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take

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:také,Tāke,andtåke

English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishtaken(to take, lay hold of, grasp, strike), fromOld Englishtacan(to grasp, touch), probably ofNorth Germanic origin, fromOld Norsetaka(to touch, take), fromProto-Germanic*tēkaną(to touch), from pre-Germanic*deh₁g-(to touch), possibly a phonetically altered form ofProto-Indo-European*te-th₂g-(to touch, take) (see there for details).[1][2]

Gradually displaced nativeEnglishnim, fromMiddle Englishnimen, fromOld Englishniman(to take).

Cognates

Cognate withScotstak(to take),Icelandic andNorwegian Nynorsktaka(to take),Norwegian Bokmålta(to take),Swedishta(to take),Danishtage(to take, seize),West Frisiantake,taakje(to grab, steal),Dutchtaken(to take; grasp),Middle Low Germantacken(to grasp). Englishthack may be from the same root. Comparetackle. Despite superficial similarity, unrelated toProto-Indo-European*tek-(to take by hand, obtain), which is instead cognate with Englishthig(to beg).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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take (third-person singular simple presenttakes,present participletaking,simple pasttook,past participletakenor(archaic or Scotland)tane)

  1. (transitive) Toget into one's hands,possession, orcontrol, with or withoutforce.
    Synonyms:confiscate,seize;see alsoThesaurus:take
    Theytook Charlton's gun from his cold, dead hands.
    I'lltake that plate off the table.
    • 1627,G[eorge] H[akewill],An Apologie of the Power and Prouidence of God in the Gouernment of the World. [], Oxford, Oxfordshire: [] Iohn Lichfield and William Turner, [],→OCLC, book IV,pages402–403:
      All theſe Ceremonies thus being performed; the Prince which ſucceededtaketh a torch, and firſt putteth to the fire himſelfe, and after him all the reſt of the company, and by and by as the fire was kindled out of the toppe of the higheſt turret, an Eagle was let fly to carry vp his ſoule into heaven, and ſo he was afterward reputed, and by theRomanes adored among the reſt of theGods:[]
    • 1637,Tho[mas] Heywood,Londini Speculum: Or, Londons Mirror, [], London: [] I[ohn] Okes [],→OCLC,signature B, verso:
      That viſage miſ-becomes, thy Pipe / Caſt from thee, Warlike dame, /Take unto thee thy wonted Armes, / And keepe thy Cheekes in frame.
    • 1963,Margery Allingham, “Meeting Point”, inThe China Governess: A Mystery, London:Chatto & Windus,→OCLC,page232:
      Shetook the policeman’s helmet and placed it on a chair, and unfolded his tunic to shake it and fold it up again for him.
    • 1997,George Carlin,Brain Droppings, New York, N.Y.:Hyperion,→ISBN,→OCLC,page67:
      Wetake,take,take until we can't take anymore. Maybe it's because our inner nature is not primarily one of giving, but of taking. Even these things wetake that should balance our lives and give us rest do not. We make work out of them. We do them aggressively; always in control.Take.
    1. (transitive) Toseize orcapture.
      Synonyms:apprehend,lay hold of,rape;see alsoThesaurus:capture
      take the guards prisoner
      take prisoners
      After a bloody battle, they were able totake the city.
      • c.1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe],Tamburlaine the Great. [] The First Part [], 2nd edition, part 1, London: [] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, [], published1592,→OCLC; reprinted asTamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press,1973,→ISBN,Act II, scene ii:
        Therefoꝛe cheere vp your mindes, pꝛapare to fight, / He that cantake oꝛ ſlaughter Tamburlaine, / Shall rule the Pꝛouince of Albania.
      • 1929 May–October, Ernest Hemingway, chapter 2, inA Farewell to Arms, 1st British edition, London:Jonathan Cape [], published1929,→OCLC, book I,page13:
        The river ran behind us and the town had been captured very handsomely but the mountains beyond it could not betaken and I was very glad the Austrians seemed to want to come back to the town some time, if the war should end, because they did not bombard it to destroy it but only a little in a military way.
      • 1938 April,George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter III, inHomage to Catalonia, London:Secker & Warburg,→OCLC,page32:
        The front line, ours and the Fascists', lay in positions of immense natural strength, which as a rule could only be approached from one side. Provided a few trenches have been dug, such places cannot betaken by infantry, except in overwhelming numbers.
    2. (transitive) Tocatch or get possession of (fish or game).
      took ten catfish in one afternoon
      • 1839,Charles Darwin, chapter XII, inNarrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s ShipsAdventure andBeagle, between the Years 1826 and 1836, [], volume III, London:Henry Colburn, [],→OCLC,page248:
        The horses appear to thrive well, yet they are small sized, and have lost so much strength, that they are unfit to be used intaking wild cattle with the lazo.
    3. (transitive, cricket) Tocatch the ball;especially as awicket-keeper and after thebatsman has missed or edged it.
    4. (transitive) Toappropriate ortransfer into one's own possession, sometimes by physically carrying off.
      Billytook her pencil.
    5. (transitive) Toexact.
      take a toll
      take revenge
    6. (transitive) Tocapture orwin (apiece ortrick) in agame.
      took the next two tricks
      took Smith's rook
  2. (transitive) Toreceive oraccept (something, especially something which wasgiven).
    Synonyms:garner,get,obtain,win;see alsoThesaurus:receive
    Antonym:give
    took third place
    took bribes
    The cameratakes 35mm film.
    1. (transitive) Toreceive oraccept (something) aspayment orcompensation.
      The store doesn'ttake checks.
      She wouldn'ttake any money for her help.
      Do youtake plastic?
      The vending machine onlytakes bills, it doesn'ttake coins.
    2. (transitive) Toaccept andfollow (advice, etc.).
      take my advice
      • a.1705,John Locke, “Of the Conduct of the Understanding”, inPosthumous Works of Mr. John Locke: [], London: [] A[wnsham] and J[ohn] Churchill, [], published1706,→OCLC,§ 13,page49:
        Between theſe, thoſe ſeem to do beſt whotaking material and uſeful hints, ſometimes from ſingle matters of Fact, carry them in their Minds to be judg'd of, by what they ſhall find in Hiſtory to confirm or reverſe theſe imperfect Obſervations; which may be eſtabliſh'd into Rules fit to be rely'd on, when they are juſtify'd by a ſufficient and wary Induction of Particulars.
    3. (transitive) Toreceive into some relationship.
      take a wife
      The school onlytakes new students in the fall.
