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thwart

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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WOTD – 17 October 2019

Etymology

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(Canthis(+) etymology besourced?)The adjective is derived from EarlyMiddle Englishthwert,thwerte,thuart,thurt,thurte,thwart,thwarte,twart,twarte,twhart,twhert,twort,þuert,þwerrt,þwert,þwerte,ðwert(“crosswise, transverse; counter, opposing; contrary, obstinate”),[1] borrowed fromOld Norseþvert(“across, athwart”), originally theneuter form ofþverr(“across, transverse”),[2] fromProto-Germanic*þwerhaz(“cross; adverse”) (altered or influenced byProto-Germanic*þweraną(“to stir; to swirl; to turn”)), fromProto-Germanic*þerh-, probably fromProto-Indo-European*terkʷ-(“to spin; to turn”).

The English adjective is cognate withDanishtvær(“sullen, sulky”),Gothic𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍃(þwairhs,“angry”),Middle Dutchdwers,dwars (modernDutchdwars(“crosswise, transverse; slantwise, askew; stubbornly disobedient”)),Norwegiantvert,tvært,Old Frisianþweres,dwers (Saterland Frisiantwars,West Frisiandwers,dwerz(“across, to the other side of; beyond”)),Middle Low Germandwers,dwars (Low Germandwars(“contrary; cross-grained”)),Old Englishþweorh(“transverse; perverse; angry, cross”),Old High Germantwer (Middle High Germantwer,quer, modernGermanquer(“crosswise; cross”)),Swedishtvär(“across, transverse; of a curve: sharp; immediate, sudden; grumpy, stubborn”).[2] It is related toqueer; alsoProto-West Germanic*þwerh,

The adverb is derived fromMiddle Englishthwert,ywerte(“crosswise; across the grain”); theMiddle English Dictionary suggests the adverb was derived from the adjective,[3] while theOxford English Dictionary notes that the adverb is attested earlier than the adjective.[2]

The verb is derived fromMiddle Englishthwerten,thwert,thwarten,þwerten(“to lie across; to oppose, to thwart”),[4] and further from the adverb[5] and perhaps also the adjective.[4]

Noun sense 1 (“a seat across a boat on which a rower may sit”) may be derived from the adverb or adjective, from the position of the seat across the length of the boat,[6] while noun sense 3 (“(rare) an act of thwarting”) is derived from the verb.[7] CompareMiddle Englishthwert(“inin thwert: crosswise”), from the adjective.[8]

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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thwart (comparativemorethwart,superlativemostthwart)

  1. Placed orsituatedacross something else;cross,oblique,transverse.
    • 1667,John Milton, “Book VII”, inParadise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […];[a]nd by Robert Boulter […];[a]nd Matthias Walker, […],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […],1873,→OCLC, lines768–773:
      Which elſe to ſeveralSphears thou muſt aſcribe, / Mov'd contrarie withthwart obliquities, / Or ſave the Sun his labour, and that ſwift / Nocturnal and Diurnal rhomb ſuppos'd, / Inviſible elſe above all Starrs, the Wheele / Of Day and Night;[…]
  2. (figuratively, dated) Of people: having atendency tooppose;obstinate,perverse,stubborn.
    Synonyms:cross-grained,froward;see alsoThesaurus:obstinate
  3. (figuratively, dated) Of situations or things:adverse,unfavourable,unlucky.
    Synonyms:unpropitious,untoward;see alsoThesaurus:unlucky

Derived terms

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Related terms

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Translations

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placed or situated across something else—see alsooblique,‎transverse
having a tendency to oppose—see alsoobstinate,‎perverse

Adverb

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thwart (notcomparable)

  1. (obsolete)Across thedirection oftravel orlength of;athwart,crosswise,obliquely,transversely.
    • 1667,John Milton, “Book IX”, inParadise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […];[a]nd by Robert Boulter […];[a]nd Matthias Walker, […],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […],1873,→OCLC, lines701–706:
      With adverſe blaſt up-turns them from the South /Notus andAfer black with thundrous Clouds / FromSerraliona;thwart of theſe as fierce / Forth ruſh theLevant and thePonent VVindes /Eurus andZephir with their lateral noiſe, /Sirocco, andLibecchio.

Translations

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across the direction of travel or length of—see alsoathwart

Preposition

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thwart

  1. (archaic or poetic)Across,athwart.

