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tempestuous

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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WOTD – 18 November 2024

Etymology

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From LateMiddle Englishtempestious,tempestous,tempestuous(“stormy, turbulent, tempestuous”),[1] fromAnglo-Normantempestous, andOld Frenchtempesteus,tempestos,tempestous,tempestuose (modernFrenchtempétueux), and directly from itsetymonLatintempestuōsus(“stormy, turbulent, tempestuous; impetuous”),[2] fromtempestās,tempestūs(“point or period of time; season; weather, specifically bad weather; storm, tempest”) (fromtempus(“period of time; (rare) weather”), possibly fromProto-Indo-European*temh₁-(“to cut”) or*ten-(“to extend, stretch”)) +-ōsus(suffix meaning ‘full of; overly; prone to’ formingadjectives fromnouns). The English word is equivalent totempest +‎-uous (a variant of-ous(suffix forming adjectives from nouns, denoting the presence of a quality, typically in abundance)).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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tempestuous (comparativemoretempestuous,superlativemosttempestuous)

  1. Of,pertaining to, orresembling, atempest; also, of aplace:frequentlyexperiencing tempests; (very)stormy.
    Synonyms:(obsolete)breme,nimbose,(rare)procellous
    Antonym:untempestuous
    Coordinate terms:blusterous,blustery,cloudy,gusty,rainy,thundery,windy
    • 1509 December 24 (Gregorian calendar),Alexander Barclay, “[The Argument]”, inSebastian Brant, translated by Alexander Barclay, edited byT[homas] H[ill] Jamieson,The Ship of Fools, volume I, Edinburgh: William Paterson; London:Henry Sotheran & Co., published1874,→OCLC,page18:
      I wyl aduertise you that this Boke is named the Shyp of foles of the worlde: For this worlde is nought els but atempestous se in the whiche we dayly wander and are caste in dyuers tribulacions paynes and aduersitees: some by ignoraunce and some by wilfulnes: wherfore such doers ar worthy to be called foles.
    • 1610,William Camden, “Huntingdonshire”, inPhilémon Holland, transl.,Britain, or A Chorographicall Description of the Most Flourishing Kingdomes, England, Scotland, and Ireland, […], London: […] [Eliot’s Court Press for] Georgii Bishop & Ioannis Norton,→OCLC,page501:
      [A] turbulent andtempeſtuous ſtorme aroſe, that encloſed them on everie ſide, ſo that laying aſide all hope, they vvere in utter deſpaire of their life, ſecuritie, or any helpe at all.
    • 1610–1611 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act I, scene i],page 1, column 1:
      Atempeſtuous noiſe of Thunder and Lightning heard: Enter a Ship-maſter, and a Boteſvvaine.
      A stage direction; the scene takes place aboard a ship at sea.
    • 1692 December 15,Richard Bentley,A Confutation of Atheism from the Origin and Frame of the World. The Third and Last Part. […], London: […] H[enry] Mortlock […], published1693,→OCLC,pages25–26:
      [T]he Months ofMarch andSeptember, the tvvo Æquinoxes of Our year, are the moſt vvindy andtempeſtuous, the moſt unſettled and unequable of Seaſons in moſt Countries of the VVorld.
    • 1718,Virgil, “Book the Second”, inJoseph Trapp, transl.,The Æneis of Virgil, Translated into Blank Verse, volume I, London:[s.n.],→OCLC,page54, lines130–132:
      But oft the Sea /Tempeſtuous kept them back, and Southern VVinds / Deter'd them.
    • 1730,James Thomson, “Winter. Inscribed to the Right Honourable theLord Wilmington.”, inThe Seasons, London:[s.n.],→OCLC,page200, lines177–182:
      Huge Uproar lords it vvide. The clouds commixt / VVith ſtars ſvvift-gliding ſvveep along the sky. / All nature reels. Till nature'sKing, vvho oft / Amidtempeſtuous darkneſs dvvells alone, / And on the vvings of the careering vvind / VValks dreadfully ſerene, commands a calm;[…]
    • 1821 March 24,William Cobbett, “Naples”, inCobbett’s Weekly Political Register, volume38, number12, London: […] C[harles Robert] Clement[for] John M. Cobbett, […], published12 March 1825,→OCLC, column828:
      And now, he has got us, or, rather, has got himself and the Honourable House, riding on a stormy andtempestous wave and seated upon a short and narrow Plank; a situation that I really could wish to see nobody in; no, not even (when I recollect whattempestous waves are) the punning Orator himself;[…]