      The therapist wouldn'ttake him as a client.
    4. (transitive, intransitive, law) Toreceive oracquire (property) by law (e.g. as an heir).
      • 1831 June, J. Duncan, “Lodgeagainst Simonton”, inReports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, third edition, volume II, Philadelphia, P.A.: Kay & Brother, published1880,page442:
        There was nointestacy, and they did nottake under the will as heirs, but the widow and the children, under the residuary devise, take as tenants in common.
    5. (transitive) Toaccept, begiven (rightly or wrongly), orassume (especially as if byright).
      Hetook all the credit for the project, although he had done almost none of the work.
      Shetook the blame, in the public's eyes, although the debacle was more her husband's fault than her own.
  3. (transitive) Toremove.
    Synonyms:knock off,subduct;see alsoThesaurus:remove
    take two eggs from the carton
    1. (transitive) Toremove orend bydeath; tokill.
      Synonyms:do in,terminate;see alsoThesaurus:kill
      The earthquaketook many lives.
      The plaguetook rich and poor alike.
      Cancertook her life.
      Hetook his life last night.
    2. (transitive) Tosubtract.
      Synonyms:take away;see alsoThesaurus:subtract
      Take one from three and you are left with two.
  4. (transitive) To havesex with.
    Synonyms:have,sleep with;see alsoThesaurus:copulate with
    • 1990,Pat Booth,Malibu,Crown Publishers, Inc.,page222:
      Sometimes he would have her standing up by the side of the bed, not bothering to undress, merely undoing his fly and using her like a cheap envelope to receive his lust. At others he wouldtake her on the floor of her clothes closet and then leave her, locked in for the rest of the night, awash with his sex, until her embarrassed maid freed her the next morning.
    • 2002 September 16, INCESTOR, “STORY: "Horny Peeping Sister" (6/9) (mf, voy, family) 566710”, inalt.sex.stories[3] (Usenet):
      I wonder what it would feel like totake two cocks at the same time.
    • 1967 [1945],Georges Simenon, translated by Jean Stewart,Monsieur Monde Vanishes, New York, N.Y.; London:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,→ISBN,page126:
      He remembered her look of distress, her childish "Oh!" when hetook her for the first time, clumsily, because he felt ashamed. And each time after that, each time they had sex together, though he tried to be as gentle as possible, he knew she was wearing the same expression, he avoided seeing her face, and thus it happened that instead of being a pleasure the sexual act became an ordeal.
    • 2012,The Onion Book of Known Knowledge: A Definitive Encyclopaedia of Existing Information: In 27 Excruciating Volumes, New York, N.Y.:Little, Brown and Company,→ISBN,page 8:
      Modern Amsterdam is among Europe's most progressive cities, leading in such fields as design, fisting, felching, civil engineering, fashion, five-ways, pony play, computer science, and transportation. Its stock exchange is the oldest in Europe, and lovely Anastasiatakes six men at once while shitting into a crystal goblet during her live show on the Bloedstraat at 11:30 p.m. every Tuesday.
    • 2014 July 3,Mock the Week, season13, episode 4,Susan Calman (actor):
      And the queentakes the bishop...this is turning out to be quite the royal wedding! [winks at the camera]
  5. (transitive) Todefeat (someone or something) in afight.
    Synonym:beat
    Don't try totake that guy. He's bigger than you.
    The woman guarding us looks like a professional, but I cantake her!
    • 1840 April –1841 November,Charles Dickens, “Chapter the Sixth”, inThe Old Curiosity Shop. A Tale. [], volume I, London:Chapman and Hall, [], published1841,→OCLC,page111:
      "I'll stop 'em'" cried Quilp, diving into the little counting-house and returning with a thick stick, "I'll stop 'em. Now my boys fight away. I'll fight you both, I'lltake both of you, both together, both together!"
    • 1878,William Black, “Fionaghal”, inMacleod of Dare. [], volume I, London:Macmillan and Co.,→OCLC,page57:
      "What is cruel now was not cruel then," he said; "it was a way of fighting; it was what is called an ambush now—enticing your enemy, and thentaking him at a disadvantage. And if you did not do that to him he would do it to you. And when a man is mad with anger or revenge, what does he care for anything?"
  6. (transitive) Tograsp orgrip.
    Synonyms:grab,nim;see alsoThesaurus:grasp
    Hetook her hand in his.
    • 1786, [William Beckford], translated by [Samuel Henley],An Arabian Tale, from an Unpublished Manuscript: [] [Vathek], London: [] J[oseph] Johnson, [],→OCLC,pages119–120:
      The young females ſeeing him approach in ſuch haste; and according to cuſtom, expecting a dance; inſtantly aſſembled in a circle, andtook each other by the hand: but Gulchenrouz, coming up out of breath, fell down, at once, on the graſs.
    • 1837,L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The Sick Room”, inEthel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. [], volume II, London:Henry Colburn, [],→OCLC,page142:
      She sat half upright, supported on Henrietta's shoulder; and,taking her father's hand, she clasped it with her husband's.
  7. (transitive) Toselect orchoose; topick.
    Take whichever bag you like.
    Shetook the best men with her and left the rest to garrison the city.
    I'lltake the blue plates.
    I'lltake two sugars in my coffee, please.
    • 1661, Galilæus Galilæus Lyncæus [i.e.,Galileo Galilei], “The Systeme of the World: In Four Dialogues. []. The Second Dialogue.”, in Thomas Salusbury, transl.,Mathematical Collections and Translations, tome I, 1st part, London: [] William Leybourne,→OCLC,page168:
      Salv. We can think no other, if we do but conſider the way hetaketh to confute their aſſertion; the confutation of which confiſts in the demolition of buildings, and the toſſing of ſtones, living creatures and men themſelves up into the Air.
    1. (transitive) Toadopt (select) as one's own.
      Shetook his side in every argument.
      take a stand on the important issues
    • 1882,Bret Harte, “[Found at Blazing Star]”, inFlip; and Found at Blazing Star, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.:Houghton, Mifflin and Company [],→OCLC,page117:
      Heeding the wise caution of his com rades, hetook the habit of wearing the ring only at night. Wrapped in his blanket, he stealthily slipped the golden circlet over his little finger, and, as he averred, "slept all the better for it."
  8. (transitive) Tocarry orlead (something or someone).
    Antonym:bring
    Shetook her sword with her everywhere she went.
    I'lltake the plate with me.