Verb

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thwart (third-person singular simple presentthwarts,present participlethwarting,simple past and past participlethwarted)

  1. (transitive) Tocause tofail; tofrustrate, toprevent.
    Synonyms:balk,foil,spoil,cross,discomfit,disconcert,baffle,scuttle,confound,dash,traverse,hamstring,mock
    Antonym:promote
    Our plans for a picnic werethwarted by the thunderstorm.
    The policethwarted the would-be assassin.
    • 1590,T[homas] L[odge], “Alindas Comfort to Perplexed Rosalynd”, inRosalynde. Euphues Golden Legacie: […], London: […] Thomas Orwin for T. G[ubbin] and John Busbie,→OCLC; republished[Glasgow]:[ […] Hunterian Club],[1876],→OCLC, folio 13, verso,page34:
      If thou grieueſt that beeing the daughter of a Prince, and enuiethwarteth thée with ſuch hard exigents, thinke that royaltie is a faire marke; that Crownes haue croſſes when mirth is in Cottages; that the fairer the Roſe is, the ſooner it is bitten with Catterpillers;[…]
    • 1662 November 9,Robert South, “[Sermon II] A Sermon Preached at the Cathedral-Church of St. Paul’s, November the 9th, 1662:Genesis i. 27.So God created Man in his own Image, in the Image of God created He him.”, inTwelve Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, 5th edition, volume I, London: Printed for Jonah Bowyer, […], published1722,→OCLC,page60:
      The Underſtanding and Will never diſagreed; for the Propoſals of the one neverthwarted the Inclinations of the other.
    • 1830, Walter Scott, “Auchindrane; or, The Ayrshire Tragedy”, inThe Doom of Devorgoil, a Melo-drama; Auchindrane; or, The Ayrshire Tragedy, Edinburgh: […] [Ballantyne and Company] forCadell and Company; London:Simpkin and Marshall,→OCLC, Act III, scene i,page309:
      Hear ye the serf I bred, begin to reckon / Upon his rights and pleasure! Who am I— / Thou abject, who am I, whose will thouthwartest?
    • 1918,W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XLIV, inThe Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC,page361:
      Not unnaturally, "Auntie" took this communication in bad part. Thus outraged, she showed herself to be a bold as well as a furious virago. Next day she found her way to their lodgings and tried to recover her ward by the hair of the head. Then,thwarted, the wretched creature went to the police for help; she was versed in the law, and perhaps had spared no pains to keep on good terms with the local constabulary.
    • 2004,Peter Bondanella, “Wise Guys: Hollywood Italian Gangsters”, inHollywood Italians: Dagos, Palookas, Romeos, Wise Guys, and Sopranos, New York, N.Y.:Continuum International Publishing Group,→ISBN,pages231–232:
      The film ends with the colorful deaths of Nico's enemies after hethwarts their attempts to assassinate a U.S. Senator investigating ties between drug dealers and the CIA.
    • 2006,Edwin Black, “Power Struggle”, inInternal Combustion: How Corporations and Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives, New York, N.Y.:St. Martin’s Press,→ISBN,→OL:
      More than a mere source of Promethean sustenance tothwart the cold and cook one's meat, wood was quite simply mankind's first industrial and manufacturing fuel.
    • 2011 December 10, David Ornstein, “Arsenal 1 – 0 Everton”, inBBC Sport‎[1], archived fromthe original on13 December 2011:
      Everton were now firmly on the back foot and it required some sharp work fromJohnny Heitinga andPhil Jagielka tothwart[Theo] Walcott andThomas Vermaelen.
  2. (transitive, obsolete) Toplace (something)across (another thing); topositioncrosswise.
  3. (transitive, also figuratively, obsolete) Tohinder orobstruct by placing (something) in the way of; toblock, toimpede, tooppose.
    Synonyms:seeThesaurus:hinder
  4. (ambitransitive, obsolete) Tomove (something) across orcounter to; tocross.
    An arrowthwarts the air.
    • 1667,John Milton, “Book IV”, inParadise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […];[a]nd by Robert Boulter […];[a]nd Matthias Walker, […],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […],1873,→OCLC, lines555–557:
      Thither cameUriel, gliding through the Eeven / On a Sun beam, ſwift as a ſhooting Starr / InAutumnthwarts the night,[…]

