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toward

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:to-wardandToward

English

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishtoward, fromOld Englishtōweard, fromProto-West Germanic*tōward, equivalent toto +‎-ward. Cognate withMiddle Low Germantôwart,Middle Dutchtoewaert (ModernDutchtoewaarts),Middle High Germanzuowart,zūwart (ModernGermanzuwärts). Compare alsoMiddle Englishtilward,tillward(“toward”).

Pronunciation

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(Received Pronunciation)IPA^(key): /təˈwɔːd/
(General American)IPA^(key): /tɔɹd/,/ˈtwɔɹd/,/təˈwɔɹd/
- Audio(US);/ˈtwɔɹd/: (file)
(rhotic, without thehorse–hoarse merger)IPA^(key): /to(ː)ɹd/,/ˈtwo(ː)ɹd/,/təˈwɔɹd/
(non-rhotic, without thehorse–hoarse merger)IPA^(key): /toəd/,/ˈtwoəd/,/təˈwɔd/
(New Zealand)IPA^(key): /tɘˈwoːd/
Rhymes:-ɔː(ɹ)d
Hyphenation:to‧ward

Preposition

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toward(now chiefly US)

In the direction of.
She movedtoward the door.
- 1611,The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […],→OCLC,Numbers 24:1:
  [A]Nd when Balaam ſawe that it pleaſed the LORD to bleſſe Iſrael, hee went not, as at other times to ſeeke foꝛ inchantments, but hee ſet his facetoward the wilderneſſe.
- 1914 November,Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, inMunsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.:The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published1915,→OCLC, chapter III (Accessory After the Fact),page382, column 1:
  Turning back, then,toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.
- 2019,Voice of America,Learning English‎^[1] (public domain), archived fromthe original on11 March 2019:
  Audio(US): (file)
  China has claimed that South Korea's dust fliestoward Shanghai.
In relation to (someone or something).
What are your feelingstoward him?
- 1611,The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […],→OCLC,Deuteronomy 28:54:
  So that the man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye ſhalbe euill toward his bꝛother, andtoward the wife of his boſome, and towards the remnant of his childꝛen which he ſhall leaue:
For the purpose of attaining (an aim).
I'm saving moneytoward retirement.
Located close to; near (a time or place).
Our place is overtoward the station.
- a.1746 (date written),Jonathan Swift, “To Mr. Gay”, inThomas Sheridan,John Nichols, editors,The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, […], new edition, volume XII, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], published1801,→OCLC,page92:
  I amtoward nine years older since I left you, yet that is the least of my alterations;[…]

Usage notes

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Although some have tried to discern asemantic distinction between the wordstoward andtowards, the only difference in practice is dialectal.Toward is more common inAmerican English andtowards is more common inBritish English, though each form may be found in both varieties.

