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without

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishwithoute,withouten, fromOld Englishwiþūtan(literally“against the outside of”). CompareDutchbuiten(“outside of, without”),Danishuden(“without”),Swedishutan(“without”),Norwegianuten(“without”). Bysurface analysis,with- +‎out.

Superseded non-nativeMiddle Englishsauns,sans(“without”), fromOld Frenchsans,sanz,senz(“without”).

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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without (notcomparable)

  1. (archaic or literary)Outside,externally.
    • 1891,Thomas Hardy,Tess of the d'Urbervilles, volume 1, London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., page18:
      And as each and all of them were warmedwithout by the sun, so each had a private little sun for her soul to bask in; some dream, some affection, some hobby, at least some remote and distant hope which, though perhaps starving to nothing, still lived on, as hopes will.
    • 1900,Ernest Dowson,Benedictio Domini, lines13–14:
      Strange silence here:without, the sounding street
      Heralds the world's swift passage to the fire
    • 1904,Arthur Conan Doyle,The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez, Norton, published2005, page1100:
      I knew that someone had entered the house cautiously fromwithout.
    • 2016,Liu Cixin, translated byKen Liu,Death's End, Tor, translation of死神永生,→ISBN, page236:
      The feeling seemed to come not fromwithout, but from within each body, as though every person had become a vibrating string.
    • 2019 December 8,Supergirl (TV series),season 5,episode 8, "Crisis on Infinite Earths":
      Brainiac: This earthquake is quite literally worldwide.
      Alex Danvers: But the seismic activity [isn't] coming from within the planet, it's coming fromwithout.
  2. Lacking something; failing.
    Being from a large, poor family, he learned to livewithout.
    We've run out of bread; you'll have to dowithout until I can get to the bakeshop.
    Whose can be used with a following noun orwithout.
    • 2019 September 24, Jessie Yeung, “Pope Francis loves nouns but is ‘allergic’ to adjectives”, inCNN‎[1], archived fromthe original on27 September 2019:
      Communication is a kind of beauty, he said – and “beauty manifests itself from the noun itself,without strawberries on the cake.”
  3. (prostitution, euphemistic) Without acondom being worn.
    • 2012, Maxim Jakubowski,The Best British Crime Omnibus:
      “What's within reason?” “Hand-job, blow-job, full sex — straight, full service. Greek, maybe, if you're not too big. Golden shower, if you like, but not reverse. No hardsports. And absolutely nothingwithout.”

Usage notes

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Derived terms

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Preposition

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without

  1. (archaic or literary) Outside of, beyond.
    Antonym:within
    • c.1606 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act III, scene iv]:
      MACBETH: There's blood upon your face.
      FIRST MURDERER: 'Tis Banquo's then.
      MACBETH: 'Tis better theewithout than he within.
    • 1697,Virgil, “The Seventh Book of theÆneis”, inJohn Dryden, transl.,The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […],→OCLC:
      Without the gate / Some drive the cars, and some the coursers rein.
    • 1640,William Lithgow, “The Sixt Part”, inThe Totall Diſcourſe, Of the rare Adventures, and painefull Peregrinations of long nineteene yeares Travailes from Scotland, to the moſt famous Kingdomes in Europe, Aſia, and Affrica […], London: I. Okes, page249:
      From thence we camewithout the Eaſtern gate, (ſtanding on a low Banke, called the daughter ofSyon, that over-toppeth the valley ofIehoſaphat,) unto an immoveable ſtone, upon the which they ſaid St.Stephen was ſtoned to death, the firſt Martyr of the Chriſtian faith; and the faithfull fore-runner of many noble followers.
    • c.1689,Thomas Burnet,The Sacred Theory of the Earth:
      Eternity, before the world and after, iswithout our reach.
    • 1835, William Beckford,Italy: With Sketches of Spain and Portugal, volume 1, page13:
      […] though it was pitch-dark, and we were obliged to be escorted by grooms and groomlings with candles and lanterns; a very necessary precaution, as the winds blew not more violentlywithout the house than within.
    • 1838 [1836], “Constitution of the Republic of Texas”, inLaws of the Republic of Texas, in Two Volumes‎[2], volume 1, Houston, archived fromthe original on8 June 2021, Provisions, page19:
      [...] nor shall any slave holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave or slaves without the consent of congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaveswithout the limits of the republic [of Texas].
  2. Not having, containing, characteristic of, etc.
    Antonym:with
    It was a mistake to leave my housewithout a coat.
    I waswithoutformal education but waswell read and articulate.
    • 1918,W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXII, inThe Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
      From another point of view, it was a placewithout a soul. The well-to-do had hearts of stone; the rich were brutally bumptious; the Press, the Municipality, all the public men, were ridiculously, vaingloriously self-satisfied.
    • 1968 December 8,Henry Cosby,Sylvia Moy,Stevie Wonder, “I’d Be a Fool Right Now”, inFor Once in My Life, performed byStevie Wonder,Tamla Records:
      One day my dreams were surely dying, dying, dying baby
      Just like a flowerwithout rain
    • 1967,Paul McCartney (writer),The Beatles,Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
      Life goes on within you andwithout you.
    • 2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, inThe Economist, volume407, number8842, page55:
      Evenwithout hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema.
    • 2022 September 11, Scott McDonald, quoting PresidentVolodymyr Zelensky, “Cold, Hunger and Darkness in Ukraine 'Not as Terrible' as Russia: Zelensky”, inNewsweek‎[3], archived fromthe original on12 September 2022‎[4]:
      "Read lips:Without gas orwithout you?Without you.Without light orwithout you?Without you.Without water orwithout you?Without you.Without food orwithout you?Without you.
      "Cold, hunger, darkness and thirst are not as terrible and deadly for us as your "friendship and brotherhood."
  3. Not doing or not having done something.
    He likes to eat everythingwithout sharing.
    He shotwithout warning anyone.
    Without noticing it I grew old.
    • 1883,Howard Pyle, chapter V, inThe Merry Adventures of Robin Hood […], New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […],→OCLC:
      But in the meantime Robin Hood and his band lived quietly in Sherwood Forest,without showing their faces abroad, for Robin knew that it would not be wise for him to be seen in the neighborhood of Nottingham, those in authority being very wroth with him.
    • 1892,Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, inThe Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.:Harper & Brothers, […],→OCLC,page16:
      Athelstan Arundel walked home […], foaming and raging.[…] He walked the whole way, walking through crowds, and under the noses of dray-horses, carriage-horses, and cart-horses,without taking the least notice of them.

Synonyms

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Antonyms

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Derived terms

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Translations

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not having

Conjunction

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without

  1. (archaic or dialectal)Unless,except(introducing a clause).

Anagrams

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