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofthwart
infinitive(to)thwart
present tensepast tense
1st-personsingularthwartthwarted
2nd-personsingularthwart,thwartest†thwarted,thwartedst†
3rd-personsingularthwarts,thwarteth†thwarted
pluralthwart
subjunctivethwartthwarted
imperativethwart—
participlesthwartingthwarted

Derived terms

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Translations

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to prevent; to halt; to cause failure—see alsocounter,‎foil
to move across

Noun

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Arowboat with three thwarts(sense 1) inLake Maria State Park,Minnesota, USA
The thwarts(sense 2) of this canoe support its structure

thwart (pluralthwarts)

  1. (nautical) Aseatacross aboat on which arower maysit.
    Synonyms:thaught,thawt,(Britain, dialectal)thoft
    The fisherman sat on the aftthwart to row.
    • [1876–1879?], “Our Holiday. Rowing.—I.”, inThe Popular Educator: A Complete Encyclopædia of Elementary, Advanced, and Technical Education, new and revised edition, volume IV, London; New York, N.Y.:Cassell, Petter, and Galpin, […],→OCLC,page32, column 2:
      When taking his seat in a boat, the learner should first observe that thethwart is firmly fixed, and that the mat upon it is securely tied to that part of it which is farthest from his rowlock.
      A diagram of a boat, showing its thwarts, appears on the page.
    • 1913,Edgar Rice Burroughs,The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantine Books, published1963, page150:
      Jane Porter had been the first of those in the lifeboat to awaken the morning after the wreck of theLady Alice. The other members of the party were asleep upon thethwarts or huddled in cramped positions in the bottom of the boat.
  2. (nautical) Abrace,perpendicular to thekeel, that helpsmaintain thebeam(“breadth”) of amarinevessel againstexternalwaterpressure and that may serve tosupport therail.
    A well-madedugout canoe rarely needs athwart.
    • 1773, “Of the Canoes and Navigation of the Inhabitants of New Zealand; […]”, inJohn Hawkesworth, editor,An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by the Order of His Present Majesty for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, […] In Three Volumes, volume III, Printed forW[illiam] Strahan andT[homas] Cadell […],→OCLC, book II,page58:
      A conſiderable number ofthwarts were laid from gunwale to gunwale, to which they were ſecurely laſhed on each ſide, as a ſtrengthening to the boat [a canoe].
    • 1800,Michael Symes, chapter VII, inAn Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava, by the Governor-General of India, in the Year 1795, London: Printed byW[illiam] Bulmer and Co., […]; and sold by Messrs.G[eorge] and W[illiam] Nicol, […]; andJ[ohn] Wright, […],→OCLC,page223:
      My barge was sixty feet in length, and not more than twelve in the widest part; by taking away onethwart beam near the stern, laying a floor two feet below the gunwale, and raising an arched roof about seven feet above the floor, a commodious room was formed, fourteen feet long, and ten wide, with a closet behind it;[…]
    • 2015, Cliff Jacobson, “Outfitting and Customizing Your Canoe”, inCanoeing Wild Rivers: The 30th Anniversary Guide to Expedition Canoeing in North America, 5th edition, Guildford, Conn.; Helena, Mont.: Falcon Guides,Rowman & Littlefield,→ISBN,page66:
      I looked down into the Old Town [a canoe]; there was no yoke, only a straight ashthwart.
  3. (rare) Anact ofthwarting; something which thwarts; ahindrance, anobstacle.

Translations

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seat across a boat
brace perpendicular to the keel

References

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  1. ^“thwert,adj.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007, retrieved5 August 2019.
  2. ↑2.02.12.2“thwart,adv.,prep., andadj.”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1912;“thwart,prep. andadv.”, inLexico,Dictionary.com;Oxford University Press,2019–2022.
  3. ^“thwert,adv.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007, retrieved5 August 2019.
  4. ↑4.04.1“thwerten,v.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007, retrieved5 August 2018.
  5. ^“thwart,v.”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1912;“thwart,v.”, inLexico,Dictionary.com;Oxford University Press,2019–2022.
  6. ^“thwart,n.2”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1912;“thwart,n.”, inLexico,Dictionary.com;Oxford University Press,2019–2022.
  7. ^“thwart,n.1”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1912.
  8. ^“thwert,n.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007, retrieved5 August 2019.

Further reading

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