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stark

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:Stark,stärk,andstærk

English

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Pronunciation

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(General American)enPR:stärk,IPA^(key): /stɑɹk/
(Received Pronunciation)enPR:stärk,IPA^(key): /stɑːk/
Audio(US): (file)
Rhymes:-ɑː(ɹ)k
Homophone:stock(non-rhotic, father-bother merger)

Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishstark,starc, fromOld Englishstearc,starc(“stiff, rigid, unyielding, obstinate, hard, strong, severe, violent”), fromProto-West Germanic*stark, fromProto-Germanic*starkuz(“stiff, strong”), fromProto-Indo-European*(s)terg-(“rigid, stiff”).

Cognate withSaterland Frisiansterc(“strong”),Dutchsterk(“strong”),Low Germansterk(“strong”),Germanstark(“strong”),Danishstærk(“strong”),Swedishstark(“strong”),Norwegiansterk(“strong”),Icelandicsterkur(“strong”). Related tostarch.

In the phrasestark naked: an alternation of Middle Englishstert naked, fromstert(“tail”), a literal parallel to the modernbutt naked.

Adjective

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stark (comparativestarker,superlativestarkest)

(obsolete)Hard,firm;obdurate.
Severe;violent;fierce (now usually in describing the weather).
- 2013 May 11, “The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, inThe Economist‎^[1], volume407, number8835, page80:
  Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is thestarkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the air above and the life around, it changes everything.
(poetic, literary or archaic)Strong;vigorous;powerful.
- c.1622,John Fletcher,Philip Massinger [et al.?], “Beggars Bush”, inComedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and forHumphrey Moseley […], published1647,→OCLC, Act III, scene ii:
  Stark beer, boy, stout and strong beer.
- 1805,Walter Scott, “(please specify the page)”, inThe Lay of the Last Minstrel: A Poem, London: […] [James Ballantyne] forLongman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], andA[rchibald] Constable and Co., […],→OCLC:
  astark, moss-trooping Scot
Stiff,rigid.
- 1590,Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto I”, inThe Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] forWilliam Ponsonbie,→OCLC, stanza 44:
  His heauie head, deuoide of carefull carke, / Whose sences all were straight benumbd andstarke.
- c.1597 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act V, scene iii]:
  Many a nobleman liesstark and stiff / Under the hoofs of vaunting enemies.
- 1611,Ben[jamin] Jonson,Catiline His Conspiracy, London: […] [William Stansby?] forWalter Burre,→OCLC,(please specify the page):
  The north is not sostark and cold.
Plain in appearance;barren,desolate.
I picked my way forlornly through thestark, sharp rocks.
- 2004,Gary Lutz, “Uncle”, in Peter Conners, editor,PP/FF: An Anthology, Buffalo, N.Y.: Starcherone Books, published2006,→ISBN,page179:
  I would have to remind her, counteringly, that you don’t pick the person who fronts your life—you get picked, you watch the picker’s ankles vanish into the scrunched socks afterward (his whole body going blank behind the blue-black of the uniform), and the picker goes off in thestarkest of transportations: you keep an ear cocked ever after for the return of his van and its paraphernalian clatter in the gravelled driveway.
- 2007 January 28, Michael Pollan, “Unhappy Meals”, inThe New York Times‎^[2],→ISSN:
  First, thestark message to “eat less” of a particular food has been deep-sixed; don’t look for it ever again in any official U.S. dietary pronouncement.
- 2011 April 8, Erin Meister, “Reveling in the real Taiwain^{[sic – meaningTaiwan]}”, inThe Washington Post‎^[3],→ISSN,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on26 April 2023, Travel‎^[4]:
  The modern, glass-fronted buildings surrounding the massive skyscraper Taipei 101 in the Xinyi District suggest a shift toward cleaner,starker development, but a trip to older parts of the city reveals hidden corners untouched by modernity.
  The oldest section, Wanhua, with its winding corridors and quiet decay, offers a glimpse of the city’s bygone days. At its bustling heart is the busy Longshan Temple. I bump past a flurry of tourists, worshipers and monks selling prayer beads outside the gates to reach the controlled chaos within, where hundreds of faithful light incense and present offerings at myriad shrines to Buddha and other deities.
Naked.
- 1817 December,Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Revolt of Islam. […]”, in[Mary] Shelley, editor,The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], volume I, London:Edward Moxon […], published1839,→OCLC,page211:
  They bore me to a cavern in the hill
  Beneath that column, and unbound me there;
  And one did strip mestark; and one did fill
  A vessel from the putrid pool; one bare
  A lighted torch, and four with friendless care
  Guided my steps the cavern-paths along[…]
Complete,absolute,full.
I screamed instark terror.
A flower was growing, instark contrast, out of the sidewalk.
- 1611,Ben[jamin] Jonson,Catiline His Conspiracy, London: […] [William Stansby?] forWalter Burre,→OCLC,(please specify the page):
  Consider, first, thestark security / The commonwealth is in now.
- 1689 (first published posthumously),John Selden,Table-Talk
  Rhetoric is very good orstark naught; there's no medium in rhetoric.
- 1851 November 14,Herman Melville, chapter 17, inMoby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.:Harper & Brothers; London:Richard Bentley,→OCLC:
  Ramadans, and prolonged ham-squattings in cold, cheerless rooms werestark nonsense