    • 1796,Edmund Burke,A Letter from the Right Honourable Edmund Burke to a Noble Lord, on the Attacks Made upon Him and His Pension, [], London: [] J. Owen, [], andF[rancis] and C[harles] Rivington, [],→OCLC,page 2:
      Perſonal offence I have given them none. The part theytake againſt me is from zeal to the cauſe. It is well! It is perfectly well! I have to do homage to their juſtice.
    1. (transitive, especially of a vehicle) Totransport orcarry; to convey to another place.
      The next bus willtake you to Metz.
      Itook him for a ride
      Itook him down to London.
      • 1925, Aldous Huxley,Along the Road: Notes and Essays of a Tourist, London:Chatto & Windus,→OCLC, part I (Travel in General),page16:
        All I claim for the ten-horse-power Citroën is this: that it works. In a modest and unassuming way, not very rapidly, indeed, but steadily and reliably, ittakes one about.
    2. (transitive, of a path, road, etc.) Tolead (to a place); to serve as a means of reaching.
      These stairstake you down to the basement.
      Stone Streettook us right past the store.
    3. (transitive) Topass (or attempt to pass) through or around.
      Shetook the steps two or three at a time.
      Hetook the curve / corner too fast.
      The ponytook every hedge and fence in its path.
    4. (transitive) Toescort orconduct (a person).
      Hetook her to lunch at the new restaurant,took her to the movies, and thentook her home.
    5. (reflexive) Togo.
      • 2007, Edwin B. Mullins,The Popes of Avignon, New York, N.Y.: BlueBridge, published2008,→ISBN,page59:
        In a rare example of clemency Pope John assured him of a pardon, perhaps on the grounds that the innocent monk had merely been the victim of Louis's overbearing ambitions. Nicholas thentook himself to Avignon where in August 1330 he formally renounced his claim to the papacy.
  9. (transitive) Touse as a means oftransportation.
    take the ferry
    Itook a plane.
    Hetook the bus to London, and thentook a train to Manchester.
    He's 96 but he stilltakes the stairs.
  10. (transitive) Toobtain for use bypayment orlease.
    Shetook a condo at the beach for the summer.
    Hetook a full-page ad in theTimes.
    • 1873,Charles Reade, chapter IV, inA Simpleton: A Story of the Day [], volume(please specify |volume=I to III), London:Chapman and Hall, [],→OCLC,page113:
    • 1880, [Benjamin Disraeli], chapter IX, inEndymion [], volume II, London:Longmans, Green, and Co.,→OCLC,page95:
      We understand that His Royal Highness Prince Florestan, who has been for some little time in this country, hastaken the mansion in Carlton Gardens, recently occupied by the Marquis of Katterfelto. The mansion is undergoing very considerable repairs, but it is calculated that it will be completed in time for the reception of His Royal Highness by the end of the autumn; His Royal Highness hastaken the extensive moors of Dinniewhiskie for the coming season.
    1. (transitive) Toobtain orreceiveregularly by (paid)subscription.
      Theytook two magazines.
      I used totakeThe Sunday Times.
  11. (transitive) Toreceive (medicine ordrugs) into one'sbody, e.g. byinhalation orswallowing; toingest.
    take two of these and call me in the morning
    take the blue pill
    Itake aspirin every day to thin my blood.
    • 1994 [1993],Irvine Welsh,Trainspotting, London: Minerva,→ISBN,page73:
      Frankly, he tells me, he's really disappointed in my attitude. He hopes ah'm nottaking drugs, scrutinising my face as if he can tell.
  12. (transitive, dated) Toconsume (food or drink).
    The generaltook dinner at seven o'clock.
    • 1892,Walter Besant, chapter III, inThe Ivory Gate [], New York, N.Y.:Harper & Brothers, [],→OCLC,page48:
      To such men as Mr. Hellyer, who every nighttake much strong drink, and on no occasion whatever take any exercise, sixty is the grand climacteric. He was a year ago just fifty-nine. Alas! he has not even reached his grand climacteric. Already he is gone. He was cut off by pneumonia, or apoplexy, last Christmas.
    • 1961 November 10,Joseph Heller, “Major Major Major Major”, inCatch-22 [], New York, N.Y.:Simon and Schuster,→OCLC,page89:
      He was conscious that other officers tried to avoid eating at the same time, and everyone was gready relieved when he stopped coming there altogether and begantaking his meals in his trailer.
  13. (transitive) Toundergo; to put oneself into, to besubjected to.
    take sun-baths
    take a shower
    She made the decision totake chemotherapy.
  14. (transitive) Toexperience orfeel.
    Shetakes pride in her work.
    Itake offence at that.
    totake a dislike
    totake pleasure in his opponent's death
    • 1557 February 13 (Gregorian calendar),Thomas Tusser, “The Authors life.”, inA Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie, London: [] Richard Tottel,→OCLC; republished London: [] Robert Triphook, [], and William Sancho, [],1810,→OCLC, stanza 37,page214:
      Mantaketh paine, God giueth gaine, / Man doth his best, God doth the rest, / Man well intendes, God foizon sendes, / else want he shall.
    • 1599, W. Kinsayder or Theriomastix [pseudonyms;John Marston], “Humours”, inThe Scourge of Villanie. [], London: [] I[ames] R[oberts],→OCLC; republished asG[eorge] B[agshawe] Harrison, editor,The Scourge of Villanie (The Bodley Head Quartos;13), London:John Lane,The Bodley Head []; New York, N.Y.:E[dward] P[ayson] Dutton & Company,1925,→OCLC,page117:
      Taking great ioy / If you will daine his faculties imploy / But in the mean’st ingenious quality.
    • 1913,Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, inMr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London:D[aniel] Appleton and Company,→OCLC,page18:
      Thinks I to myself, "Sol, you're run off your course again. This is some rich city man's summer 'cottage' and if you don't look out there's likely to be some nice, lively dogtaking an interest in your underpinning." So I started to back away again into the bushes. But I hadn't backed more'n a couple of yards when I see something so amazing that I couldn't help scooching down behind the bayberries and looking at it.
  15. (transitive) Tosubmit to; toendure (withoutill humor,resentment, or physicalfailure).
    took a pay cut
    take a joke
    If you're in an abusive relationship, don't just sit andtake it; you can get help.
    The hulltook a lot of punishment before it broke.
    I cantake the noise, but I can'ttake the smell.
    That truck bed will onlytake two tons.
    • 2022 September 11, Drachinifel, 56:34 from the start, inThe Drydock - Episode 213 (Part 1)[4],YouTube, archived fromthe original on12 September 2022:
      [] and, kind of the ultimate example of the plans for the R-class was to refit them with huge bulges, almost monitor-style bulges, to be able totake multiple air-dropped torpedo attacks, but also to just, literally, slap on four inches of deck armor.
