Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
6
Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
7
Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous).
8
Traditional grammars still indicate the formsegli (animate),ello /ella (animate),esso /essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliqueslui,lei,loro.
9
Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo,la,li,le, orne).
10
Used after verbs.
11
Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dativeloro /Loro), others enclitically (-mi,-ti, etc.).
12
Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come,quanto, etc.); also used witha to create alternative emphatic dative forms.
Ma pa no ilcandalizzalli, vai a mari, e getta l’amu: e piglia lu primu pesciu, chi n’alzarà: e abbrendili la boccav’hai a incuntrà un iltateri: pigliannilu, e paga pal me, e pal te.
But, so as to not cause them indignation, go to the sea, and cast the hook; and take the first fish that comes up; and, opening its mouth,there you will find astater; take it, and pay for me, and for yourself.
1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Ulisse [Ulysses]”, inLa poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page51:
Raramentivi fàrani pizoni, si sò abbramiddi, pa’ zirchà ricattu.
Birds seldom glidethere, if they are hungry, to look for food.
E li dizisi: Viniddi dareddu a me, evi aggiu a fà pilcadori d’ omini.
And he said to them: "Come after me, and I will makeyou fishers of men.
1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Puisia [Poem]”, inLa poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page19:
[…] un’oasi prupizia pa’ pudé / cu lu pientu annittavvi da li fàuri / chivi sò già incighendi.
A propitious oasis, so I can cleanse you with my tears from the lies that are already blindingyou.
The clitic dative forms in the plural correspond to theOld Church Slavonicвꙑ(vy) andOld Church Slavonicнꙑ(ny). However, it has primarily been attested in rural areas, most notably across Montenegro, where it has been preserved and is still in use. Cognates includeBulgarianви(vi) andBulgarianни(ni), where it has been preserved even in the accusative case.
Skavi gå hem till dig eller hem till mig, ellervar och en hem till sitt? Skavi göra som dom andra ochägna oss åt varandra, eller ska var och en sköta sitt?
Shallwe go to your place ["home to you" – idiomatic] or to my place [home to me], or each one ["each and one" – idiomatic] home to theirs [nominalized – neuter gender is used when there is no concretereferent, like in impersonal constructions and here, as a rule of thumb]? Shallwe do like the others and spend time on each other [engage in each other as an activity – doesn't have the connotations of "devote"], or shall each one mind [take care of] theirs [nominalized]?
Det finns bara en av mig och det är jag. Det finns bara en av dig och det är du. Det finns bara två av oss, och det ärvi.
There is only one of me and that is I. There is only one of you [object] and that is you [subject]. There are only two ofus, and that isus [we – subject]. [Swedish has some of the same subject/object fuzziness as English, but a standalone "Det är <pronoun>" idiomatically (through intuition rather than being taught) uses the subject form]
A standalone "That is us" is idiomatically "Det är vi" rather than "Det är oss." Compare "That is I" in (taught) English, which also uses the subject form. See the quotations above for an example.
