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tw.j

    From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

    Egyptian

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    Etymology

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    Loprieno suggests an origin fromtj(while) +‎wj(first-person pronoun), withtj from earlier(j)sṯ, from Old Egyptian(j)sk.[1] Stauder argues against this hypothesis and instead proposes a development fromntt(complementizer) +‎wj(first-person pronoun) with subsequent reanalysis.[2] Regardless of origin, later reinterpreted as an elementtw + the suffix pronoun.j.

    Pronunciation

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    Pronoun

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    t
    W
    A1

     sg1. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun

    1. I[since the 17th Dynasty]

    Usage notes

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    This form of pronoun is aproclitic that must stand at the beginning of a sentence (generally adverbial) and cannot come after any particles. It always indicates the subject of the sentence.

    Inflection

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    Old Egyptian personal pronouns
    numberfirst personsecond personthird person
    masculinefemininemasculinefeminine
    suffix pronounssingular,.j
    .k,.kj1
    .ṯ,.ṯn
    .f,.fj1
    .s,.sj1
    dual.nj
    .ṯnj
    .snj
    plural.n
    .ṯn
    .sn
    enclitic (‘dependent’) pronounssingularw,wj,wy
    kw,k,ṯw,
    ṯm,ṯn
    sw,s
    s
    dual
    ṯnj
    snj
    pluraln
    ṯn
    sn
    stressed (‘independent’) pronounssingularjnk
    ṯwt
    ṯmt
    swt
    stt
    dual

    ntsnj
    plural
    ntṯn
    ntsn,jntsn
    stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endingssingular.kj,.k
    .tj,.t
    ,.j
    .tj,.t
    dual.tjwn
    .wy,.wj
    .ty
    plural.wn,.nw
    ,.w,.y,.wy
    .tj,.t

    1 Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.

    Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
    numberfirst personsecond personthird person
    masculinefemininemasculinefeminine
    suffix pronounssingular,.j
    .k,.kj1
    .ṯ,.t
    .f,.fj1
    .s,.sj1
    dual2.nj
    .ṯnj,.tnj
    .snj
    plural.n
    .ṯn,.tn
    .sn,.w3
    enclitic (‘dependent’) pronounssingularwj,w
    ṯw,tw
    ṯn,tn
    sw,st
    sj,s,st
    pluraln
    ṯn,tn
    sn,st
    stressed (‘independent’) pronounssingularjnk
    ntk,ṯwt2
    ntṯ,ntt,ṯwt2
    ntf,swt2
    nts,swt2
    pluraljnn3
    ntṯn,nttn
    ntsn
    stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endingssingular.kw
    .tj,.t,.tw3
    ,.w
    .tj,.t,.tw3
    plural.wn,.wjn
    .tjwn,.tjwnj
    ,.w,.y
    proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3singulartw.j
    tw.k
    tw.t
    sw
    sj,st
    pluraltw.n
    tw.tn
    st

    1 Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
    2 Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
    3 Only in postclassical (Neo-Middle Egyptian) texts.

    Late Egyptian personal pronouns
    numberfirst personsecond personthird person
    masculinefemininemasculinefeminine
    suffix pronounssingular,.j
    .k,.kw
    .t
    .f,.fj
    .s,.st,.sw
    plural.n
    .tn,.twn
    .w,.sn1
    enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1singularwj
    tw,tj
    sw,st
    pluraln,wn
    twn
    sn,st
    stressed (‘independent’) pronounssingularjnk
    mntk,mtwk
    mntt,mtwy
    mntf
    mntst,mntjst
    pluraljnn
    mnttn
    mntw
    stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1singular.kw,.k
    .tj,.tw
    ,.w,.y
    .tj,.tw
    plural.nw
    .tn
    ,.w,.y
    unmarked2,.tw
    proclitic (‘subject form’) pronounssingulartw.j
    tw.k
    tw.t
    sw
    st,sw
    pluraltw.n
    tw.tn
    st,sw,swt

    1 Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
    2 Later form.

    References

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    • James P[eter] Allen (2010),Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page116.
    1. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN
    2. ^Stauder, Andréas (2016) “L’origine du pronom sujet néo-égyptien (twꞽ,twk,sw, etc.)” inRevue d’ Egyptologie, volume 67, pages 141–155
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