  16. (transitive) Tosuffer; toendure (ahardship ordamage).
    The shiptook a direct hit and was destroyed.
    Her careertook a hit.
  17. (transitive) Toparticipate in.
    Shetook a vacation to France but spent the whole time feeling miserable that her husband couldn't be there with her.
    Aren't you supposed totake your math final today?
    Despite my misgivings, I decided totake a meeting with the Russian lawyer.
  18. (transitive) To cause tochange to a specified state orcondition.
    He had totake it apart to fix it.
    Shetook down her opponent in two minutes.
    • 2011, Thomas M. Bloch,Many Happy Returns: The Story ofHenry Bloch, America's Tax Man, Hoboken, N.J.:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,→ISBN,page86:
      In 1961, they lined up a lawyer and an underwriter totake the company public. And they retained an accounting firm to produce audited financial statements.
  19. (transitive) Toregard in a specified way.
    Hetook the news badly.
  20. (transitive) To conclude or form (a decision or an opinion) in the mind.
    took the decision to close its last remaining outlet
    took a dim view of city officials
  21. (transitive) Tounderstand (especially in a specified way).
    Don'ttake my comments as an insult.
    if shetook my meaning
    • 1853 January,The American Journal of Science and Arts, volume15, number43,→ISSN,page125:
      The author explained the theory of Dove, which, if wetook him correctly, was, that the lustre of bodies and particularly the metallic lustre arose from the light coming from the one stratum of the superficial particles of bodies interfering on the eye with the light coming from other and deeper strata,—the regular symmetrical arrangement of the particles in these bodies producing effects somewhat analogous to that of mother-of-pearl
    • 2022 October 29, Felix Bazalgette, “'It was more than a pub' – the story of five boozers forced to call last orders”, inKatharine Viner, editor,The Guardian[5], London:Guardian News & Media,→ISSN,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on5 February 2023:
      More than a third of the new flats will be a mix of council rent and "affordable" rent – definitions vary but often this is taken to mean that their cost won't exceed 80% of the normal market rate.
  22. (transitive) Tobelieve, toaccept the statements of.
    take her word for it
    take him at his word
  23. (transitive) Toassume orsuppose; toreckon; toregard orconsider.
    Itook him to be a person of honor.
    He was oftentaken to be a man of means.
    Do youtake me for a fool?
    Do youtake me to be stupid?
    Looking at him as he came into the room, Itook him for his father.
    • c.1552 (date written),Nicholas Udall,[Ralph Roister Doister],[London]:[s.n.], published1566?; republished asEdward Arber, editor,Roister Doister. [] (English Reprints), London: Muir & Paterson, [],24 July 1869,→OCLC,pages51–52:
      For (as I heare ſay) ſuche your conditions are, / To ye be worthie fauour of no liuing man, / To be abhorred of euery honeſt man. / To betaken for a woman enclined to vice.
    • 1873,Anthony Trollope, “[Queensland.] Gold.”, inAustralia and New Zealand. [], volume I, London:Chapman and Hall, [],→OCLC,page80:
      When we were ashore we had to walk a couple of miles through the forest in search of the village in which we were to sleep, a place called Tiaro, and when we found it, about two in the morning, the first innkeeper whom we knocked up, a German,took us for bushrangers and would not let us in.
    • 1950, E[wdin] Basil Redlich,The Early Traditions of Genesis, London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.,page108:
      The dimensions of the ark, if wetake a cubit to be equal to 1½ feet, are 450 × 75 × 45 feet. It is to be built in three stories and to contain rooms or nests for Noah's family and the animals.
  24. (transitive) Todraw,derive, ordeduce (a meaning from something).
    take it from her comments she won't be there.
    I'm not sure what moral totake from that story.
    • 1671,John Tillotson, “Phil[ippians] iij. 8.”, inSermons Preach’d upon Several Occasions, London: [] A[nne] M[axwell] forSa[muel] Gellibrand, [],→OCLC,page196:
      And the firm belief of a future Judgment, which ſhallrender to every man according to his deeds, if it be well conſider'd, is to a reaſonable nature the moſt forcible motive of all other to a good life; becauſe it istaken from the conſideration of the greateſt and moſt laſting happineſs and miſery that Humane nature is capable of.
  25. (transitive) Toderive (as a title); toobtain from asource.
    "As I Lay Dying"takes its title from Book XI of Homer's "Odyssey"
    • 1676,Richard Wiseman, “The First Book. A Treatise of Tumours.”, inSeverall Chirurgicall Treatises, London: [] E. Flesher and J. Macock, forR[ichard] Royston [], and B[enjamin] Took, [],→OCLC,page55:
      The benign or milder Speciestakes its Originall from a bilious hotſerum: the other is commonly ſaid to proceed fromAduſtion in the Bloud, with a mixture of Choler or ſalt Phlegm.
  26. (transitive) Tocatch orcontract (an illness, etc.).
    took a chill
  27. (transitive) To come upon orcatch (in a particular state or situation).
  28. (transitive) Tocaptivate orcharm; to gain or secure the interest or affection of.
    took her fancy
    took her attention
    • 1839,Thomas Moore,The Epicurean: A Tale, London: John Macrone,page33:
      I know not why, but there was a something in those half-seen features,—a charm in the very shadow that hung over their imagined beauty,—whichtook my fancy more than all the out-shining loveliness of her companions.
  29. (transitive, of a material) Toabsorb or beimpregnated by (dye, ink, etc.); to be susceptible to being treated by (polish, etc.).
    cloth thattakes dye well
    Theflu shot didn'ttake (on me).
    the leather thattakes a certain kind of polish
  30. (transitive, of a ship) Tolet in (water).
    • 1972, Anne Sinai,Israel & the Arabs: Prelude to the Jewish State, New York, N.Y.:Facts on File, Inc.,→ISBN,pages107–108:
      The British brought the ship into Haifa harbor. The ship was taking seawater in 4 places, and the passengers had been without fresh water for the last few days of their voyage, with several ill from drinking seawater.
  31. (transitive) Torequire(a person, resource or thing in order to achieve an outcome).
    Looks like it's gonnatake a taller person to get that down.
    Finishing this on schedule willtake a lot of overtime.
    • 1921 January 15,Millard's Review of the Far East, volume XV, number 7,→OCLC,page357:
      If the summary of the Tientsin society as accurate, a famine population of.more than 14,000,000 is already bad enough. If ittakes five dollars to keep one of them alive, the task of relieving the whole population affected will require nearly $80,000,000.
