Ɗemɗe leƴƴi, hay so ina ɓeydoo ustaade, ina jeyaa heen ɗemngal Chakma, ɗemngal goɗngal gonngal e Fuɗnaange Indo-Aryan, ngal leñol Chakma en kaalata.[28] Woɗɓe ɓee ko Garo en, Meitey en, Kokborok e Rakhiin en. E nder ɗemɗe Otiris, ɓurɗe haaleede ko ɗemngal Santali, jibinannde leñol Santal.[29] Pakistaannaaɓe jolnooɓe e won e taƴe Dakaanaaɓe ɓooyɓe ina keewi huutoraade ɗemngal Urdu ngam wonde ɗemngal mum en neeniwal. Haa jooni, kuutoragol ɗiɗaɓol ngol ina heddii e ñaaweede no feewi.[30]
Lislaam woni diina leydi Bangladesh.[31] Kono kadi doosgal leydi ndii ina jokki e ƴellitde diineeji ɗii fof, ina ɗaɓɓi kadi potal hakkeeji diineeji ɗii. Kala ɓiɗɗo leydi ina jogii ndimaagu rewde kala diine.
Lislaam woni diina ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi ndii, ina rewi heen fotde 91.1% e yimɓe leydi ndii. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɓɓe leydi Bangladesh ko juulɓe Bengali, jokkuɓe e lislaam sunnit en.[32] Leydi ndi'i woni lesdi tataɓiri ɓurdundi ɗuuɗugo julɓe nder duuniyaaru, nden boo woni lesdi nayaɓiri ɓurdundi ɗuuɗugo juulɓe nder duuniyaaru fuu.[33]
Hinndu'en Bengali'en woni diina ɗiɗaɓo nder lesdi ndi'i, nden boo kamɓe ngoni tataɓere ɓurdunde mawnugo nder ummaatoore Hindu'en nder duuniyaaru. E binnditagol 2022, Hinndu en ina mbaɗi 7,95% e yimɓe leydi ndii fof.[34] E binnditagol 2011, Hinndu en ina mbaɗi 8,54% e yimɓe leydi ndii.
Buddhist woni diina tataɓo ɓurɗo reweede, ko 0,6% tan e yimɓe leydi ndii njokki ɗum. Buddhist en Bangladesh ina keewi e nder leƴƴi leƴƴi e nder nokkuuji tufɗe Chittagong e nder Buddhist en Bengali en seeɗa e nder Chittagong, ɓe ɓuri heewde ko tokkude duɗal Theravada.[35]
Kerecee’en woni diinaaji nayaɓi ɓurɗi mawnude e 0,3%, rewi heen ko ɓuri heewde ko Kerecee’en seeɗa Bengali. 0,1% e yimɓe leydi ndii ina kuutoroo diineeji goɗɗi ko wayi no Animism walla ko diineeji ɗi ngalaa.[36]
Koolol aadaaji ina jeyaa heen Pahela Baishakh (hitaande hesere Bengali), woni koolol mawngol pinal Bengali; e juuldeeji jaajɗi.[37] Pohela Falgun hawri ko e ñalngu''Valentine'', ina mawninee e kollirgol jimɗi, jimɗi e golle pinal goɗɗe.[38] Juuldeeji goɗɗi ina mbaɗi Nabonno e Poush Parbon, ɗi mawninta kosam kesam e nder gese.[39] Shakrain ko mawningol hitaande kala, ngol waɗata ko e lewru ɓuuɓndu, waɗata ko e darorɗe lewru Poush, lewru nayaɓuru e limlebbi Bengali. Koolol ngol hawri ko e Makar Sankranti mawninaaɗo to leydi Indiya e leydi Nepal.[40]
Mawningol ñalngu nafoore to nokku ciftorgol martiriiji ngenndiiji
E nder juuldeeji diina, juuldeeji ɗiɗi ɓurɗi mawnude e juulɓe ko ɓuri heewde ko juulde Iid al-Fitr, ko juulde lewru Ramadaan—e Iid al-Adha, ko juulde kirse.[41] Iiduuji ɗii fof ina mawninee e ñalɗi ɓurɗi juutde e ñalɗi ngenndiiji.[42] Juulde juulɓe woɗnde ina jeyaa heen Mawlid (juulde juulde),[43] Aasura ñalnde sappo lewru Muharram,[44] Chaand Raat,[45] e Shab-e-Barat.[46] Juulde Hindu ɓurnde mawnineede ko Durga Puja.[47] Juuldeeji Hindu mawɗi goɗɗi ina jeyaa heen juulde Kirishna Janmashtami e Ratha Yatra.[48][49] Juulde ɓurnde mawnude e nder leydi ndi fof ko Buddha Purnima, ko juulde jibineede Buddha Gautama.[50] E nder Kerecee’en, ko Natal ɓuri mawnineede.[51]
Juuldeeji ngenndiiji yiɗɓe leydi ina njeyaa heen ñalngu dille ɗemɗe, ñalngu nguu ina mawninee ñalnde 21 Febraayru ngam siftorde martabaaji dille ɗemɗe Bengali e hitaande 1952.[52] Nde UNESCO bayyini ɗum ñalngu ɗemngal neeniwal hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1999.[53] Ñalngu jeytaare ina mawninee ñalnde 26 marse ngam siftorde bayyinaango jeytaare leydi Pakistaan.[54] Ñalngu nasaraaku ina mawninee ñalnde 16 lewru Augost ngam mawninde nasaraaku e wolde ndimaagu leydi Bangladesh.[54] Moɓondiral jamaa ina teskaa e Shaheed Minar e Memorial Martyrs National e nder juuldeeji tati cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam teddinde martiriiji maayɓe.[55][56]
↑"Bangladesh: early history, 1000B.C.–A.D. 1202".Bangladesh: A country study.Library of Congress. September 1988.Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved1 December 2014.Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state ofWest Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal.
↑Keay, John (2000).India: A History.Atlantic Monthly Press. p.220.ISBN978-0-87113-800-2.In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.
↑Rashiduzzaman, M (1998). "Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns".Asian Survey.38 (7): 653–70.doi:10.2307/2645754.JSTOR2645754.
↑Masica, Colin (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.16. "The dialect of Chittagong, in southeast Bangladesh, is different enough to be considered a separate language."
↑Sarwar, Fatina,Noakhali Dialect: Its Prospect of Standardization
