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under

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:ûnderandunder-

English

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishunder, fromOld Englishunder, fromProto-West Germanic*undar, fromProto-Germanic*under, from a merger ofProto-Indo-European*h₁n̥dʰér(under) and*h₁entér(inside).

Akin toGermanunter,Dutchonder, Danish andNorwegianunder; alsoOld High Germanuntar(under),Sanskritअन्तर्(antar,within),Latininfrā(below, beneath) andinter(between, among).

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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The pepper isunder (sense 1) the rectangle

under

  1. Beneath;below; at or to thebottom of, or the areacovered orsurmounted by.
    We found some shadeunder a tree.
    Quick, stuff the cashunder the mattress!
    There is nothing newunder the sun.
    There is an oil leakunder the car.
    • 1922 October 26,Virginia Woolf, chapter 1, inJacob’s Room, Richmond, London: [] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at theHogarth Press,→OCLC; republished London: The Hogarth Press,1960,→OCLC:
      The little boys in the front bedroom had thrown off their blankets and layunder the sheets.
    • 1963,Margery Allingham, chapter 14, inThe China Governess: A Mystery, London:Chatto & Windus,→OCLC:
      Nanny Broome was looking up at the outer wall.  Justunder the ceiling there were three lunette windows, heavily barred and blacked out in the normal way by centuries of grime.
    • 2013 June 29, “High and wet”, inThe Economist, volume407, number8842, page28:
      Floods in northern India, mostly in the small state of Uttarakhand, have wrought disaster on an enormous scale.[]Rock-filled torrents smashed vehicles and homes, burying victimsunder rubble and sludge.
    1. Below thesurface of.
  2. From one side of to the other, passing beneath.
    I crawledunder the fence.
    There is a tunnelunder the English Channel.
  3. Less than.
    Interest rates are nowunder 1%.
    We can get there inunder an hour.
  4. Subject to.
    We were constantlyunder bombardment.
    I can't liveunder these circumstances.
    The matter isunder investigation.
    1. Subordinate to; subject to the control of; in accordance with; in compliance with.
      He served in World War IIunder General Omar Bradley.
      During the pandemic, we had to liveunder severe restrictions.
      Under the law and concession agreement with other parties, the private company must pay taxes in time and on a right amount.
      • 1987, Arthur C. Hasiotis, Jr.,Soviet Political, Economic, and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949[2],Garland Publishing,→ISBN,→LCCN,→OCLC,page62:
        There is general agreement that his military forces were organized into six divisions. They were stationed at the following places: at Ti-huaunder the command of Liu Hsi-tsen, at T'a-ch'engunder Chiang Sung-lin, at Iliunder Niu Shih, at A-shanunder Wei Chen-kuo, at A-k'o-suunder Chang Tzu-t'ing, and at Ko-shih-ko-erh (Kashgar) nominallyunder Tsou-ying, but in realityunder Chin's brother, Chin Shu-chih.
      • 2012 May 5, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, inBBC Sport[3]:
        He was then denied by a magnificent tackle from captain Terry as Liverpool continued to press - but Chelsea survived as the memories of the nightmareunder Villas-Boas faded even further into the background.
      • 2011 December 14, Angelique Chrisafis, “Rachida Dati accuses French PM of sexism and elitism”, inGuardian[4]:
        Dati launched a blistering attack on the prime minister, François Fillon,under whom she served as justice minister, accusing him of sexism, elitism, arrogance and hindering the political advancement of ethnic minorities.
  5. Within the category, classification or heading of.
    File thisunder "i" for "ignore".
  6. (figuratively) In the face of; in response to (some attacking force).
    • 2011, Tom Fordyce,Rugby World Cup 2011: England 12-19 France[5]:
      England's World Cup dreams fell apartunder a French onslaught on a night when their shortcomings were brutally exposed at the quarter-final stage.
    to collapseunder stress; to give inunder interrogation
  7. Using or adopting (a name, identity, etc.).
    • 2013, The Huffington Post,JK Rowling Pseudonym: Robert Galbraith's 'The Cuckoo's Calling' Is Actually By Harry Potter Author[6]:
      J.K. Rowling has written a crime novel called 'The Cuckoo's Calling'under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith.
    He writes booksunder the name John Smith.
    She now livesunder a new identity.

Synonyms

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Antonyms

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Translations

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at a lower level than
beneath the surface of
subject to
subordinate to
less than
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adverb

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under (notcomparable)

  1. In or to a lower or subordinate position, or a position beneath or below something, physically or figuratively.
    pulledunder by the currents
    weighedunder by worry
  2. So as to pass beneath something.
    There's quite a gap, so you may be able to sneakunder.
  3. (usually in compounds) Less than what is necessary to beadequate orsuitable;insufficient.
    The plants wereunderwatered.
    Women areunder-represented.
  4. (informal) In or into anunconscious state.
    It took the hypnotist several minutes to make his subject gounder.
  5. Down to defeat, ruin, or death.
    The COVID-19 epidemic and shutdown took some businessesunder.
    Big-box store and online retailing have driven many specialty and local retail storesunder.