Derived terms

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Translations

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(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate

severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)

Czech:krutý (cs) m,nepříznivý (cs) m,bouřlivý m
Finnish:ankara (fi),karu (fi)
German:streng (de),gewaltig (de)
Italian:violento (it),furioso (it)
Norwegian:sterk (no)
Polish:gwałtowny (pl)
Romanian:violent (ro),drastic (ro)
Spanish:severo (es),duro (es),crudo (es),grave (es),fuerte (es)

(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful

Czech:mocný (cs) m,silný (cs) m
Danish:stærk (da) c
Dutch:sterk (nl)
Faroese:sterkur m
Finnish:vahva (fi),väkevä (fi)
Italian:inflessibile (it),forte (it),gagliardo (it),robusto (it)
Occitan:poderós (oc),vigorós (oc)
Portuguese:duradouro (pt) m,vigoroso (pt) m
Romanian:puternic (ro) m,viguros (ro) m
Slovak:silný m

hard in appearance; barren, desolate

Bulgarian:гол (bg)(gol),пуст (bg)(pust)
Catalan:aspre (ca)
Czech:pustý (cs) m
Esperanto:kruda
Finnish:karu (fi)
Italian:desolato (it),aspro (it),selvaggio (it)
Romanian:aspru (ro) m,dezolant (ro) m
Spanish:descarnado (es)

stiff, rigid

complete, absolute, full

Bulgarian:пълен (bg)(pǎlen),абсолютен (bg)(absoljuten)
Chinese:
Mandarin:完全的
Czech:naprostý (cs) m
Esperanto:absoluta
Finnish:täysi (fi),tosi (fi)
German:völlig (de),ganz (de),total (de)
Italian:assoluto (it),completo (it),totale (it),bell'e buono,puro e semplice,vero e proprio
Romanian:total (ro) m,absolut (ro) m
Spanish:absoluto (es),completo (es),drástico (es),escueto (es)

Adverb

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stark (notcomparable)

Starkly; entirely, absolutely.
He's gonestark, staring mad.
She was just standing there,stark naked.
- 1655,Thomas Fuller,The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […],→OCLC,(please specify |book=I to XI):
  […] held him strangled in his arms till he wasstark dead.
- 1913,Robert Barr, chapter 4, inLord Stranleigh Abroad‎^[5]:
  “… That woman isstark mad, Lord Stranleigh. Her own father recognised it when he bereft her of all power in the great business he founded. …”

Usage notes

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In standard modern English, the adverb is essentially restricted tostark naked and phrases meaning "crazy" on the pattern ofstark raving mad.

Derived terms

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Translations

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starkly; entirely, absolutely

Bulgarian:напълно (bg)(napǎlno)
Czech:úplně (cs),naprosto (cs),dočista (cs)
Finnish:täysin (fi)
French:tout (fr)
German:völlig (de),total (de)
Romanian:absolut (ro),în întregime
Spanish:completamente (es)

Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishstarken, fromOld Englishstearcian(“to stiffen, become hard, grow stiff or hard”), fromProto-Germanic*starkōną,*starkēną(“to stiffen, become hard”), fromProto-Indo-European*(s)terg-(“rigid, stiff”). Cognate withGermanerstarken(“to strengthen”).

Verb

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stark (third-person singular simple presentstarks,present participlestarking,simple past and past participlestarked)

(obsolete or dialect) Tostiffen.

