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tꜣ

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:ṯꜣandAppendix:Variations of "t"

Egyptian

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Etymology 1

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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tA
N23Z1

 m

  1. land,realm,country
    • c. 2000BCE – 1900BCE,Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 146–148:
      a&A1inin
      t
      n
      k
      HawP1
      Z2
      At
      p
      wA2A24Xr
      r
      A51ssY2
      Z2
      nb
      n
      kmmtniwt
      tZ1
      miiir
      r
      t
      n
      nTrZ1U7
      r
      rA2r
      T
      A1B1
      Z2
      mtA
      N23Z1
      wAAN31D35r
      x
      Y2swWrTA1B1Z2ss
      dj.j jn.t(w) n.k ḥꜥw ꜣtp.w ẖr špssw nb n(j) kmt mj jrrt n nṯr mrr r(m)ṯ mtꜣ wꜣ nj rḫ sw r(m)ṯ
      I will have them bring you a fleet laden with every finery of Egypt, like what is done for a god beloved by people[2] in a farawayland people don’t know.
    • c. 1900BCE,The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.8:
      aHaa
      n
      saHaa
      D54
      U36Z1
      n
      swbitt
      t
      <
      snfrf
      r
      w
      >
      mswt
      n
      G7mn
      n
      xmnxY1mtA
      N23Z1
      p
      n
      rDr
      r
      f
      ꜥḥꜥ.n sꜥḥꜥ ḥm n(j) nswt-bjtj snfr-w(j) m nswt mnḫ mtꜣ pn r ḏr.f
      Then the majesty of the Dual King Sneferu was raised up as splendid king in this entireland.
    • c. 1550BCE – 1295BCE,Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 11–12:
      N17
      N21p
      n
      M
      a
      f
      N35B
      f
      TAw
      f
      sM21
      M
      Hn
      f
      mn
      n
      mn
      n
      t
      E1
      f
      nb
      t
      pAiit
      nb
      t
      H_SPACE
      x
      t
      xn
      N35C
      nb
      t
      D&d
      f
      t
      I14
      Z2
      f
      qmAw&tE29Z2ss
      f
      xAst
      tZ1
      sU4
      a
      wNzAZ1
      H_SPACE
      nwt
      pt
      tA
      tA
      N21N21
      h
      r
      wHr
      r
      z
      tꜣ pn m-ꜥ.f mw.f ṯꜣw.f sm(w).f mnmnt.f nbt pꜣyt nbt ḫnnt nbt ḏdfwt.f ꜥwt.f ḫꜣst smꜣꜥ.w n zꜣ nwt tꜣwj hr.w ḥr.s
      Thisland is in his hand — its water and its wind, its plants and all its cattle, all that flies and all that lands, its creeping creatures and its quadrupeds of the desert, were given to the son of Nut, and the Two Lands (Egypt) are pleased with it.
  2. (by extension) thecollectivepeople of aland orcountry
    • c. 2000BCE – 1900BCE,Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 143–144:
      nTrdwAAA30twn
      k
      mniwt
      tZ1
      xt
      f
      HrZ1q
      n
      btO38A1
      Z2ss
      tA
      N23Z1
      rDr
      r
      f
      dwꜣ.tw-nṯr n.k m nwt ḫft ḥr qnbttꜣ r ḏr.f
      They will thank the god for you in the city in front of the council and the entireland.
  3. ground
    • c. 1550BCE – 1295BCE,Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 19:
      ip
      n
      f
      tA
      N21Z1
      r
      Xr
      r
      t
      f
      pt
      tA
      Xr
      r
      stHrZ1
      f
      jp n.f tꜣ r ẖrt.f pttꜣ ẖr st ḥr.f
      The land was accounted as his possession, and the sky and theland were under his care.
  4. dry land, ground notcovered bywater
    • c. 2000BCE – 1900BCE,Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 3–5:
      O43p
      a
      x
      r
      pW
      xt
      HA25A24mn
      n
      itT14xtHAt
      tt
      V1r
      a
      tHrZ1tA
      N23Z1
      šzp ḫrpw ḥw mjnt ḥꜣtt rḏj.t(j) ḥrtꜣ
      The mallet has been taken, the mooring post has been struck, and the prow rope is set onland.
    • c. 2000BCE – 1900BCE,Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 32–34:
      D
      a
      P5pr
      r
      D54iwn
      Z2
      mM14wrr
      N36
      tpZ1a
      Z1
      D63
      Y2
      n
      Z2
      tA
      N23Z1
      ḏꜥ pr(.w) jw.n m wꜣḏ-wr tp ꜥ sꜣḥ.ntꜣ
      A stormwind emerged while we were at sea, before we could set foot onland.
Inflection
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Declension oftꜣ (masculine)
singulartꜣ
dualtꜣwj
pluraltꜣw
Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings oftꜣ  
N17
N21Z1
tꜣ
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Determiner

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tA

 sganaphoricdemonstrative determiner

  1. (Old and Late Egyptian)O(vocative reference)
  2. (Middle Egyptian) theaforementioned, thesaid
  3. (Late Egyptian)the definite article;the
  4. (Late Egyptian, with following noun)sheof,thisof,thatof
Usage notes
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This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner it precedes the noun it describes.

In Middle Egyptian, this pronoun was possibly somewhat colloquial; in Late Egyptian its force had weakened to that of a definite article.

Inflection
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Old Egyptian demonstratives
determinerspronouns1adverbs
singulardualpluralunmarked
masculinefemininemasculinefemininemasculinefeminine
proximal to speakerpn
tn
*jpnj
jptnj,jptntj
jpn
jptn
nn

distalpf
tf
*jpfj
*jptfj,*jptftj
jpf
jptf
nf

proximal to spoken ofpj,pw,p
tj,tw
jpwj
jptwj,jptwtj
jpw
jptw,jptwt
nw

vocativepꜣ
tꜣ




nꜣ
ꜥꜣ

1 Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronounsadverbs
singularplural1
masculinefeminine
proximalpn
tn
nn
ꜥn
distalpf,pfꜣ
tf,tfꜣ
nf,nfꜣ
ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocativepw,pwy
tw,twy
nw

anaphoricpꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ
ꜥꜣ

1 Joined byn(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculinefemininepluraladverb
pronounpꜣw
dj
determiners and pronounspꜣj
tꜣj
nꜣj
possessive determiners1pꜣy
tꜣy
nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)p-n,pꜣ
t-nt,tꜣ
nꜣyw,nꜣ
definite articlespꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ2
indefinite articleswꜥ2
nhꜣy2

1 Used with suffix pronouns.
2 Originally joined byn(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Descendants
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  • Demotic:tꜣ
    • Coptic:ⲧ-(t-)(Sahidic, Fayyumic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan),ⲧⲉ-(te-)(Sahidic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan),ϯ-(ti-)(Bohairic, Fayyumic)

References

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  • James P[eter] Allen (2010)Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages54–56.
  • Junge, Friedrich (2005)Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page53
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962)A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute,→ISBN
  • Loprieno, Antonio (1995)Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN
  1. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995)Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages41, 49
  2. ^Or ‘who loves people’, depending on whethermrr is an active relative form or a passive participle.
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