Synonyms

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Antonyms

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Translations

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In a way lower or less than
In a way inferior to

Adjective

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under (comparativemoreunder,superlativemostunder)

  1. Lower; beneath something.
    This treatment protects theunder portion of the car from rust.
    (in compounds)underbelly,underside,undershirt,undersecretary
    • 1835, J G. Peters,A treatise on equitation, or the art of horsemanship, page179:
      The advantages he gains are of double security to him ; first, by the support of his haunches, being at all times moreunder than before, he learns to be more active with his hind-quarters
    • 1908, Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles,The American golfer, volumes1-2, page10:
      If you allow the right hand to turn under more than the left, a pull will result, and if the left is moreunder than the right, a sliced ball will surely follow.
    • 2009, Doris Lessing,Briefing for a Descent Into Hell, page30:
      The waves are so steep, they crash so fast and furious I'm moreunder than up.
  2. In a state of subordination, submission or defeat.
    The army could not keep the peopleunder.
    • 1611,The Holy Bible, [] (King James Version), London: [] Robert Barker, [],→OCLC,1 Corinthiansix:27:
      I keepunder my body, and bring it into subjection.
    • 1892, Sir George Giffard,Reminiscences of a Naval Officer, page45:
      When ready for sea we went up to Greenhithe, that their lordships might inspect us, and then to Portsmouth, to take troops to Cork, a pleasant trip; but the troops left us a legacy of "mahogany flats," with which their beds were so swarming that we never got themunder.
  3. (medicine, colloquial) Underanesthesia, especiallygeneral anesthesia;sedated.
    Ensure the patient is sufficientlyunder.
  4. (informal) Having a particular property that is low, especially so as to be insufficient or lacking in a particular respect.
    This chicken is a bitunder. (insufficiently cooked)
    This bag of apples feelsunder. (of insufficient weight)
    My pay packet last week was £10under. (of insufficient monetary amount)
    My round of golf today was threeunder. (under par)

Derived terms

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Terms derived fromunder (all parts of speech)
See alsounder-

Noun

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under (pluralunders)

  1. The amount by which an actual total is less than the expected or required amount.
    • 2008, G. Puttick, Sandy van Esch,The Principles and Practice of Auditing, page609:
      [] standard cash count forms used to record the count and any overs orunders.
  2. (informal) Something having a particular property that is low or too low.
    I went fishing but caught nothing butunders.(undersized fish)
    Usually I am at least ten over on that course, but I have shot a couple ofunders.(under-par rounds of golf)
  3. (gambling) A bet that a particular sporting statistic, such as points scored in a game, will be below a certain stated value.

References

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Anagrams

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Chinese

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Etymology 1

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Clipping ofEnglishunderwear.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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under

  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese)underwear(Classifier:c)

References

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Etymology 2

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FromEnglishunder.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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under

  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) to beunder; to besubordinate to
    • 2019 June 10,梁智勇 [Leung Chi Yung, Ronald], “2019年6月10日的聆訊紀錄本 [Transcript of the Hearing held on 10 June 2019]”, in沙田至中環線項目紅磡站擴建部分及其鄰近的建造工程調查委員會 (前稱沙田至中環線項目紅磡站擴建部分的連續牆及月台層板建造工程調查委員會) [Commission of Inquiry into the Construction Works at and near the Hung Hom Station Extension under the Shatin to Central Link Project (formerly Commission of Inquiry into the Diaphragm Wall and Platform Slab Construction Works at the Hung Hom Station Extension under the Shatin to Central Link Project)]‎[7], page 6:
      記憶,Alan Yeungunder[Cantonese,trad.]
      记忆,Alan Yeungunder[Cantonese,simp.]
      ngo5 gei3 jik1 zung1, Alan Yeung mou5an1 daa4 gwo3 ngo5.[Jyutping]
      In my memory, Alan Yeung has never worked under me.
  2. (Hong Kong Cantonese, photography) tounderexpose

Danish

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Etymology 1

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FromOld Norseundir, fromProto-Germanic*under, cognate withEnglishunder,Germanunter.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /on(ˀ)ər/,[ɔnɐ],[ɔnˀɐ] or(as an adverb or at the end of a phrase)IPA(key): /onˀər/,[ˈɔnˀɐ]