Related terms

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Anagrams

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Karst,Trask,karst,karts,skart

German

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Etymology

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FromMiddle High Germanstarc, fromOld High Germanstark, fromProto-West Germanic*stark.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ʃtark/,[ʃtaʁk],[ʃtaɐ̯k],[ʃtaːk]
Audio: (file)
Audio(Germany (Berlin)): (file)
Audio(Austria): (file)
Homophone:stak(some speakers)

Adjective

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stark (strong nominative masculine singularstarker,comparativestärker,superlativeam stärksten)

strong(intense,powerful,unyielding)
strong(having a high concentration of some ingredient, e.g. alcohol)
Coordinate terms:gemischt,schwach
starker Tobak ―strong stuff
(of an action, especially sports)good,great,skilled
(colloquial, slightly dated)brilliant,awesome
(colloquial, dated)incredible,unbelievable
einstarkes Stück ―animpressive feat
- 1924,Thomas Mann,Der Zauberberg [The Magic Mountain], volume 1, Berlin: S. Fischer,page69:
  Nun, es sind Eheleute, in Gottes Namen, soweit ist die Sache in Ordnung. Aber am hellen Morgen, das ist dochstark.
  Well, they are a married couple, in God's name, there's no issue in that regard. But in right in the bright of morning,unbelievable, really.
(dated, euphemistic)overweight,fat
(grammar)strong(inflecting according to a pattern distinct from another called "weak")

Declension

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Positive forms ofstark

number & gender		singular			plural
number & gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
predicative		er iststark	sie iststark	es iststark	sie sindstark
strong declension (without article)	nominative	starker	starke	starkes	starke
	genitive	starken	starker	starken	starker
	dative	starkem	starker	starkem	starken
	accusative	starken	starke	starkes	starke
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	derstarke	diestarke	dasstarke	diestarken
	genitive	desstarken	derstarken	desstarken	derstarken
	dative	demstarken	derstarken	demstarken	denstarken
	accusative	denstarken	diestarke	dasstarke	diestarken
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	einstarker	einestarke	einstarkes	(keine)starken
	genitive	einesstarken	einerstarken	einesstarken	(keiner)starken
	dative	einemstarken	einerstarken	einemstarken	(keinen)starken
	accusative	einenstarken	einestarke	einstarkes	(keine)starken

Comparative forms ofstark

number & gender		singular			plural
number & gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
predicative		er iststärker	sie iststärker	es iststärker	sie sindstärker
strong declension (without article)	nominative	stärkerer	stärkere	stärkeres	stärkere
	genitive	stärkeren	stärkerer	stärkeren	stärkerer
	dative	stärkerem	stärkerer	stärkerem	stärkeren
	accusative	stärkeren	stärkere	stärkeres	stärkere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	derstärkere	diestärkere	dasstärkere	diestärkeren
	genitive	desstärkeren	derstärkeren	desstärkeren	derstärkeren
	dative	demstärkeren	derstärkeren	demstärkeren	denstärkeren
	accusative	denstärkeren	diestärkere	dasstärkere	diestärkeren
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	einstärkerer	einestärkere	einstärkeres	(keine)stärkeren
	genitive	einesstärkeren	einerstärkeren	einesstärkeren	(keiner)stärkeren
	dative	einemstärkeren	einerstärkeren	einemstärkeren	(keinen)stärkeren
	accusative	einenstärkeren	einestärkere	einstärkeres	(keine)stärkeren

Superlative forms ofstark

number & gender		singular			plural
number & gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
predicative		er istam stärksten	sie istam stärksten	es istam stärksten	sie sindam stärksten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	stärkster	stärkste	stärkstes	stärkste
	genitive	stärksten	stärkster	stärksten	stärkster
	dative	stärkstem	stärkster	stärkstem	stärksten
	accusative	stärksten	stärkste	stärkstes	stärkste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	derstärkste	diestärkste	dasstärkste	diestärksten
	genitive	desstärksten	derstärksten	desstärksten	derstärksten
	dative	demstärksten	derstärksten	demstärksten	denstärksten
	accusative	denstärksten	diestärkste	dasstärkste	diestärksten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	einstärkster	einestärkste	einstärkstes	(keine)stärksten
	genitive	einesstärksten	einerstärksten	einesstärksten	(keiner)stärksten
	dative	einemstärksten	einerstärksten	einemstärksten	(keinen)stärksten
	accusative	einenstärksten	einestärkste	einstärkstes	(keine)stärksten

Derived terms

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Kashubian

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Slavic*starъ +-k.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈstark/
Rhymes:-ark
Syllabification:stark