in the direction of

Arabic:نَحْوَ(naḥwa),صَوْبَ(ṣawba)
Egyptian Arabic:ناحية(naḥyet)
Armenian:դեպի (hy)(depi)
Bikol Central:pasiring (bcl)
Bulgarian:към (bg)(kǎm)
Catalan:cap a (ca)
Cherokee:ᏗᏜ(didla)
Chinese:
Cantonese:向(hoeng³)
Mandarin:向 (zh)(xiàng),朝 (zh)(cháo),往 (zh)(wǎng)
Czech:k (cs),směrem k
Danish:henimod
Dutch:naar (nl),naartoe (nl)
Esperanto:al (eo)
Estonian:poole (et),suunas
Finnish:kohti (fi),päin (fi)
French:vers (fr)
Georgian:მიმართულებით(mimartulebit),მიმართ(mimart)
German:zu (de),in Richtung,nach (de),auf (de)(withzu, postpositively used)
Gothic:𐌳𐌿(du)
Greek:προς (el)(pros)
Ancient:πρός(prós)(+ accusative)
Hebrew:אל (he)(el),ל־ (he)(l'-),(archaic, mainly idiomatic)־ה(-ah)
Hindi:... की तरफ़(... kī taraf),... की ओर (hi)(... kī or)
Hungarian:felé (hu)
Icelandic:til (is)
Ido:vers (io)
Interlingua:verso (ia)
Irish:chuig,chun,go dtí,ionsar,faoi thuairim,in araicis
Italian:verso (it),incontro (it)
Japanese:の方に (ja)(no hō ni),に向かって (ja)(ni mukatte)
Khmer:ឆ្ពោះទៅ(chpŭəhtɨw)
Korean:로 (ko)(ro),향해서 (ko)(hyanghaeseo)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish:بەرەو(berew)
Northern Kurdish:berev (ku)
Southern Kurdish:وەرەو(werew)
Kyrgyz:утуру(uturu)
Lao:please add this translation if you can
Latin:ergā(+ accusative),ad (la)
Latvian:pretī,pretim,virzienā,pie (lv)(with genitive)
Livonian:pūolõ(postposition)
Lushootseed:dxʷʔal
Macedonian:кон(kon)
Malay:ke (ms)
Maori:mai,ki
Mongolian:please add this translation if you can
Norwegian:mot (no)
Persian:به سمت(beh samt)
Polish:ku (pl),do (pl),w stronę,w kierunku
Portuguese:a (pt),rumo a,até (pt)
Romanian:spre (ro),către (ro)
Russian:к (ru)(k),(+ dative case)в направле́нии(v napravlénii),(+ dative case)навстре́чу (ru)(navstréču),(+ genitive case)в сто́рону(v stóronu)
Serbo-Croatian:prema,k,ka (sh)
Slovak:k (sk),v ústrety
Southern Altai:удуру(uduru),удура(udura)
Spanish:hacia (es)
Swedish:mot (sv),till (sv)
Tagalog:patungo
Thai:สู่ (th)(sùu)
Tok Pisin:long
Ukrainian:до (uk)(do),в на́прямку(v náprjamku)
Urdu:... کی طرف(... kī taraf)
Vietnamese:về phía,về hướng
Volapük:lü (vo)
West Frisian:nei

in relation to

Arabic:نَحُو(naḥū)
Egyptian Arabic:ناحية(naḥyet)
Armenian:նկատմամբ (hy)(nkatmamb)
Bulgarian:за (bg)(za),отно́сно (bg)(otnósno)
Catalan:sobre (ca),en relació a,envers (ca),vers (ca)
Chinese:
Cantonese:關於 /关于(guaan¹ jy¹)
Mandarin:關於 /关于 (zh)(guānyú)
Czech:vůči (cs)
Finnish:kohtaan (fi)
French:envers (fr)
Georgian:მიმართ(mimart)
German:zu (de),gegenüber (de)(sometimes used postpositively),bezüglich (de),hinsichtlich (de)
Greek:προς (el)(pros)
Hebrew:בְּנוֹגֵעַ לְ־(b'nogéa' l'-)
Hungarian:iránt (hu)
Indonesian:terhadap (id)
Irish:maidir le
Italian:verso (it)
Japanese:に (ja)(ni),に対して (ja)(ni taishite)
Korean:...에 관하여(...e gwanhayeo)
Norwegian:angående
Polish:o (pl),odnośnie (pl)
Portuguese:para com (pt)
Russian:о (ru)(o),относительно (ru)(otnositelʹno)
Spanish:sobre (es),hacia (es)
Swedish:angående (sv),rörande (sv),om (sv)
Thai:กับ (th)(gàp)
Ukrainian:що́до (uk)(ščódo)
Vietnamese:về (vi)

for the purpose of

Arabic:لِأَجْل(li-ʔajl)
Egyptian Arabic:عشان(ʕašān)
Armenian:համար (hy)(hamar)
Bulgarian:за (bg)(za)
Catalan:per (ca),per a (ca)
Chinese:
Cantonese:為了 /为了(wai⁶ liu⁵)
Mandarin:為了 /为了 (zh)(wèile)
Czech:na (cs)
Danish:henimod
Finnish:varten (fi)
French:pour (fr)
German:für (de),um (de),zwecks (de)
Greek:για (el)(gia)
Hebrew:למען (he) m(lemáan)
Hungarian:-ra (hu),-re (hu),céljából (hu)
Irish:le haghaidh,faoi thuairim,faoi chomhair
Italian:per (it)
Japanese:のために (ja)(no tame ni)
Korean:...을 위해 (ko)(...eul wihae)
Norwegian:på grunn av (no)
Polish:na (pl)
Portuguese:para (pt)
Russian:на (ru)(na)
Spanish:para (es)
Swedish:för (sv),till (sv)
Thai:เพื่อ (th)(pʉ̂ʉa)
Vietnamese:cho (vi),để (vi)