    • 1831, George Muir, “The Coursing Match. Canto I.”, inThe Sports of the Field, […], Lanark, Lanarkshire: […] George Roberton,→OCLC,page10:
      The day wastempestous with rain and with wind, / Even chargers were seen to draw back;[…]
    • 1887 January,Frederic A[ugustus] Lucas, “Notes of a Bird Catcher”, inJ[oel] A[saph] Allen, editor,The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, volume IV (New Series; volume XII overall), number I, New York, N.Y.: L. S. Foster for theAmerican Ornithologists’ Union,→ISSN,→OCLC,pages1–2:
      Like all other sea birds, Albatrosses can be most easily enticed into biting duringtempestous weather when, having been prevented for days from procuring their regular amount of food, the pangs of hunger overcome their natural distrust.
    • 1898, George H. Hart, attorney for the plaintiff-respondent, Daniel Sullivan, plaintiff’s witness,Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, in the First Judicial Department. Catherine Kay, Plaintiff-Respondent, vs. Metropolitan Street Railway Company, Defendant-Appellant. Case on Appeal, New York, N.Y.: Douglas Taylor & Co., […],page223:
      Q. The night of this accident was an extremelytempestuous night, was it not? A. Well, it was a kind of a snow storm that night.[…] I would regard such a night as atempestuous night.
    • 1904 July,A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez”, inThe Return of Sherlock Holmes, New York, N.Y.:McClure, Phillips & Co., published February 1905,→OCLC,page262:
      It was a wild,tempestuous night towards the close of November.[…] Outside the wind howled down Baker Street, while the rain beat fiercely against the windows. It was strange there in the very depths of the town, with ten miles of man's handiwork on every side of us, to feel the iron grip of Nature, and to be conscious that to the huge elemental forces all London was no more than the molehills that dot the fields.
    • 2012,Donovan Hohn, “Going Overboard”, inMoby-Duck: The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea, London:Union Books,→ISBN,pages9–10:
      We know that the ship departed Hong Kong on January 6, that it arrived in the Port of Tacoma on January 16, a day behind schedule, and that the likely cause for this delay was rough weather.[…] [O]n January 10, theEver Laurel did not fax a weather report to the National Weather Service in Washington, D.C., but the following morning a ship in its vicinity did, describing hurricane-force winds and waves thirty-six feet high. If theEver Laurel had encountered similarlytempestuous conditions, we can imagine, if only vaguely, what might have transpired: despite its grandeur, rocked by waves as tall as brownstones, the colossal vessel—a floating warehouse weighing 28,904 deadweight tons and powered by a diesel engine the size of a barn—would have rolled and pitched and yawed about like a toy in a Jacuzzi.
  2. (figurative)Characterized bydisorderly,frenetic, orviolentactivity; stormy,tumultuous,turbulent; also, of aperson, theirbehaviour ornature, etc.: characterized bybouts ofbadtemper orsuddenchanges ofmood;impetuous, stormy,temperamental.
    Antonym:untempestuous
    After theirtempestuous argument, they did not speak to each other for weeks.

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Related terms

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Translations

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of, pertaining to, or resembling, a tempest; of a place: frequently experiencing tempests—see alsostormy
characterized by disorderly, frenetic, or violent activity—seestormy,‎tumultuous,‎turbulent
of a person, their behaviour or nature, etc.: characterized by bouts of bad temper or sudden changes of mood—seeimpetuous,‎stormy,‎temperamental

References

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  1. ^“tempestǒus,adj.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007.
  2. ^“tempestuous,adj.”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press,June 2024;“tempestuous,adj.”, inLexico,Dictionary.com;Oxford University Press,2019–2022;“† tempestous,adj.”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press,July 2023.

Further reading

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