Noun

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stark m pers (female equivalentstarka)

grandfather
Synonyms:dżadek,ópa

Declension

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Declension ofstark
	singular	plural
nominative	stark	starkòwie
genitive	stark	starków
dative	starkòwi	starkóm
accusative	starka	starków
instrumental	starkã	starkama
locative	starkù	starkach
vocative	starkù	starkòwie

Low German

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Etymology

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Cognate with HighGermanstark,Dutchsterk.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /stark/,/staːk/

Adjective

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stark (comparativestarker,superlativestarkst)

strong,powerful

Declension

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Positive forms ofstark

gender		singular			plural
gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	all genders
predicative		he isstark	se isstark	dat isstark	se sündstark
partitive		eenStarks	eenStarks	watStarks	allensStark
strong declension (without article)	nominative	starke	starke	stark	starke
strong declension (without article)	oblique	starken	starke	stark	starke
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	destarke	destarke	datstarke	destarken
weak declension (with definite article)	oblique	denstarken	destarke	datstarke	destarken
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	enstarke/starken	enstarke	enstark/starket	(keen)starken
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	oblique	enstarken	enstarke	enstark/starket	(keen)starken

Comparative forms ofstark

gender		singular			plural
gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	all genders
predicative		he isstarker	se isstarker	dat isstarker	se sündstarker
partitive		eenstarkers	eenstarkers	watstarkers	allensstarker
strong declension (without article)	nominative	starkere	starkere	starker	starkere
strong declension (without article)	oblique	starkern	starkere	starker	starkere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	destarkere	destarkere	datstarkere	destarkern
weak declension (with definite article)	oblique	denstarkern	destarkere	datstarkere	destarkern
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	enstarkere/starkeren	enstarkere	enstarker	(keen)starkern
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	oblique	enstarkern	enstarkere	enstarker	(keen)starkern

Superlative forms ofstark

gender		singular			plural
gender		masculine	feminine	neuter	all genders
predicative		he is deStarkste	se is deStarkste	dat is datStarkste	se sünd deStarksten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	starkste	starkste	starkst	starkste
strong declension (without article)	oblique	starksten	starkste	starkst	starkste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	destarkste	destarkste	datstarkste	destarksten
weak declension (with definite article)	oblique	denstarksten	destarkste	datstarkste	destarksten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	enstarkste/starksten	enstarkste	enstarkst	(keen)starksten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	oblique	enstarksten	enstarkste	enstarkst	(keen)starksten

Note: This declension is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects.

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Starkde/Stärkde

Old High German

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Etymology

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FromProto-Germanic*starkuz, whence alsoOld Englishstearc,Old Norsesterkr.

Adjective

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stark

strong

Derived terms

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starchī

Descendants

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German:stark
Yiddish:שטאַרק(shtark)

Polish

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stark m inan

(Southern Greater Poland)spike,tip(that which juts out)
(Western Lublin, Gałęzów)stump(old trunk without branches)
Hypernym:pień
Pole kolestarku. ―The field near thestump.

Slovene

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Noun

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stark

genitivedual/plural ofstarka

Swedish

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Etymology

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FromOld Swedishstarker, fromOld Norsestarkr, fromProto-Germanic*starkuz, fromProto-Indo-European*sterg-.

Pronunciation

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Audio: (file)

Adjective

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stark (comparativestarkare,superlativestarkast)

strong(capable of producing great physical force)
enstarktyngdlyftare ―astrong weightlifter
starka muskler ―strong muscles
stark som en björn ―strong as an ox (literally, “strong as a bear”)
strong(capable of withstanding great physical force)
strong(highly stimulating to the senses)
starkt ljus ―bright light
strong(having an offensive or intense odor or flavor)
enstark lukt ―astrong smell
1. (of food)hot,spicy
  Det är världensstarkaste chilipeppar.
  It's the world'shottest chili pepper.
  Nisses chili con carne är förstark för mig.
  Nisse's chili con carne is toospicy for me.
strong(having a high concentration of an essential or active ingredient)
starkt kaffe ―strong coffee
strong(having a high alcoholic content)
starkadrycker ―strong drinks [beverages]
starksprit ―hard liquor
(grammar)strong
(military)strong(not easily subdued or taken)

Declension

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Inflection ofstark
Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative¹
common singular	stark	starkare	starkast
neuter singular	starkt	starkare	starkast
plural	starka	starkare	starkast
masculine plural²	starke	starkare	starkast

Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular³	starke	starkare	starkaste
all	starka	starkare	starkaste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.