Australia’s older population from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds presents unique challenges for aged care and public policy due to their varied migration histories, cultural practices, and language barriers. This essay explores the demographic trends, historical migration perspectives, intergenerational dynamics, and health system interactions among older CALD Australians. Cultural nuances significantly influence attitudes towards caregiving, independence, and aged care, highlighting the necessity for culturally competent care models. Policies like the National Ageing and Aged Care Strategy emphasize inclusion, empowerment, and culturally appropriate service delivery. Key challenges include combating ageism, addressing healthcare access disparities, and fostering community engagement. Effective strategies involve culturally tailored interventions, enhanced communication, and proactive policy frameworks. The findings underscore the importance of a collaborative approach between communities, healthcare providers, and policymakers to ensure equitable and inclusive care for CALD populations, promoting dignity, well-being, and cultural preservation among Australia’s diverse elderly communities.

The occurrence of human resource churning results in financial, time and effort losses for organisations, which creates a problem for organisations that lose the most experienced human resources that they have invested in training. The human resources that leave organisations are known as churners. Churning is the costly, time-consuming and difficult process of replacing workers who have left voluntarily. Given the multiplicity of definitions attributed to the subject of churning, we follow the approach that human resource churning is a component of turnover, which is related to analysing the costs associated with voluntary departures. As a result of this problem, this entry was created with the aim of theoretically explaining the effects that the churning of human resources has on organisations of origin. In order to meet this objective, various topics are covered with the aim of characterising churners, their backgrounds and their aspirations, referring to the effect of the mobility of human resources on organisations, in other words, the effect of churning on organisations and the urgent need for action.

The term “urban planning for the contemporary age” describes the process of creating and overseeing urban areas to meet the many complex issues of the current times, such as social justice, climate change, growing urbanisation, and technological advancement. It places a strong emphasis on flexible, inclusive, and progressive approaches that strike a balance between sustainable development and the changing demands of various urban populations. Urban planning, particularly in the contemporary age, is a multidisciplinary discipline that tackles the complexity of contemporary cities that is influenced by social injustices, fast urbanisation, climate change, and technology breakthroughs. This entry paper examines how planners deal with these issues by using flexible, inclusive, and sustainable approaches that strike a balance between community well-being, environmental conservation, and growth. It looks at important topics including incorporating smart technology, building climate impact resilience, and creating inclusive, accessible, and egalitarian urban environments. The conflict between tradition and modernisation is also highlighted in the chapter, underscoring the necessity of creative solutions that protect cultural legacy while meeting contemporary needs. By examining global trends, this study offers insights into how urban planning is changing to satisfy the demands of a dynamic and connected society. The study used a literature review to identify the main areas that are influencing innovation in urban planning. It then delves into discussions on contemporary issues and complexities in shaping urban futures. The main research methods were a literature review and empirical analysis. In the end, it makes the case for rethinking urban futures with an emphasis on resilience, sustainability, and the welfare and well-being of urban residents.