FromProto-West Germanic*wesan, fromProto-Germanic*wesaną, fromProto-Indo-European*h₂wes-.

wesan

1. tobe

• Middle Dutch:wēsen
  • Dutch:wezen
    • Afrikaans:wees
    • Jersey Dutch:wêze
    • Negerhollands:wees,wis
  • Limburgish:waeze

• “wesan”, inOudnederlands Woordenboek,2012

• weosan —Anglian
• wosa,wossa —Northumbrian, Lindisfarne Gospels
• wesa —Mercian, Rushworth Gospels, hapax legomenon

FromProto-West Germanic*wesan, fromProto-Germanic*wesaną, fromProto-Indo-European*h₂wes-.

The simple present forms originate fromProto-Indo-European*h₁es-(“to be”), which had no infinitive or past tense in Proto-Germanic, but had already formed a single paradigm with*wesaną supplying the infinitive and past tense.

• IPA^(key): /ˈwe.sɑn/,[ˈwe.zɑn]

wesan

1. tobe,exist
   • late 9th century,King Alfred'stranslation ofThe Consolation of Philosophy

     Þā cwæþ hē, "Wāst þū hwæt mannsīe?" Þā cwæþ iċ, "Iċ wāt þæt hit biþ sāwol and līchama."

     Then he said, "Do you know what a personis?" So I said, "I know it's a soul and a body."

   • c. 990,Wessex Gospels,John 9:12

     Þā cwǣdon hīe tō him, "Hwǣris hē?" Þā cwæþ hē, "Iċ nāt."

     Then they said to him, "Whereis he?" And he said, "I don't know."

• The verbsbēon andwesan both mean tobe, but in different circumstances.Wesan is used for the present tense in most contexts. For the future and for what is known as the "gnomic present",bēon is used; see it for more information.
• Bothbēon andwesan are copulative verbs, which means they are not transitive and do not take a direct object. Because of this, predicate nouns and adjectives will be in thenominative case. For example:Hēois iċ ("Sheis I"), not*Hēois mē ("Sheis me").
• In the Anglian dialects, the present plural indicative formearon occurred alongside thesind/sindon forms. This may have been due to influence or loaning from the Old Norse cognatevera/vesa, or it may be an earlier native form that was lost entirely in the southern dialects.
• A regularised present plural indicative formwesaþ is also attested a few times. Thishypercorrect form may have been influenced by the imperative plural (which was identical to the present plural indicative in typical strong and weak verbs), or perhaps the infinitive.

• bēon

• ætwesan(“to be present”)
• forewesan(“to be before”)
• ġewesan(“to be together”)
• wist(“being”)

FromProto-West Germanic*wesan, fromProto-Germanic*wesaną(“to consume, feast”), derived fromProto-Indo-European*wes-(“to graze”).^[1] The only (possible) attestation is in the formweaxan in line 3115 ofBeowulf, argued to be a misspelling ofweosan.^[2]

• IPA^(key): /ˈwe.sɑn/,[ˈwe.zɑn]

wesan

1. toconsume orfeast
   • c.1000,Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV)‎^[2], lines3114-15:

     "Nū sceal glēd fretan (weaxan wonna lēg) ⁠wigena strengel [...]"

     “Fire shall devour (and wan flamesfeed) on the fearless warrior [...]"

• The precise verb class is unknown. It is shown here according to what would be its etymologically inherited form, a class 5 strong verb.

• >? Middle English:wesen(“to tend flocks, pasture”)

FromProto-West Germanic*wōsijan, fromProto-Germanic*wōsijaną, from*wōsą.

• IPA^(key): /ˈweː.sɑn/,[ˈweː.zɑn]

wēsan

1. tosoak; tomacerate; todye
2. toooze

• wēsa
• wēsing

• wōs

• Middle English:wesen
  • English:weeze
  • Scots:weese,weeze,wease

• John R. Clark Hall (1916), “wesan”, inA Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎^[3], 2nd edition, New York:Macmillan, page350
• Joseph Bosworth;T. Northcote Toller (1898), “wesan”, inAn Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford:Oxford University Press.

• sīn(less common infinitive, but became common over time)

FromProto-West Germanic*wesan, fromProto-Germanic*wesaną, fromProto-Indo-European*h₂wes-.

wësan

1. tobe,exist

• giwësan(past participle)(in some descendants, the strong-en ending was replaced by the weak-t ending, or elided)
  • Central Franconian:jewäs
  • Cimbrian:gabéest,gebest
  • German:gewesen
  • Hunsrik:gewees,geweest
  • Luxembourgish:gewiescht
  • Pennsylvania German:gewest

• Middle High German:wësen
  • Alemannic German:si,sii,siin,sinh,ŝchi

    Swabian:

  • Bavarian:sain

    Cimbrian:sain,soin,zèinan

    Mòcheno:sai'

    Northern Bavarian: [z̥ai̯]

  • Central Franconian:sein,senn,sinn

    Hunsrik:sin

    Luxembourgish:sinn

  • East Central German:

    Erzgebirgisch: [saɪ]

    Upper Saxon German:

    Vilamovian:zajn

  • East Franconian:
  • German:sein(all forms);Wesen
  • Rhine Franconian:sei,senn,sinn

    Frankfurterisch: [sɑ̃ɪ]

    Pennsylvania German:sei

  • Yiddish:זײַן(zayn)

FromProto-West Germanic*wesan, fromProto-Germanic*wesaną, fromProto-Indo-European*h₂wes-. The forms inb- derive fromProto-Germanic*beuną(“to be, exist, become”), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰuH-(“to grow, become, appear”).

wesan

1. tobe

• sīn(rare infinitive)

• Middle Low German:wēsen,sîn
  • Dutch Low Saxon:waen
  • German Low German:wesen,ween

FromEnglishwhitesand.

wesan

1. sand

• nambis

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