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zich

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Cimbrian

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle High Germansich, fromOld High Germansih, fromProto-West Germanic*sik, fromProto-Germanic*sek, cognate withGermansich.

Pronoun

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zich

Third-person reflexive pronoun:herself,himself,itself,themselves

Etymology 2

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Pronoun

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zich(Sette Comuni)

accusative ofze:them
accusative ofbar:us

Cimbrian personal pronouns
	nominative	accusative	dative
1st person singular	ich	mich	miar
2nd person singular	familiar	du	dich	diar
polite	iart	ach	òich
3rd person singular	m	èar,ar	in,en	iime
f	zi,ze	iar
n	es,is	es,'s	iime
1st person plural	bar, bandare	zich	izàndarn
2nd person plural	iart, iartàndare,artàndare	òich,ach	ogàndarn
3rd person plural	ze,zòi, zandare	zich	innàndarn

References

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“zich” inMartalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974),Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Dutch

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DutchWikipedia has an article on:

zich

Wikipedia^nl

Etymology

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FromMiddle Dutchsich, fromMiddle High Germansich, fromOld High Germansih, fromProto-West Germanic*sik, fromProto-Germanic*sek. Old Dutch did not have a reflexive pronoun (only rarely in early Limburgish texts), but used the normal accusative pronoun (if necessary intensified byselven, cf. Englishhimself). Although the use ofzich in Holland-based Dutch was clearly triggered by written German, this development was assisted by the fact that the south-eastern dialects of Dutch had already adopted certain High German pronoun forms in much earlier times (cf. Limburgishich,mich,dich,zich).

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /zɪx/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation:zich
Rhymes:-ɪx

Pronoun

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zich

(reflexive pronoun)Third person singular and plural reflexive pronoun;himself,herself,itself,themselves,oneself
Hij wastzich. — He washeshimself.
Hij wastzich het gezicht. — He washes his face.
Ieder voorzich. — Every man forhimself.
(reflexive pronoun, formal)Second person singular and plural formal reflexive pronoun;yourself,yourselves
Sloeg uzich in het donker? ―Did you hityourself in the dark?
U kuntzich hier scheren. ―You can shave here.
Vergist uzich niet? ―Aren't you mistaken?
expresses an unintended result with many otherwise non-reflexive and ergative verbs
Hij vielzich een ongeluk — He fell and this resulted in an accident.
Hij lachtezich een bult — He laughed so severely that it left him a hunchback.

Usage notes

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Zich can be used whether the reflexivity of the verb is optional or mandatory. Optionally reflexive verbs can also takezichzelf as reflexive pronoun.
As in English (but unlike German and French), Dutch reflexive pronouns do not expressreciprocity, except dialectally. Reciprocal senses may occur in fixed verb constructions, as in:Ze hebben zichverloofd. (“They have got engaged.”) Such cases are generally explainable by etymology. (In the example, the original sense is “They have promised themselves [to each other].”)
In the formal second person singular and plural,zich alternates withu, e.g.U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronounu, e.g.Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronounu is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular and different from the informal second person singular, e.g.U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Onlyu can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g.Meld u aan! 'Log in!', whereu is the reflexive pronoun.^[1]

Declension

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Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive⁵
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k¹	mij	me	mijn	m'n¹	mijne	me	mijner,mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer,jouws
2nd person archaic orregiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer,uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u,zich⁷	uwer,uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie¹	hem	'm¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner,zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r¹,'r¹,d'r¹	haar	h'r¹,'r¹,d'r¹	hare	zich	harer,haars
3rd person neuter	het	't¹	het	't¹	zijn	z'n¹	zijne	zich	zijner,zijns
3rd person gender-neutral⁸	hen	–	hen	–	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner,huns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons,onze²	–	onze	ons	onzer,onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic orregiolectal⁶	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer,uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u,zich⁷	uwer,uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen³,hun⁴	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner,huns
¹⁾ Not as common in written language. ²⁾ Inflected as anadjective. ³⁾ Inprescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). ⁴⁾ Inprescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). ⁵⁾ Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. ⁶⁾ To differentiate from the singulargij,gelle (object formelle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms aregijlieden andgijlui ("you people").				⁷⁾Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronounu, e.g.Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronounu is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g.U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Onlyu can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g.Meld u aan! 'Log in!', whereu is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, bothu andzich are equally possible, e.g.U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' ⁸⁾ Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term fornon-binary individuals.