    • 1960 July 11,Harper Lee, chapter 13, inTo Kill a Mockingbird, Philadelphia, Pa.; New York, N.Y.:J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott Company,→OCLC, part 2,page145:
      I know now what he was trying to do, but Atticus was only a man. Ittakes a woman to do that kind of work.
    • 2001,Salman Rushdie,Fury: A Novel, London:Jonathan Cape,→ISBN,page36:
      Ittook an effort to restrain himself, and in a level voice to reassure earnest young Mark in his David Ogilvy-clone outfit that even the most red-faced colonels in England were unlikely to be upset by his banal formulation.
    • 2009, Rachel Hagger-Holt, Sarah Hagger-Holt,Living It Out, Norwich, Norfolk:Canterbury Press,→ISBN,page82:
      While ittakes courage to come out, the acceptance of parents and other family members can really help the person coming out to accept themselves.
    • 2013 August 31, “Code blue”, inThe Economist[6], London:The Economist Group,→ISSN,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on27 July 2023:
      TIME was ittook a war to close a financial exchange. Now all it needs is a glitch in technology. On August 26th trading on Eurex, the main German derivatives exchange, opened as usual; 20 minutes later it shut down for about an hour.
  32. (transitive) Toproceed to fill.
    Hetook a seat in the front row.
  33. (transitive) Tofill,occupy, require, or use up (space).
    His collectiontakes a lot of space.
  34. (transitive) To fill or require: tolast orexpend (an amount of time).
    Unloading the moving trucktook us half a day, but this mess of a house willtake us all weekend to tidy up. Ittakes ages to finish house moving!
    Hunting that whaletakes most of his free time.
    The trip willtake about ten minutes.
    Ittakes a while to get used to the smell.
    • 1940, Zane Grey, chapter 12, in30,000 on the Hoof, Roslyn, N.Y.: Walter J. Black,→OCLC,page193:
      "Barbara, what I have to confess will amaze and grieve you," began Lucinda, with grave tenderness. "But it is best for your happiness, for the future that I see can be yours. And surely best for all of us Huetts. It hastaken me years—years to come to this decision—to break one aspect of our happy home life here for a possible fuller and better one."
  35. (transitive) Toavail oneself of; toexploit.
    Hetook that opportunity to leave France.
    • 2000, Cameron Judd,The Overmountain Men: A Novel, Nashville, T.N.: Cumberland House,→ISBN,page166:
      When that happened, he almost gave up the idea of asking what he had come to ask. But then the opportunity arose, and hetook it, then waited breathlessly for her answer.
    • 2001,Stephen White,The Program, Waterville, M.E.:Thorndike Press,→ISBN,page365:
      Hetook the pause to allow himself time to begin to catalog all the surfaces he may have touched during the scuffle.
  36. (transitive) Topractice;perform;execute;carry out;do.
    take a walk
    take action/steps/measures to fight drug abuse
    take a trip
    take aim
    take the tempo slowly
    The kick istaken from where the foul occurred.
    Pirès ran in totake the kick.
    The throw-in istaken from the point where the ball crossed the touch-line.
  37. (transitive) To assume or perform (a form or role).
    1. (transitive) Toassume (a form).
      took the form of a duck
      took shape
      a godtaking the likeness of a bird
    2. (transitive) Toperform (a role).
      take the part of the villain/hero
    3. (transitive) Toassume andundertake the duties of (a job, an office, etc.).
      take office
      take the throne
      • 2013 August 10, “Cronies and capitols”, inThe Economist[7], London:The Economist Group,→ISSN,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on27 July 2023:
        Policing the relationship between government and business in a free society is difficult. Businesspeople have every right to lobby governments, and civil servants totake jobs in the private sector.
  38. (transitive) Tobind oneself by.
    hetook the oath of office last night
  39. (transitive) Togo into, through, or along.
    go down two blocks andtake the next left
    take the path of least resistance
    1. (transitive) Togo ormove into.
      the witnesstook the stand
      the next teamtook the field
  40. (transitive) To have and use one'srecourse to.
    take cover/shelter/refuge
  41. (transitive) Toascertain ordetermine bymeasurement,examination orinquiry.
    take her pulse / temperature / blood pressure
    take a census
    • 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “The Humours and Dispositions of theLaputians Described. []”, inTravels into Several Remote Nations of the World. [] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume II, London: [] Benj[amin] Motte, [],→OCLC, part III (A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdribb, Luggnagg, and Japan),pages23–24:
      He firſttook my Altitude by a Quadrant, and then with Rule and Compaſſes, deſcribed the Dimenſions and Out-lines of my whole Body, all which he enter'd upon Paper, and in ſix days brought my Clothes very ill made, and quite out of ſhape, by happening to miſtake a Figure in the Calculation.
  42. (transitive) To write down; to get in, or as if in, writing.
    Hetook a mental inventory of his supplies.
    Shetook careful notes.
  43. (transitive) Tomake (a photograph, film, or otherreproduction of something).
    Shetook a video of their encounter.
    Could youtake a picture of us?
    The policetook his fingerprints.
  44. (transitive, dated) To make a picture, photograph, etc. of (a person, scene, etc.).
    The photographer willtake you sitting down.
    totake a group/scene
  45. (transitive) Toobtainmoney from, especially byswindling.
    took me for ten grand
  46. (transitive, now chiefly by enrolling in a class or course) Toapply oneself to thestudy of.
    As a child, shetook ballet.
    Next semester, I plan totake math, physics, literature, and art history.
  47. (transitive) To deal with.
    take matters as they arise
  48. (transitive) Toconsider in a particular way, or to consider as an example.
    I've had a lot of problems recently:take last Monday, for example. My car broke down on the way to work. Then[] etc.
  49. (transitive, baseball) Todecline toswing at (a pitched ball); torefrain from hitting at, and allow to pass.
    He'll probablytake this one.
  50. (transitive) To accept as an input to a relation.
    1. (transitive, grammar) To have to be used with (a certain grammatical form, etc.).
      This verbtakes the dative; that verbtakes the genitive.
    2. (transitive, mathematics, computing) To accept (zero or morearguments).
