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subject

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishsubget, fromOld Frenchsuget, fromLatinsubiectus(“lying under or near, adjacent, also subject, exposed”), as a noun,subiectus(“a subject, an inferior”),subiectum(“the subject of a proposition”), past participle ofsubiciō(“throw, lay, place”), fromsub(“under, at the foot of”) +iaciō(“throw, hurl”), as a calque ofAncient Greekὑποκείμενον(hupokeímenon).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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subject (comparativemoresubject,superlativemostsubject)

  1. Likely to beaffected by or toexperience something; liable.
    a countrysubject to extreme heat
    Menu listings and prices aresubject to change.
    He'ssubject to sneezing fits.
    • 1709,J[ohn] Dryden,J[ohn] Oldham, “(please specify the page)”, inMac Flecknoe: A Poem. […] With Spencer’s Ghost: Being a Satyr Concerning Poetry. […], London: […] H[enry] Hills, […],→OCLC:
      All human things aresubject to decay.
    • 2013 June 22, “T time”, inThe Economist, volume407, number8841, page68:
      The ability to shift profits to low-tax countries by locating intellectual property in them[…]is often assumed to be the preserve of high-tech companies.[…]current tax rules make it easy for all sorts of firms to generate[…]“stateless income”: profitsubject to tax in a jurisdiction that is neither the location of the factors of production that generate the income nor where the parent firm is domiciled.
  2. Conditional upon something; used withto.
    The local board sets local policy,subject to approval from the State Board.
  3. Placed or situated under; lying below, or in a lower situation.
  4. Placed under the power of another; owing allegiance to a particular sovereign or state.
Derived terms
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Translations
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likely to be affected by something
conditional upon
placed under the power of another

Etymology 2

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FromLatinsubiectus(“a subject, an inferior”),subiectum(“the subject of a proposition”), past participle ofsubiciō(“throw, lay, place”), fromsub(“under, at the foot of”) +iaciō(“throw, hurl”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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subject (pluralsubjects)

