Hello readers, this tutorial explains the in-built functional interfaces (i.e.Consumer<T> andSupplier<T>) introduced in Java8.
1. Introduction
These features are the functional interfaces (i.e. an interface with only one abstract method) which belongs to thejava.util.function package.
1.1 What is Consumer?
Consumer<T> is an in-built functional interface introduced in Java8 in thejava.util.function package. The consumer can be used in all contexts where an object needs to be consumed, i.e. taken as an input and some operation is to be performed on the object without returning any result. A common example of such an operation is printing where an object is taken as input to the printing function and the value of the object is printed. SinceConsumer is a functional interface, hence it can be used as the assignment target for a lambda expression or a method reference.
1.1.1 Function Descriptor of Consumer<T>
Consumer’s function descriptor isT -> (). This means an object of type “T” is input to the lambda with no return value. Let’s see the source code that follows this implementation.
@FunctionalInterfacepublic interface Consumer<T> { void accept(T t); default Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after) { Objects.requireNonNull(after); return (T t) -> { accept(t); after.accept(t); }; }}1.1.2 Advantage
In all scenarios where an object is to be taken as an input and an operation performed on it, the in-built functional interfaceConsumer<T> can be used without the need to define a new functional interface every time.
1.2 What is Supplier?
Supplier<T> is an in-built functional interface introduced in Java8 in thejava.util.function package. The supplier can be used in all contexts where there is no input but an output is expected. SinceSupplier is a functional interface, hence it can be used as the assignment target for a lambda expression or a method reference.
1.2.1 Function Descriptor of Supplier<T>
Supplier’s Function Descriptor isT -> (). This means that there is no input in the lambda definition and the return output is an object of type “T”. Let’s see the source code that follows this implementation.
@FunctionalInterfacepublic interface Supplier<T> { /** * Gets a result. * @return a result */ T get();}1.2.2 Advantage
In all scenarios where there is no input to an operation and it is expected to return an output, the in-built functional interfaceSupplier<T> can be used without the need to define a new functional interface every time.
Now, open up the Eclipse Ide and let’s have a look at a simple code example where theConsumer andSupplier interface is being used.
2. Java8 Consumer and Supplier Example
2.1 Tools Used
We are using Eclipse Oxygen, JDK 8 and Maven.
2.2 Project Structure
Firstly, let’s review the final project structure, in case you are confused about where you should create the corresponding files or folder later!
2.3 Project Creation
This section will demonstrate on how to create a Java-based Maven project with Eclipse. In Eclipse IDE, go toFile -> New -> Maven Project.
In the New Maven Project window, it will ask you to select project location. By default, ‘Use default workspace location’ will be selected. Select the ‘Create a simple project (skip archetype selection)’ checkbox and just click on next button to proceed.
It will ask you to ‘Enter the group and the artifact id for the project’. We will input the details as shown in the below image. The version number will be by default:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.
Click on Finish and the creation of a maven project is completed. If you observe, it has downloaded the maven dependencies and apom.xml file will be created. It will have the following code:
pom.xml
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>Java8ConsumerSupplier</groupId><artifactId>Java8ConsumerSupplier</artifactId><version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version><packaging>jar</packaging></project>
Developers can start adding the dependencies that they want. Let’s start building the application!
3. Application Building
Below are the steps involved in developing this application.
3.1 Java Class Creation
Let’s create the required Java files. Right-click on thesrc/main/java folder,New -> Package.
A new pop window will open where we will enter the package name as:com.jcg.java.
Once the package is created in the application, we will need to create theConsumer andSupplier classes to illustrate the implementation of these functional interfaces in Java8. Right-click on the newly created package:New -> Class.
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A new pop window will open and enter the file name as:ConsumerTest. The consumer implementation class will be created inside the package:com.jcg.java.
Repeat the step (i.e. Fig. 7) and enter the filename as:SupplierTest. The supplier implementation class will be created inside the package:com.jcg.java.
3.1.1 Implementation of Consumer Class
To understand theaccept() method let’s take a look at the example below where I take a list of string values and print them using theprintList() method. Let’s have a look at a simple code example where theConsumer interface is being used.
ConsumerTest.java
package com.jcg.java;import java.util.function.Consumer;public class ConsumerTest {public static void main(String[] args) {System.out.println("E.g. #1 - Java8 Consumer Example\n");Consumer<String> consumer = ConsumerTest::printNames;consumer.accept("C++");consumer.accept("Java");consumer.accept("Python");consumer.accept("Ruby On Rails");}private static void printNames(String name) {System.out.println(name);}}3.1.2 Implementation of Supplier Class
The supplier does the opposite of the consumer i.e. it takes no arguments but it returns some value by calling itsget() method. Do note, theget() method may return different values when it is being called more than once. Let’s have a look at a simple code example where theSupplier interface is being used.
SupplierTest.java
package com.jcg.java;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;import java.util.function.Supplier;public class SupplierTest {public static void main(String[] args) {System.out.println("E.g. #2 - Java8 Supplier Example\n");List<String> names = new ArrayList<String>();names.add("Harry");names.add("Daniel");names.add("Lucifer");names.add("April O' Neil");names.stream().forEach((item)-> {printNames(()-> item);});}private static void printNames(Supplier<String> supplier) {System.out.println(supplier.get());}}Do remember, developers will have to use the ‘JDK 1.8‘ dependency for implementing the functional interfaces in their applications.
4. Run the Application
To run the application, right-click on theConsumerTest or theSupplierTest class,Run As -> Java Application. Developers can debug the example and see what happens after every step!
5. Project Demo
The application shows the following logs as output for theConsumer and theSupplier functional interfaces.
ConsumerTest.java
E.g. #1 - Java8 Consumer ExampleC++JavaPythonRuby On Rails
SupplierTest.java
E.g. #2 - Java8 Supplier ExampleHarryDanielLuciferApril O' Neil
That’s all for this post. Happy Learning!
6. Conclusion
In this tutorial, we looked what theConsumer<T> andSupplier<T> in-built interfaces are, defined in Java8, and what are their main advantage. I hope this article served developers whatever they were looking for.
7. Download the Eclipse Project
This was an example of Consumer and Supplier in Java8.
You can download the full source code of this example here:Java8ConsumerSupplier
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