located near

Arabic:بِقُرْب(biqurb)
Egyptian Arabic:قريب من(ʔurāyeb men)
Armenian:մոտ (hy)(mot)
Bulgarian:около (bg)(okolo)
Chinese:
Cantonese:對 /对(doey³)
Mandarin:對 /对 (zh)(duì)
Czech:poblíž (cs),blízko (cs)
Finnish:lähellä (fi),päin (fi)
French:près de (fr)
German:so um,gegen (de),[in] Richtung (de)
Greek:προς (el)(pros)
Hebrew:בקרבת(bekirvát),ליד (he)(leyád)
Hungarian:felé (hu),környékén,közelében (hu)
Irish:ag tarraingt
Italian:presso (it)
Japanese:の近くに (ja)(no chikaku ni)
Korean:쪽 (ko)(jjok)
Norwegian:please add this translation if you can
Polish:koło (pl)
Portuguese:por (pt)
Russian:около (ru)(okolo)
Spanish:hacia (es)
Swedish:vid (sv)
Thai:ใกล้ (th)(glâi),เกือบ (th)(gʉ̀ʉap)
Vietnamese:gần (vi)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Kurdish:
Central Kurdish:^{(pleaseverify)}بەرەو(berew)
Malagasy:^{(pleaseverify)}mankany (mg)
Mongolian:^{(pleaseverify)}руу(ruu)
Romanian:^{(pleaseverify)}către (ro),^{(pleaseverify)}spre (ro)

Adjective

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toward (notcomparable)

Yielding,pliant;docile; ready orapt to learn; notfroward.
(dated)Approaching,comingnear;impending;present,at hand.
- c.1603–1606,William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act IV, scene v],page304, column 1:
  Do you heare ought (Sir) of a Battelltoward.
- 1843 April,Thomas Carlyle, “Practical Devotional”, inPast and Present, American edition, Boston, Mass.:Charles C[offin] Little andJames Brown, published1843,→OCLC, book II (The Ancient Monk),page70:
  On the morrow, after mass, our Lord Abbot [Samson of Tottington] orders the Cellerarius to send off his carpenters to demolish the said structurebrevi manu, and lay up the wood in safe keeping. Old Dean Herbert, hearing what wastoward, comes tottering along hither, to plead humbly for himself and his mill.
(obsolete or archaic)Promising,likely.
- c.1591–1592 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act II, scene ii],page154, column 2:
  Clif[ford] Why that is ſpoken like atoward Prince.
- 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “A Description of the Farmer’s Daughter. […]”, inTravels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […],→OCLC, part II (A Voyage to Brobdingnag),page[178]:
  My Miſtreſs had a Daughter of nine Years old, a Child oftoward Parts for her Age, very dextrous at her Needle, and ſkilful in dreſſing her Baby.
(obsolete)Future;to-come.
- 1590,Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto IV”, inThe Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] forWilliam Ponsonbie,→OCLC,page238:
  But ear that wiſhed day his beame diſcloſd, / He either enuying mytoward good, / Or of him ſelfe to treaſon ill diſpoſd / One day vnto me came in friendly mood, / And told for ſecret how he vnderſtood /[…]

Synonyms

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(future):coming; see alsoThesaurus:future
(approaching):imminent,in the offing,proximate; see alsoThesaurus:impending

Antonyms

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untoward

Derived terms

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Anagrams

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to-draw,todraw

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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towarde,towar,towart,touard,touarde,touwar,touward,touwarde,towerd,towert,taward,tawarde,tawart,twoward,tort,toweard,towearde,towerd,towarð,towweard,touwward

Etymology

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FromOld Englishtōweard,tōwærd; equivalent toto +‎-ward.

Preposition

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toward

In the direction of;toward.
- 1387–1400,[Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, inThe Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion:National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410],→OCLC,folio 184, verso, lines783-784:
  Toward Saluces / shapyng hir iourney / ffro day to day / they ryden in hir wey[…]
  TowardsSaluzzo they make their journey, / From day to day they ride on their way […]
Into the presence of.
Inproximity to;near,by.
In an exchange or communication with;to.
- c. 1190 - 1215,Layamon,Laȝamon's Brut
  Þe while þe he spac touward Goden.
  (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
Having awont ortendency towards.
Similar to.
Subject to; under the control of.
Useful for; prepared for.