Preposition

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under

  1. under
  2. underneath
  3. below
  4. during

Adverb

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under

  1. under

Etymology 2

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FromOld Norseundr, fromProto-Germanic*wundrą, cognate withEnglishwonder,GermanWunder.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /onˀər/,[ˈɔnˀɐ]

Noun

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under n (singular definiteunderet,plural indefiniteundere)

  1. wonder
  2. marvel
  3. miracle
Inflection
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Declension ofunder
neuter
gender
singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativeunderunderetundereunderne
genitiveundersunderetsunderesundernes
Related terms
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Etymology 3

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Clipping ofunderdel orunderside.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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under c (singular definiteunderen,plural indefiniteundere)

  1. bottom (part)
Declension
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Declension ofunder
common
gender
singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativeunderunderenundereunderne
genitiveundersunderensunderesundernes

Etymology 4

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See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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under

  1. presenttense ofunde

Latin

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Verb

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under

  1. first-personsingularpresentpassivesubjunctive ofundō

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromOld Englishunder, fromProto-West Germanic*undar, fromProto-Germanic*under.

Preposition

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under

  1. under
  2. among

Descendants

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References

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Norwegian Bokmål

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈʉ̂nːəɾ/,/ˈʉ̂ndəɾ/
  • Predominantly silentd in the preposition, pronounced/d/ in the noun; but individual speakers may deviate.

Etymology 1

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FromOld Norseundir, fromProto-Germanic*under.

Preposition

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under

  1. below;beneath
  2. during
  3. under
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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FromOld Norseundr, fromProto-Germanic*wundrą, fromProto-Indo-European*wenh₁-(to wish for, desire, strive for, win, love).

Noun

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under n (definite singularunderetorundret,indefinite pluralunderorundereorundre,definite pluralunderaorunderneorundraorundrene)

  1. wonder,marvel,miracle
Derived terms
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References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromOld Norseundir, fromProto-Germanic*under. Akin toEnglishunder.

Preposition

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under

  1. below,beneath,under
  2. during
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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FromOld Norseundr, fromProto-Germanic*wundrą, fromProto-Indo-European*wenh₁-(to wish for, desire, strive for, win, love). Akin toEnglishwonder.

Noun

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under n (definite singularunderet,indefinite pluralunder,definite pluralundera)

  1. wonder,marvel,miracle
Derived terms
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References

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Old Dutch

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*undar

Preposition

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under

  1. under

References

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Old English

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*undar, fromProto-Germanic*under. CompareOld Saxonundar,Old High Germanuntar.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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under

  1. under
    • 10th century,The Wanderer:
      Hwǣr cōm mearg? Hwǣr cōm mago? · Hwǣr cōm māþþumġyfa?
      Hwǣr cōm symbla ġesetu? · Hwǣr sindon seledrēamas?
      Ēalā beorht bune! · Ēalā byrnwiga!
      Ēalā þēodnes þrym! · Hū sēo þrāg ġewāt,
      ġenāpunder nihthelm, · swā hēo nō wære.
      Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
      Whither did the seats of feasts come? Where are the hall-joys?
      Alack and alas, bright cup! Alack and alas, mailed warrior!
      Alack and alas, the army of the king! How did the time pass,
      grow darkunder the cover of night, as if it never did.
  2. among

Descendants

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Old Swedish

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Etymology

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FromOld Norseundr, fromProto-Germanic*wundrą.

Noun

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under n

  1. wonder,miracle
  2. wonderment,awe,marvel

Declension

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Declension of undr (stronga-stem)
neutersingularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativeundrundritundrundrin
accusativeundrundritundrundrin
dativeundri,undreundrinu,undrenoundrum,undromundrumin,undromen
genitiveundrsundrsinsundraundranna

Descendants

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Swedish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromOld Swedishundir, fromOld Norseundir, fromProto-Germanic*under.

Preposition

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under

  1. under;below;beneath
  2. during, at the same time as
    Under lektionen pratade de hela tiden.
    During the lesson, they talked all the time.
Related terms
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Etymology 2

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FromOld Swedishunder, fromOld Norseundr, fromProto-Germanic*wundrą, fromProto-Indo-European*wenh₁-(to wish for, desire, strive for, win, love).

Noun

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under n

  1. wonder,miracle
    Undrens tid är inte förbi.
    The age ofmiracles isn't over.
Declension
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Declension ofunder
nominativegenitive
singularindefiniteunderunders
definiteundretundrets
pluralindefiniteunderunders
definiteundrenundrens
Derived terms
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See also

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References

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  1. ^under”, inSvenska Akademiens ordbok[Dictionary of the Swedish Academy][1] (in Swedish),1937

Anagrams

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Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=under&oldid=84138557"
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