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will

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Will

English

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EnglishWikipedia has articles on:
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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishwillen,wullen,wollen, fromOld Englishwillan(“to want”), fromProto-West Germanic*willjan, fromProto-Germanic*wiljaną, fromProto-Indo-European*welh₁-(“to choose, wish”).

Cognates

Cognate withYolaill,weel,well,will,woul,wull(“will”),North Frisianwale,wel(“to want”),Saterland Frisian andWest Frisianwolle(“to want”),Alemannic German andCentral Franconianwelle(“to want”),Cimbrianbéllan,bölln(“to want”),Dutchwillen(“to want”),Germanwollen(“to want”),Low Germanwüllen(“to want; will”),Luxembourgishwëllen(“to want”),Yiddishוועלן(veln,“to want”),Danish andNorwegian Bokmålville(“to want”),Faroese,Icelandic, andSwedishvilja(“to want”),Jamtishvili(“to want; wish”),Norwegian Nynorskvilja,vilje(“want; will”),Gothic𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽(wiljan,“to want”); alsoLatinvelle(“wish”,verb),voleō,volo(“to please, to wish; to want”),Frenchvouloir(“to want”),Italianvolere(“to want”),Irishfleá,fleadh(“feast”),Scottish Gaelicfleadh(“feast”),Welshgwledd(“banquet, feast”),Lithuanianviltis(“to hope; to rely; to expect”),Czechvelet(“to command”),volit(“to choose; to elect”),Polishwoleć(“to prefer”),Russianво́ля(vólja,“freedom”),во́льный(vólʹnyj,“free”),веле́ть(velétʹ,“to command, to enjoin, to order”),Ukrainianволя(volja,“freedom, liberty, will”),вільний(vilʹnyj,“free”),веліти(velity,“to will, to order, to command”),воліти(volity,“to will, to prefer”),Old Armenianգեղձ(gełj,“desire, wish”),Sanskritवृणीते(vṛṇīte),वृणोति(vṛṇoti,“to choose”). The verb is not always distinguishable from Etymology 3, below.

Alternative forms

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Verb

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will (third-person singular simple presentwill,present participlewilling,simple pastwould,no past participle)