  2. (grammar) The noun, pronoun ornoun phrase about whom the statement is made. In active clauses with verbs denoting an action, thesubject is the actor. In clauses in thepassive voice thesubject is thetarget of the action.
    • 2021, Heather Marie Kosur, “Chapter 6: Grammatical Functions”, inA Form-Function Description of the Grammar of the Modern English Language: Book 1 (Level 9A)‎[1], Rock Pickle Publishing,→ISBN, page101:
      Asubject (Sub) is a word, phrase, or clause that performs the action of or acts upon the verb in the predicate.
    Antonyms:object;predicate
    Coordinate terms:agent,patient;rheme,theme
    In the active sentence ‘The cat ate the mouse’, ‘the cat’ is thesubject and ‘the mouse’ is the object.
    In the passive sentence ‘the mouse was eaten by the cat’, ‘the mouse’ is thesubject even though it is the target (patient) of the action, and ‘the cat’ is the agent.
  3. By faulty generalisation from a clause'sgrammatical subject often beingcoinstantiated with one: anactor oragent; one who takes action.
    thesubjects and objects of power
  4. The maintopic of a paper, work ofart,discussion,field of study, etc.
    • 1667,John Milton, “Book VIII”, inParadise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […];[a]nd by Robert Boulter […];[a]nd Matthias Walker, […],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […],1873,→OCLC:
      thissubject for heroic song
    • 1695,C[harles] A[lphonse] du Fresnoy, translated byJohn Dryden,De Arte Graphica. The Art of Painting, […], London: […] J[ohn] Heptinstall for W. Rogers, […],→OCLC:
      Make choice of asubject beautifull and noble, which[…] shall[…]afford[…] an ample field of matter wherein to expatiate itself.
    • c.1596–1598 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act V, scene i]:
      I am th' unhappysubject of these quarrels. All these quarrels are about me.
    • 1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e.,Emma Orczy], “The Hocussing of Cigarette”, inThe Case of Miss Elliott, London:T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published1905,→OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909,OCLC11192831, quoted inThe Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia:Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:
      Then I had a good think on thesubject of the hocussing of Cigarette, and I was reluctantly bound to admit that once again the man in the corner had found the only possible solution to the mystery.
    • 1921,Ben Travers, chapter 5, inA Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.:Doubleday, Page & Company, published1925,→OCLC:
      The departure was not unduly prolonged.[…]Within the door Mrs. Spoker hastily imparted to Mrs. Love a few final sentiments on thesubject of Divine Intention in the disposition of buckets; farewells and last commiserations; a deep, guttural instigation to the horse; and the wheels of the waggonette crunched heavily away into obscurity.
  5. A particular area of study.
    Her favoritesubject is physics.
    • 2014 June 14, “It's a gas”, inThe Economist, volume411, number8891:
      One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains.[…]But out of sight is out of mind. And that, together with the inherent yuckiness of thesubject, means that many old sewers have been neglected and are in dire need of repair.
  6. Acitizen in amonarchy.
    I am a Britishsubject.
    • 1980, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Part III, section 37(1)”, inLimitation Act 1980‎Wikisource, page26:
      Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, and without prejudice to section 39, this Act shall apply to proceedings by or against theCrown in like manner as it applies to proceedings betweensubjects.
    • 1996,S. C. M. Paine,Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier‎[2],M. E. Sharpe,→ISBN,→LCCN,→OCLC,page89:
      Ignat'ev refused to concede these points, but offered other concessions instead: Russia would not demand a consulate in Ch'i-ch'i-ha-erh or Chang-chia-k'ou (Kalgan); it would permit Chinesesubjects to continue living along the Ussuri river as Chinesesubjects; and it would limit to 200 the number of Russian traders in Peking.
  7. A person ruled over by another, especially a monarch or state authority.
    • 2020, Alan Mikhail,God's Shadow,→ISBN, page93:
      […]the Grand Khan seemed to grasp the "truth" of the religion and might become a convert, thereby gaining for Christianity the souls of all hissubjects.
  8. (music) The maintheme ormelody, especially in afugue.
    • 1878, William Smith Rockstro, “Subject”, inA Dictionary of Music and Musicians:
      The earliest known form ofsubject is the ecclesiasticalcantus firmus, or plain song.
  10. A human, animal, or an inanimate object that is beingexamined,treated,analysed, etc; especially, one being studied in a scientificexperiment, such as aclinical trial.
    Hyponym:participant
    humansubject research;  animalsubjects
    • 1748,Conyers Middleton,Life of Cicero:
      Writers of particular lives[…]are apt to be prejudiced in favour of theirsubject.
    • 2010, Ursula James,Clinical Hypnosis Textbook: A Guide for Practical Intervention, page73:
      It is also essential for those who come to the subject 'fresh' to gain the insight that will bridge their knowledge from being asubject of hypnosis to a potential practitioner.
    • 2013 July-August,Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, inAmerican Scientist:
      Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus. That’s because the lenses that are excellent at magnifying tinysubjects produce a narrow depth of field.
  11. (philosophy) Abeing that hassubjective experiences, subjectiveconsciousness, or a relationship with another entity.
  12. (logic) That of which something is stated.
  13. (mathematics) The variable in terms of which an expression is defined.
    Makingx thesubject ofx2 − 6x + 3y = 0, we havex = 3 ± √(9 − 3y).
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Translations
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in grammar
actor
main topic
particular area of study
citizen in a monarchy
person ruled over by another, especially a monarch or state authority
music: main theme
human, animal or an inanimate object that is being examined
philosophy: being
logic: that of which something is stated
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked
See also
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Etymology 3

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FromMedieval Latinsubiectō, iterative ofsubiciō(“throw, lay, place”), fromsub(“under, at the foot of”) +iaciō(“throw, hurl”).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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subject (third-person singular simple presentsubjects,present participlesubjecting,simple past and past participlesubjected)

  1. (transitive, construed withto) To cause (someone or something) to undergo a particular experience, especially one that is unpleasant or unwanted.
    I came here to buy souvenirs, not to besubjected to a tirade of abuse!
  3. (transitive) To makesubordinate orsubservient; tosubdue orenslave; tosubjugate.
Synonyms
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Translations
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to cause to undergo
to make subordinate

Further reading

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Dutch

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Etymology

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Chiefly a borrowing fromLatinsubiectum. Earlier Middle Dutchsubject was masculine.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /sʏpˈjɛkt/,/sʏˈbjɛkt/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation:sub‧ject
  • Rhymes:-ɛkt

Noun

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subject n (pluralsubjecten,diminutivesubjectje n)

  1. subject(theme or topic)
    Synonym:onderwerp
  2. (grammar)subject
    Synonym:onderwerp
  3. (philosophy)subject,ego
  4. someone or something that is the topic of a treatment or analysis

Derived terms

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Related terms

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