      The functiontakes two arguments, an array of sizen and an integerk.
  51. (transitive, Greece, Cyprus, informal) Tobuy.
    take a ticket
  52. (intransitive) To get oraccept (something) into one'spossession.
    My husband and I have a dysfunctional marriage. He justtakes andtakes; he never gives.
  53. (intransitive) To engage, take hold or have effect.
    • 1631,Francis [Bacon], “II. Century. [Experiments in Consort, Touching Sounds; and First Touching the Nullity and Entity of Sounds.]”, inSylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. [], 3rd edition, London: [] William Rawley [];[p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee [],→OCLC, paragraph 119,page40:
      And ſo likewiſeFlame percuſſing the Aire ſtrongly, (as when Flame ſuddenlytaketh, and openeth,) giuetha Noiſe; So, GreatFlames, whiles the one implelleth the other, giue a bellowingSound.
    1. (of ink, dye, etc.) Toadhere or be absorbed properly.
      the dye didn'ttake
      Boiling pasta with a bit of the sauce in the water will help the sauce "take."
    2. (of a plant, etc.) To begin to grow after being grafted or planted; to(literally or figuratively)take root, take hold.
      not all graftstake
      I started some tomato seeds last spring, but they didn'ttake.
      • 1884,S[tephen] B[leecker] Luce,Aaron Ward,Text-book of Seamanship. [], New York, N.Y.:D. Van Nostrand,page179:
        The cradles are supported under their centres by shores, on which the keeltakes. The ends of the cradles are hinged, and can drop down clear when the boat is being hoisted or lowered.
    3. (of a mechanical device) To catch; to engage.
      • 2009, Sheldon Russell,The Yard Dog, New York, N.Y.:Minotaur Books,→ISBN,page210:
        At the depot, Hook climbed out, slamming the door twice before the latchtook. A train idled on the main track, the engine hissing as it waited for the crew change. From the windows, passengers watched on at the world outside.
    4. (possibly dated) To win acceptance, favor or favorable reception; to charm people.
  54. (intransitive, copulative) To become; to be affected in a specified way.
    Theytook ill within 3 hours.
    Shetook sick with the flu.
  55. (intransitive, possibly dated) To be able to be accurately or beautifully photographed.
    • 1881,Jessie Fothergill, chapter IX, inKith and Kin: A Novel, volume II, London: Robert Bentley and Son,page259:
      'Photographs never do give anything but a pale imitation, you know, but the likenesses, as likenesses, are good. She "takes well" as they say, and those were done lately.'
  56. (intransitive, dialectal, proscribed)[3]An intensifier.
    • 1843,Harriet Beecher Stowe,The Mayflower; Or, Sketches of Scenes and Characters Among the Descendants of the Pilgrims, New York, N.Y.:Harper & Brothers,page34:
      I don't know but she would, but just then poor Sukey came in, and looked so frightened and scarey—Sukey is a pretty gal, and looks so trembling and delicate, that it's kinder a shame to plague her, and so Itook and come away for that time.
    • 1859, George Meredith,The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. A History of Father and Son. [], volume I, London:Chapman and Hall,→OCLC,page100:
      Speed-the-Plough lurched round on his elbow and regarded him indifferently. "Moighty foin, that be! D'ye call that Doctrin'? He bean't al'ays, or I shoon't be scrapin' my heels wi' nothin' to do, and what's warse, nothin' to eat. Why, look heer. Luck 's luck, and bad luck's the con-trary. Varmer Bollop, t'other day, has's rick burnt down. Next night his gran'ry's burnt. What do hetak' and go and do? Hetakes, and goes, and hangs unsel', and turns us out o' 'ploy. God warn't above the Devil then, I thinks, or I can't make out the reckonin'."
    • 1875, Arthur Sketchley,Mrs. Brown at the Crystal Palace, London:George Routledge and Sons,page100:
      As made Queen 'Lizzybeth swear like blazes, and ketched poor old Dizzy sich a smack o' the face, as sent 'im up in a corner a-wimperin' with 'is 'ankercher to 'is nose, as made Gladstin give a grin, tho' he took good care to keep out of old Betsey's way, as glared at 'im; and thentook and turned on me and says, "Let me give you a turn, for you're a-layin' on your back too much."
    • 1943, Max Brand [pseudonym;Frederick Schiller Faust],Silvertip's Trap, New York, N.Y.:Dodd, Mead & Company,page30:
      I took and beat the devil out of him. I got him against the wall, and the back of his head bumped the wall just when my fist hit his chin, and he went out like a light, and that's how he come to have that big cut on his chin, like you was talking about.
    • 1985,Darcy O'Brien,Two of a Kind: The Hillside Stranglers, New York, N.Y.; Scarborough, Ont.:New American Library,page34:
      [] I went and kicked the door in and took care of some other people. Then Itook and went back to the hotel—" ¶ "The hotel where you live, right? The Gilbert Hotel?" ¶ "Right. Itook and went back to the hotel, took a shower, went out and talked to a police officer—" ¶ "A police officer. Sheriff's deputy? LAPD? What's his name?" ¶ "Can't recall. Jim. Charlie, could be."
  57. (transitive, obsolete) Todeliver,bring,give (something) to (someone).
  58. (transitive, obsolete outside dialects and slang) To give or deliver (a blow, to someone); to strike or hit.
    Hetook me a blow on the head.
  59. (archaic) Tovisit; to include in a course of travel.
    • 1677,William Penn,A Collection of the Works of William Penn: [], volume I, London: [] J. Sowle, [], published1726,page60:
      Now about a Year ſince,R. B. andB. F.took that City in the Way fromFrederickſtadt toAmſterdam, and gave them a Viſit: In which they informed them ſomewhat ofFriend's Principles, and recommended the Teſtimony of TRUTH to them, as both a nearer and more certain Thing than the utmoſt ofDe Labadie's Doctrine. They left them tender and loving.
    • 1793,John Whitehead,The Life of the Rev. John Wesley, M.A. [], Dublin: [] John Jones, [], published1805,page441:
      But it seems that he did not attend to this circumstance at present; for in May, he set out again forEpworth, andtookManchester in his way, to see his friend Mr.Clayton, who had now leftOxford.
  60. (obsolete, rare) To portray in apainting.
    • a.1701 (date written), John Dryden, “To The Pious Memory of the Accomplish'd Young Lady Mrs.Anne Killigrew, []”, inThe Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, [], volume II, London: [] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, [], published1760,→OCLC,page216:
      Beauty alone could beautytake ſo right: / Her dreſs, her ſhape, her matchleſs grace, / Were all obferv'd, as well as heavenly face.
  61. Used in phrasal verbs:take in, take off, take on, take out, take to, take something to, take up.