  1. (auxiliary)Used to express the future tense, sometimes with an implication ofvolition ordetermination when used in the first person. Compareshall.[from 10th c.]
    Do not forget,will you?
    Will you be doing the shopping this evening? If so,will you do mine too, please?
    Won't you have another glass of wine? No, I think I’ll go to bed.
    Can somebody lend me a hand? ~ Iwill.
    I'm going to quit smoking. I reallywill!
    The Presidentwill arrive at 10.00 -Will she be wanting lunch?
    If youwill come this way, I’ll show you your bedroom.
    If your siswon’t be here on Thu, we’d better cancel the booking. - Iwill pray that she arrives on time.
    That'll be £69.99, please. Last for ever this pair of jeans surewill.
    This breakthroughwill mean that we spend less on the electricity bill.
    We'll finish ours sooner than you (do/will).
    Dad,will you take me to the park?Will you, please? -Will you be quiet! I'm on the phone.
    I'll hold that for you, shall I?
    The babywill surely have green eyes, because both parents have.
    • c.1601–1602 (date written),William Shakespeare, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act IV,(please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:
      Good fool, as ever thouwilt deserve well at my hand, help me to a candle, and pen, ink and paper : as I am a gentleman, Iwill live to be thankful to thee for’t.
    • 1859,Charles Dickens, chapter 4, inA Tale of Two Cities, London:Chapman and Hall, […],→OCLC:
      “Iwill, with your leave, relate to you, miss, the story of one of our customers.”
    • 1958 January, 'Borderer', “Ten Years of British Railways”, inRailway Magazine, page12:
      In the first place, although many people wanted nationalisation and it became the will of Parliament, there were many other people who did not want it, have never willingly accepted it, and neverwill.
  2. (auxiliary) To be able to, to have the capacity to.[from 14th c.]
    Unfortunately, only one of these gloveswill actually fit over my hand.
  3. (auxiliary)Expressing a present tense or perfect tense with some conditional or subjective weakening: "will turn out to", "must by inference".[from 15th c.]
    Hewill be home by now. He always gets home before 6 o'clock.
    I can't find my umbrella. Iwill've left it at home this morning.
    I’ll kill anybody who touches my car.
    • 2007, Edward Jesko,The Polish:
      “Thatwill be five zloty.” I reached into my pocket and came up with some coins.
    • 2012, Penny Freedman,All The Daughters:
      Unless she diverted on the ten minute walk home, she’ll have got home at about half past.
  4. (auxiliary) Tohabitually do (a given action).[from 9th c.]
    Peoplewill talk.
    Iwill fall in love with the wrong womentime and again.
    The shapes of cloudswill often remind us of animals.
    Most nights I'll read a little beforegoing to sleep.
    • 1611,The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […],→OCLC,Luke17:7–8:
      But which of you hauing a seruant plowing, or feeding cattell,will say vnto him by & by when he is come from the field, Goe and sit downe to meate? Andwill not rather say vnto him, Make ready wherewith I may suppe, and gird thy selfe, and serue me, till I haue eaten and drunken: and afterward thou shalt eate and drinke.
      (reflecting similar usage of future in the Greek)
    • 1994, Nelson Mandela,Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, London:Abacus, published2010, page28:
      As young menwill, I did my best to appear suave and sophisticated.
    • 2009, Stephen Bayley,The Telegraph,24 Sep 09:
      How telling is it that many womenwill volunteer for temporary disablement by wearing high heeled shoes that hobble them?
    • 2011, “Connubial bliss in America”, inThe Economist:
      So far neither side has scored a decisive victory, though eachwill occasionally claim one.
  5. (auxiliary) Tochoose oragree to (do something);used to express intention but without any temporal connotations, often in questions and negation.[from 10th c.]
    Will you marry me?
    Whatwill you drink?
    I’ve told him three times, but hewon’t take his medicine.
  6. (now uncommon or literary, transitive) Towish,desire (something).[chiefly 9th–19th c.]
    Do what youwill.
    Godwilled it.
    • c.1450,The Macro Plays:
      If thouwilt fare well at meat and meal, come and follow me.
    • 1601, William Shakespeare,Twelfth Night, or What You Will:
      Twelfe Night, Or what youwill (original spelling)
    • 1611,The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […],→OCLC,Matthew8:2:
      And behold, there came a leper and worshipped him, saying, Lord if thouwilt, thou canst make me clean.
    • 1944, St. Augustine, translated by FJ Sheed,Confessions:
      Grant what Thou dost command, and command what Thouwilt.
  7. (now rare, intransitive) To wish or desire (that something happen); tointend (that).[9th–19th c.]
    Consider,if youwill, the possibility that the sherry glasses were misplaced accidentally.
  8. (archaic) Implyingwill go.
Usage notes
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  • Commonly elided to the clitic'll, andwould also commonly elided to'd. These are also short forshall andshould (among other things).
  • See also the usage notes atshall.
    • Historically,will is used as a future tense auxiliary only with second and third person subjects, whileshall is used with the first person. The intent sense, on the other hand, reverses this, withwill being used with the first person, andshall with the second and third. This distinction may still be upheld by some speakers, especially in the UK, or in legal documents.
    • Today, the person distinction is mostly lost, usually with bothwill andshall being used with interchangeable meaning. In particular,shall is used as a rarer or more archaic synonym ofwill, leaving the distinction between future and intent up to context or stress.
  • Morphologically, the present tense iswill and the past tense iswould. In Early Modern English there was also a past participlewould, but this is now obsolete.
    Malory: ‘Many tymes he myghte haue had her and he had wold’. John Done: ‘If hee had would, hee might easily [...] occupied the Monarchy.’
  • Formerly,go could be elided afterwill along with an adverb expressing destination, e.g. "I'll to her lodgings" (Marlowe). Compare the omission ofgehen in similar situations in modern German (i.e. with an auxiliary and a destination adverb), e.g. "Ich muss in die Schule", lit. "I must in(to) the school".
  • The present participlewilling does not apply to the uses ofwill as an auxiliary verb (those senses have no participles).
  • The form ofwill with the enclitic-n't (or the present tense negative form ofwill in the analysis in which-n't is an inflectional suffix) iswon't(“will not”) (rather than the form that would be expected based on a regular application of-n't,willn't), while the corresponding form of the past tensewould iswouldn't.
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Translations
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to wish or desire—see alsowish,‎desire
indicating future action
See also
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Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishwille, fromOld Englishwilla (compare verbwillian), fromProto-Germanic*wiljô(“desire, will”), fromProto-Indo-European*welh₁-(“to choose, wish”). Cognate withDutchwil,GermanWille,Swedishvilja,Norwegianvilje.

Alternative forms

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Noun

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will (pluralwills)

  1. One's independent faculty ofchoice; the ability to be able to exercise one'schoice orintention.[from 9th c.]
    Of course, man'swill is often regulated by his reason.
  2. The act ofchoosing to do something; a person’s consciousintent orvolition.[from 10th c.]
    Most creatures have awill to live.
    • '1945,E[lizabeth] G[idley] Withycombe, “Introduction”, inThe Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names, Oxford, Oxfordshire:Clarendon Press,→OCLC, page xiii:
      The father chose the name and could change it later at hiswill.
    • 2012 May 27, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “New Kid On The Block” (season 4, episode 8; originally aired 11/12/1992)”, inThe Onion AV Club‎[1]:
      The episode’s unwillingness to fully commit to the pathos of the Bart-and-Laura subplot is all the more frustrating considering its laugh quota is more than filled by a rollicking B-story that finds Homer, he of the iron stomach and insatiable appetite, filing a lawsuit against The Frying Dutchman when he’s hauled out of the eatery against hiswill after consuming all of the restaurant’s shrimp (plus two plastic lobsters).
  3. One'sintention ordecision; someone's orders or commands.[from 9th c.]
    Eventually I submitted to my parents'will.
    • 1958 January, 'Borderer', “Ten Years of British Railways”, inRailway Magazine, page12:
      In the first place, although many people wanted nationalisation and it became thewill of Parliament, there were many other people who did not want it, have never willingly accepted it, and never will.
  4. Firmity ofpurpose,fixity ofintent
    Synonyms:determination,firmness,resoluteness,resolve
    • 1998, John Skorupski,, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Mill, John Stuart (1806–73):
      Thus Mill’s case for the claim that happiness is the sole human end, put more carefully, is this: ‘Whatever is desired otherwise than as a means to some end beyond itself, and ultimately to happiness, is desired as itself a part of happiness, and is not desired for itself until has become so’ (1861a: 237). Nothing here assumed Hume’s view that every action must ultimately flow from an underived desire. That is a quite separate issue, and Mill’s view of it is closer to that of Kant or Reid than to that of Hume. He insists ‘positively and emphatically’ thatthewill is a different thing from desire; that a person of confirmed virtue, or any other person whosepurposes are fixed, carries out his purposes without any thought of the pleasure he has in contemplating them, or expects to derive from their fulfilment. (1861a: 238)This distinction between purpose and desire is central to Mill’s conception of thewill. When we develop purposes we can will against mere likings or aversions: ‘In the case of an habitual purpose, instead of willing the thing because we desire it, we often desire it only because we will it’ (1861a: 238). Every action is caused by a motive, but not every motive is a liking or aversion: When the will is said to be determined by motives, a motive does not mean always, or solely, the anticipation of a pleasure or of a pain….A habit of willing is commonly called a purpose; and among the causes of our volitions, and of the actions which flow from them, must be reckoned not only likings and aversions, but also purposes. (1843: 842)The formation of purposes from desires is the evolution ofwill; it is also the development of character. Mill quotes Novalis: ‘a character is a completely fashioned will’ (1843: 843).
    • 2015, Dr. Harlan K. Ullman,Huffington Post 31 May 2015., "Winston Spencer Ghani":
      ...surely the link could not have been with Churchill the brilliant, gallant and steadfast wartime leader who, by dint of character,will and language, turned near defeat into victory.
  5. (law) A formal declaration of one's intent concerning the disposal of one's property and holdings after death; thelegal document stating such wishes.[from 14th c.]
    Synonyms:testament,last will,last will and testament
    • 1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, chapter 1, inWell Tackled!‎[2]:
      “Uncle Barnaby was always father and mother to me,” Benson broke in; then after a pause his mind flew off at a tangent. “Is old Hannah all right—in thewill, I mean?”
  6. (archaic) That which is desired; one's wish.[from 10th c.]
  7. (archaic)Desire,longing. (Now generally merged with later senses.)[from 9th c.]
    He felt a greatwill to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
Derived terms
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Collocations
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(conscious intent or volition):

  • a strongwill
Descendants
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Translations
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one's independent faculty of choice
intention or decision
act of choosing to do something; conscious intent or volition
legal document—seetestament
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 3

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FromMiddle Englishwillen, fromOld Englishwillian(“to will”), fromProto-West Germanic*willjōn(“to will”), fromProto-Indo-European*welh₁-(“to choose, wish”). Cognate withGerman Low Germanwillen,Germanwillen. The verb is not always distinguishable from Etymology 1, above.

Verb

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will (third-person singular simple presentwills,present participlewilling,simple past and past participlewilledor(rare)would)

  1. (transitive, intransitive) Toinstruct (that something be done) in one's will.[from 9th c.]
  2. (transitive) Tobequeath (something) to someone in one's will (legal document).[from 15th c.]
    Hewilled his stamp collection to the local museum.
  4. (transitive) To exert one's force of will (intention) in order to compel, or attempt to compel, something to happen or someone to do something.[from 10th c.]
    All the fans werewilling their team to win the game.
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Translations
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to bequeath

See also

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Cahuilla

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Etymology

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FromProto-Uto-Aztecan*wip.

Noun

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wíll

  1. fat,grease

German

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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will

  1. first/third-personsingularpresent ofwollen

Old English

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Noun

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will m

  1. alternative form ofwiell

Polish

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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will f

  1. genitiveplural ofwilla

Yola

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Verb

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will

  1. alternative form ofwoul(“will”)
    • 1867,GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page59:
      Notewill wee dra aaght to-die?
      I don't knowwill we draw any to-day?
    • 1867, “BIT OF DIALOGUE”, inSONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page111:
      Caulèswill na get to wullaw to-die.
      Horseswill not get to wallow to-day.

Noun

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will

  1. alternative form ofwoul(“will”)
    • 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, inSONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page106:
      Ich aam goan maake meewill.
      I am going to make mywill.

References

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  • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor,A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published1867,page59
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