Usage notes

[edit]
  • In a few informalsociolects, the past formtook is sometimes replaced by theproscribed formtaked.
  • Similarly, the participletaken is sometimes replaced by the equallyproscribedtooken.
  • In older forms of English, when the pronounthou was in active use, and verbs used-est for distinct second-person singular indicative forms, the verbtake had the formtakest, and hadtookest for its past tense.
  • Similarly, when the ending-eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, the formtaketh was used.

Conjugation

[edit]
Conjugation oftake
infinitive(to)take
present tensepast tense
1st-personsingulartaketook
2nd-personsingulartake,takesttook,tookst,tookest
3rd-personsingulartakes,takethtook
pluraltake
subjunctivetaketook
imperativetake
participlestakingtaken,took1

Archaic orobsolete. 1 Colloquial or dialectal.

Derived terms

[edit]

Translations

[edit]
Seetake/translations § Verb.

Noun

[edit]

take (pluraltakes)

  1. The or an act of taking.
    • 1999,Report to Congress: Impacts of California Sea Lions and Pacific Harbor Seals on Salmonids and West Coast Ecosystems, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service,page32:
      The 1994 Amendments address the incidentaltake of marine mammals in the course of commercial fishing, not the direct lethaltake of pinnipeds for management purposes.
    • 2009,Lissa Evans,Their Finest Hour and a Half, London []:Doubleday,→ISBN,page321:
      'I saw you in Norfolk doing twenty-oddtakes with that fisherman chap and it looked perfect in the rushes.'
  2. Something that is taken; ahaul.
    1. Money that is taken in, (legal or illegal) proceeds, income;(in particular) profits; takings.
      He wants half of thetake if he helps with the job.
      The mayor is on thetake.
    2. The or a quantity offish,game animals orpelts, etc which have been taken at one time;catch.
  3. Aninterpretation orview,opinion orassessment;perspective; astatement expressing such aposition.
    Synonyms:conclusion,mind,verdict;see alsoThesaurus:judgement
    What's yourtake on this issue, Fred?
    Another unsolicited mathstake: talking about quotients in terms of "equivalence classes" or cosets is really unnatural.
    • 2008 November 19,Jenna Wortham, “So Long, and Thanks for All the Tips!”, inWired[9], San Francisco, Calif.:Condé Nast Publications,→ISSN,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on6 June 2023:
      Should you crave a fix of mytake on tech culture, get the urge to build a 3-D home cinema or want the skivvy on the latest internet memes or robo-romances, you can keep a close eye on me via Twitter or drop me a line at my new digs.
    • 2018 May 10,Ben Mathis-Lilley, “Fox News Military Analyst Says John McCain Broke Under Torture and Gave Secrets to North Vietnamese”, inSlate[10], archived fromthe original on28 November 2022:
      I wrote Thursday morning that the Washington Post had printed a column that qualified as the worsttake on the debate over whether Gina Haspel, who supported the torture of "War on Terror" detainees, should become CIA director. I was very wrong.This is the worsttake:
    • 2020 October 26, Sheldon Pearce, “Kendrick Lamar and the Mantle of Black Genius”, inThe New Yorker[11], New York, N.Y.:Condé Nast Publications,→ISSN,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on4 August 2023:
      Another of the victims, Michael Brown, was an aspiring rapper himself and a Lamar fan. Though Kendrick's controversialtake on Brown's death is somewhat glossed over, the book is constantly putting into context how the rapper's art is a product of the same trauma and working in service to the Black communities that experienced that trauma.
    • 2022 September 14, Sarah Lyon, “In a small space, do you really need a dining table?”, inThe Washington Post[12], Washington, D.C.:The Washington Post Company,→ISSN,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on15 September 2022:
      We turned to the experts to get theirtakes on whether you truly need a dining table in a small home. For some designers, having one is nonnegotiable; others have found ways around it. Read on to see what works best for you.
    • 2025,Momus, “What's Your Take?”, inAcktor:
      What's yourtake on Hitler / Now Americans / Want to share his big ideal / With everyone?
  4. Anapproach, a (distinct)treatment.
    a newtake on a traditional dish
    • 2009, Tim Richardson,Great Gardens of America, London:Frances Lincoln Limited,→ISBN,page87:
      Whatever the provenance, the result is a delightfully noveltake on a stalwart, often deadening Victorian feature.
    • 2012,David Walliams,Camp David: The Autobiography, London:Penguin Books, published2013,→ISBN,page288:
      The League of Gentlemen was all set in one town;The Fast Show did what it said on the tin, the sketches came thick and fast;Goodness Gracious Me was a brillianttake on British Asian culture.
    • 2016 May 23, Brittany Spanos, “Celine Dion Delivers Powerful Queen Cover at Billboard Music Awards”, inRolling Stone[13], New York, N.Y.:Penske Media Corporation,→ISSN,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on26 March 2023:
      As part of her acceptance speech for the Billboard Icon Award during the show, Dion showed off her well-honed Las Vegas showmanship during hertake on the Queen classic and statement of endurance.
  5. (film) Ascenerecorded (filmed) at one time, without aninterruption orbreak; a recording of such a scene.
    It's atake.
    Act seven, scene three,take two.
  6. (music) A recording of a musical performance made during an uninterrupted single recording period.
  7. A visible (facial)response to something, especially somethingunexpected; a facial gesture in response to an event.
    did adouble take and then a tripletake
    I did atake when I saw the new car in the driveway.
    • 1991,William Shatner,[Ron Goulart],TekLords, New York, N.Y.:G. P. Putnam's Sons,→ISBN,page48:
      "When our client mentioned Dr. Chesterton, you did atake that was perceptible to one with my trained eye. Know the gent,amigo?"
    • 2007, Laura McBride,Catch a Falling Starr: A Novel, New York, N.Y. []:iUniverse, Inc.,→ISBN,page138:
      Biddy did a'take' and stared at Mandy speechless for a moment—then she fled back to the kitchen.
    • 2013, Carsten Stroud,The Homecoming, New York, N.Y.:Alfred A. Knopf,→ISBN,page301:
      He's a stone-cold snake, Nick, but he's our stone—cold snake. Keep tugging on hanging threads and one day your pants will fall off." ¶ Nick did atake, grinning in spite of his miserable mood. "How, exactly, would that work?" ¶ Mavis shrugged, grinned right back at him.
  8. (medicine) An instance ofsuccessfulinoculation/vaccination.
  9. (rugby, cricket) Acatch of the ball (in cricket, especially one by thewicket-keeper).
  10. (printing) The quantity ofcopy given to acompositor at one time.
    • 1884,John Southward, chapter XXI, inPractical Printing: A Handbook of the Art of Typography, second edition, London: J. M. Powell & Son,page197:
      When the copy arrives, it is taken in hand by the printer, who first of all divides it into "takes" or short portions, distributing these among the various compositors. Atake usually consists of a little more than a stickful of matter, but it varies sometimes, for if a new paragraph occurs it is not overlooked. Thesetakes are carefully numbered, and a list is kept of the compositors who take the several pieces.

Derived terms

[edit]

Translations

[edit]
act of taking
something that is taken
profit
interpretation or view
film: attempt to record a scene
catch
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*takan- ~ *tēkan-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,page507
  2. ^Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teh₂⁽g̑⁾-”, inLexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag,→ISBN,pages616–617:Mit erneuertem Ablaut *tetōk-/tetk- für *tetk- < *dedg-, assimiliert aus *te-dg- < *te-tg- < *te-th₂⁽g̑⁾-With renewed ablaut *tetōk-/tetk- for *tetk- < *dedg-, assimilated from *te-dg- < *te-tg- < *te-th₂⁽g̑⁾-
  3. ^1970, Harry Shaw,Errors in English and ways to correct them, page 93: In the sentence, "He took and beat the horse unmercifully," took and should be omitted entirely.

Anagrams

[edit]

Chinese

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

FromEnglishtake.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

take(Hong Kong Cantonese)

  1. toconsume (drugs)
  2. (film) tofilm, torecord ascene

Noun

[edit]

take

  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese, film)take;attempts ofrecording orfilming at one time(Classifier:c)

Classifier

[edit]

take

  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese)Classifier forattempts.
    taketake[Cantonese]  ― jat1tik1 gwo3[Jyutping]  ―  in oneattempt

Japanese

[edit]

Romanization

[edit]

take

  1. Rōmaji transcription ofたけ

Marshallese

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Borrowed fromEnglishturkey.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

take

  1. aturkey

References

[edit]

Mauritian Creole

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

FromFrenchtaquet.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

take

  1. power switch.

Middle English

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

take (third-person singular simple presenttaketh,present participletakende,first-/third-person singular past indicativetoke,past participletaken)

  1. alternative form oftaken

Verb

[edit]

take

  1. alternative form oftaken:pastparticiple oftaken

Etymology 2

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

take (pluraltakes)

  1. alternative form oftak(tack(small nail))

Etymology 3

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

take (third-person singular simple presenttaketh,present participletakende,takynge,first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participletaked)

  1. alternative form oftakken

Etymology 4

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

take (pluraltakes)

  1. alternative form oftak(tack(fee paid to keep swine))

Norwegian Nynorsk

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

take (present tensetek,past tensetok,past participleteke,passive infinitivetakast,present participletakande,imperativetak)

  1. alternative form oftaka

Pilagá

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

take

  1. want
    se-takeIwant

References

[edit]
  • 2001, Alejandra Vidal, quoted inSubordination in Native South-American Languages
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