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spring

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Spring

English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishspringen, fromOld Englishspringan(“to spring, leap, bounce, sprout forth, emerge, spread out”), fromProto-West Germanic*springan, fromProto-Germanic*springaną(“to burst forth”), fromProto-Indo-European*spre(n)ǵʰ-(“to move, race, spring”), from*sper-(“to jerk, twitch, snap, shove”).

Cognates

Other possible cognates includeLithuanianspreñgti(“topush (in)”),Old Church Slavonicпрѧсти(pręsti,“tospin, tostretch”),Latinspargere(“tosprinkle, toscatter”),Ancient Greekσπέρχω(spérkhō,“tohasten”),Sanskritस्पृहयति(spṛháyati,“to beeager”). Some newer senses derived from the noun.

Verb

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spring (third-person singular simple presentsprings,present participlespringing,simple pastsprangorsprung,past participlesprung)

  1. (intransitive) To move or burst forth.
    • c.1540, Livy, translated by John Bellenden,History of Rome,Vol. I, i, xxii, p. 125:
      ...þe woundþat wasspringand with hugestremes ofblude...
    The boatsprang a leak and began to sink.
    1. Toappear.
    2. Togrow, to sprout.
      1. (UK dialectal) To mature.
    3. (figurative) Toarise, tocome intoexistence.
      Synonyms:arise,form,take shape
    4. (sometimes figurative) Toenliven.
      He hit the gas and the carsprang to life.
    5. (figurative, usually with cardinal adverbs) Tomove withgreatspeed andenergy.
      Synonyms:bound,jump,leap
      Deerspring with their hind legs, using their front hooves to steady themselves.
    6. (usually with from) Tobe born,descend, ororiginate from
      Hesprang from peasant stock.
      • 2008, George McCandless,The ABCs of RBCs, Harvard University Press, page 7:
        From this basis, a first-order difference equation for the evolution of capital per worker is found, and the time path of the economysprings from this equation.
    7. (obsolete) Torise insocialposition ormilitaryrank, to bepromoted.
  2. (transitive) Tocause to spring (all senses).
    1. (of mechanisms) Tocause towork oropen bysuddenapplication ofpressure.
      Hesprang the trap.
      • 1625, Samuel Purchas,Purchas His Pilgrimes, Vol. II, x, ix:
        Theysprung another Mine... wherein was placed aboutsixtie Barrels of Powder.
      • 1747,The London Magazine, Or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer:
        On the 23d, the Besiegerssprung a Mine under the Salient Angle, upon the Right of the Haif Moon, which had the desired Success, the Enemy's Gallery on that Side, and the Mason-Work of the Counterscarp, being thereby demolished.
  3. (transitive) To leap over.
    • 1876, Matilda Leathes,Our village worthies; or, Stories of village life (page 112)
      Isprang the fence, and was soon in the village street.
  4. (obsolete, of horses) Tobreed with, toimpregnate.
    • 1585, Nicolas De Nicolay, translated by Thomas Washington,The Navigations, Peregrinations, and Voyages, Made into Turkie...,Bk. IV, p. 154:
      ...[they] sought the fairest stoned horses tospring their mares...
  5. (transitive, obsolete) Towet, tomoisten.
  6. (intransitive, now usually with "apart" or "open") Toburst intopieces, toexplode, toshatter.
    • 1698, François Froger,A Relation of a Voyage Made... on the Coasts of Africa, page30:
      On the 22nd the minessprang, and took very good effect.
  7. (obsolete, military) Togo off.
    • 2012 April 21,Sydney Morning Herald, page 5:
      The wholecontraption appears liable tospring apart at any moment.
  8. (ambitransitive, nautical, usually perfective) Tocrack.
    • 1582 August 2, Richard Madox, diary:
      TheEdwardspranghirforemast.
  9. (Can weverify(+) this sense?)(transitive, figurative) Tosurprise bysudden ordeftaction.
  10. Tocome upon andflush out.
    • 1921,Field and Stream, page832:
      For generations of men the springer spaniel has been looked upon as the dog forspringing pheasants in covert and finding and retrieving dead birds or winged runners when ordered to do so. The properly broken dog will not chase, but drop to wing and shot.
    • 1940, Allen A. Day, “Dachsunds for Woodchucks”, in Dwight Williams Huntington, editor,The Game Breeder and Sportsman, page94:
      […] by the beginning of this century a still smaller breed, with a weight of 4 of 5 pounds and a chest measurement of around 12 inches, had come into being forspringing rabbits. Such, then, is a rough, quick ancestral picture of our modern Dachshund, and […]
    • 2003 August 1, Dennis Walrod,Grouse Hunter's Guide: Solid Facts, Insights, and Observations on How to Hunt Ruffled Grouse, Stackpole Books,→ISBN:
      I winter, ruffed grouse sometimes roost at night on the ground under the insulating snow. Even during the midday hours, I have often flushed grouse out from under the snow-bowed branches of "buck-brush," the type of environment where a hunter would more likely expect tospring a rabbit or two.
  11. (Australia, slang) Tocatch in anillegalact orcompromisingposition.
    • 1980, John Hepworthet al.,Boozing Out in Melbourne Pubs..., page42:
      He figured that nobody would everspring him, but he figured wrong.
  12. (obsolete) Tobegin.
  13. (obsolete, slang) Toputbadmoney intocirculation.
  14. Totell, toshare.
    • 2012 February 29, Aidan Foster-Carter, “North Korea: The Denuclearisation Dance Resumes”, inBBC News‎[1]:
      North Korea loves tospring surprises. More unusual is for its US foe to play along.
    Sorry tospring it on you like this but I've been offered another job.
  15. (transitive, slang, US) Tofree fromimprisonment,especially byfacilitating anillegalescape.
    Synonyms:free,let out,release,spring loose,jailbreak
    His lieutenants hired a team of miners to helpspring him.
  16. (intransitive, slang, rare) To befree ofimprisonment,especially byillegalescape.
  17. (transitive, architecture, of arches) Tobuild, toform theinitialcurve of.
    Theysprung an arch over the lintel.
  18. (intransitive, architecture, of arches, with "from") Toextend, tocurve.
    The archesspring from the front posts.
  19. (transitive, nautical) Toturn avesselusing aspringattached to itsanchorcable.
  20. (transitive) Topay orspend acertainsum, toyield.
  21. (obsolete, intransitive, slang) Toraise anofferedprice.
  22. (transitive, US, dialectal)Alternative form ofsprain.
  23. (transitive, US, dialectal)Alternative form ofstrain.
  24. (intransitive, obsolete) Toact as aspring: tostronglyrebound.
  25. (transitive, rare) Toequip withsprings,especially(of vehicles) toequip with asuspension.
  26. (figurative, rare, obsolete) toinspire, tomotivate.
  27. (ambitransitive) Todeformowing toexcessivepressure, tobecomewarped; tointentionallydeformin order toposition andthenstraightenin place.
    • 1873 July,Routledge's Young Gentleman's Magazine, page503:
      Don't drive it in too hard, as it will ‘spring’ the plane-iron, and make it concave.
    A piece of timber sometimessprings in seasoning.
    Hesprang in the slat.
  28. (intransitive, UK, dialectal, chiefly of cows) Toswell withmilk orpregnancy.
    • 1955,Patrick White, chapter 15, inThe Tree of Man‎[2], New York: Viking, page228:
      “Gee, Dad, Nancy’sspringing all right,” Ray said and paused in spontaneous pleasure.
      Stan Parker came, and together they looked at their swelling heifer.
  29. (transitive, of rattles, archaic) Tosound, toplay.
    • 1850, Samuel Prout Newcombe,Pleasant pages, page197:
      I do not know how John and his mistress would have settled the fate of the thief, but just at this moment a policeman entered — for the cook hadsprung the rattle, and had been screaming "Murder" and "Thieves."
  30. (of animals) Tofind orgetenoughfood duringspringtime.
Usage notes
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  • The past-tense formssprang andsprung are both well attested historically. In modern usage,sprang is comparatively formal (and more often considered correct),sprung comparatively informal. The past participle, however, is overwhelminglysprung;sprang as a past participle is attested, but is no longer in standard use.
Conjugation
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Conjugation ofspring
infinitive(to)spring
present tensepast tense
1st-personsingularspringsprang,sprung1
2nd-personsingular
3rd-personsingularsprings
pluralspring
subjunctivespringsprang,sprung1
imperativespring—
participlesspringingsprung,sprung1
1 Nonstandard.
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Related terms
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Translations
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to jump—seejump,‎leap
to release or set free
to move or burst forth

Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishspryng(“awellspring,tide,branch,sunrise,kind ofdance orblow,ulcer,snare,flock”); partly fromOld Englishspring(“wellspring,ulcer”), fromProto-West Germanic*spring, fromProto-Germanic*springaz(“a wellspring, fount”); and partly fromOld Englishspryng(“ajump”), fromProto-West Germanic*sprungi, fromProto-Germanic*sprungiz(“a jump”). Further senses derived from the verb and from clippings ofday-spring,springtime,spring tide, etc. Its sense as the season, first attested in a work predating 1325, gradually replaced Middle Englishlente,lentin, from Old Englishlencten(“spring,Lent”) as that word became more specifically liturgical. Comparefall.

Noun

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Spring (season) in Germany
A coilspring (mechanical device)

spring (countable anduncountable,pluralsprings)

  1. (countable) Anact ofspringing: aleap, ajump.
  3. (countable, uncountable) Theseason of theyear intemperateregions in whichplantsspring from theground and intobloom anddormantanimalsspring to life.
    Synonym:springtime
    Coordinate terms:summer,autumn orfall,winter
    Spring is the time of the year most species reproduce.
    You can visit me in thespring, when the weather is bearable.
    • 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson],In Memoriam, London:Edward Moxon, […],→OCLC, Canto XXXVIII,page59:
      No joy the blowing season gives,
      ⁠The herald melodies ofspring,
      ⁠But in the songs I love to sing
      A doubtful gleam of solace lives.
    • 2012 March-April, Anna Lena Phillips, “Sneaky Silk Moths”, inAmerican Scientist‎[4], volume100, number 2, page172:
      Lastspring, the periodical cicadas emerged across eastern North America. Their vast numbers and short above-ground life spans inspired awe and irritation in humans—and made for good meals for birds and small mammals.
    1. (astronomy) Theperiod from themoment ofvernal equinox (aroundMarch 21 in theNorthern Hemisphere) to themoment of thesummer solstice (aroundJune 21);the equivalent periodsreckoned inothercultures andcalendars.
      Chinese New Year always occurs in January or February but is called the "Spring Festival" throughoutEast Asia because it is reckoned as the beginning of theirspring.
    2. (meteorology) Thethreemonths ofMarch,April, andMay in theNorthern Hemisphere andSeptember,October, andNovember in theSouthern Hemisphere.
      I spent myspring holidays in Morocco.
      Thespring issue will be out next week.
  4. (uncountable, figurative) Thetime ofsomething'sgrowth; theearlystages ofsomeprocess.
    1. (figurative, politics) aperiod ofpoliticalliberalization anddemocratization
  5. (countable, fashion) Someone with ivory or peach skin tone and eyes and hair that are not extremely dark, seen as best suited to certain colors of clothing.
  6. (countable)Something whichsprings, springs forth,springs up, orsprings back,particularly
    2. (geology) Aspray orbody ofwaterspringing from theground.
      Synonyms:fount,source
      This beer was brewed with purespring water.
    3. (oceanography, obsolete) Therising of thesea athigh tide.
    4. (oceanography)Short forspring tide, theespeciallyhightideshortly afterfull andnew moons.
      Antonym:neap tide
    5. Amechanicaldevicemade offlexible orcoiledmaterial thatexertsforce andattempts tospring back whenbent,compressed, orstretched.
      Synonym:coil
      We jumped so hard the bedsprings broke.
    6. (nautical) Aline from avessel'send orside to itsanchorcableused todiminish orcontrol itsmovement.
      • 1836, Frederick Marryat,Mr. Midshipman Easy, volume III, page72:
        He had warped round with thesprings on his cable, and had recommenced his fire upon theAurora.
    7. (nautical) Alinelaid out from avessel'send to theoppositeend of anadjacentvessel ormooring todiminish orcontrol itsmovement.
      You should put a couple ofsprings onto the jetty to stop the boat moving so much.
      • 1769, William Falconer,An Universal Dictionary of the Marine, s.v:
        Spring is likewise a rope reaching diagonally from the stern of a ship to the head of another which lies along-side or a-breast of her.
      • 2007 January 26,Business Times::
        ‘Springs’ are the ropes used on a ship that is alongside a berth to prevent fore and aft movements.
    8. (figurative) Arace, alineage.
    9. (figurative) Ayouth.
    10. Ashoot, ayoungtree.
    11. Agrove oftrees; aforest.
  7. (countable, slang) Anerection of thepenis.(Can we add anexample for this sense?)
  8. (countable, nautical, obsolete) Acrack which hassprung up in amast,spar, or(rare) aplank orseam.
    • 1846, Arthur Young,Nautical Dictionary, page292:
      Aspar is said to besprung, when it is cracked or split,... and the crack is called aspring.
  9. (uncountable)Springiness: anattribute orquality ofspringing,springing up, orspringing back,particularly
    1. Elasticity: theproperty of abodyspringing back to itsoriginalform aftercompression,stretching, etc.
      Synonyms:bounce,bounciness,elasticity,resilience,springiness
      thespring of a bow
    2. Elastic energy,power, orforce.
  10. (countable) Thesource from which anaction orsupply ofsomethingsprings.
    Synonyms:impetus,impulse
    • 1611,The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […],→OCLC,Psalms87:7:
      As wel the singers as the players on instruments shallbee there: all mysprings are in thee.
    • 1693,The Folly and Unreasonableness of Atheism..., Richard Bentley, Sermon 1:
      Such a mancan do all things through Christ that strengtheneth him, he can patiently suffer all things withcheerfull submission and resignation to the Divine Will. He has a secretSpring of spiritual Joy, and the continual Feast of a good Conscience within, that forbid him to be miserable.
    • 1748, David Hume,Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, London: Oxford University Press, published1973,§9:
      […] discover, at least in some degree, the secretsprings and principles, by which the human mind is actuated in its operations?
    • 1991 September,Stephen Fry, “[Prelude to chapter 1]”, inThe Liar, London:Heinemann,→ISBN, section,page 1:
      ‘Have you ever contemplated, Adrian, the phenomenon ofsprings?’
      ‘Coils, you mean?’
      ‘Not coils, Adrian, no. Coils not. Think springs of water. Think wells and spas and sources.Well-springs in the widest and loveliest sense.Jerusalem, for instance, is aspring of religiosity. One small town in the desert, but the source of the world’s three most powerful faiths.[…]Religion seems to bubble from its sands.’
  11. (countable)Something whichcausesothers oranother tospring forth orspring intoaction,particularly
    1. Acause, amotive, etc.
    2. (obsolete) Alivelypiece ofmusic.
Usage notes
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Note that season names are not capitalized in modern English except where any noun would be capitalized, e.g. at the beginning of a sentence or as part of a name (Old Man Winter, theWinter War,Summer Glau). This is in contrast to thedays of the week andmonths of the year, which are always capitalized (Thursday orSeptember).

Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Related terms
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Translations
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jump—seejump,‎leap
season between winter and summer in temperate climates
period from vernal equinox to summer solstice
the three months March to May (N. Hem.) or September to November (S. Hem.)
time of growth, early stages—seebeginning
high tide—seehigh tide
spring tide—seespring tide
water springing from the ground
device made of flexible material
nautical: line from an end or side to the anchor cable
nautical: line from an end to another vessel or mooring to limit surging
people sharing the same origin—seerace,‎lineage
youth—seeyouth
shoot—seeshoot
cluster of trees—seegrove,‎forest
erection of the penis—seeerection
nautical: crack or fissure in a mast or yard
elasticity—seeelasticity
elastic energy—seeelastic energy
source of an action or a supply
any active power
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

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spring (third-person singular simple presentsprings,present participlespringing,simple past and past participlespringed)

  2. (intransitive) Tospend thespringtimesomewhere.
    • 1835 May, “Northern Germany. A Sketch.”, inFraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, volume XI, number LXV, page507:
      True it is that, owing to the migratory propensities of our countrymen, every third man has wintered at Naples,springed at Vienna, summered in Switzerland, and autumned on the banks of the Lago Maggiore;
    • 1912, William C[yrus] Sprague,Tad, the Story of a Boy who Had No Chance, page 2:
      If Tad’s father and Tad had wintered,springed, summered, and autumned together for an hundred years instead of fifteen they could[…]
    • 1937, Mortimer Jones, “Lines of No Importance”, inThe Alphi Phi Quarterly, page29:
      They wintered in a warm place
      And summered in a cold,
      But where theyspringed and autumned
      I never have been told.
    • 1950,Chambers’s Journal, page269:
      Shespringed in London, summered in Stockholm, autumned at Vichy, and wintered at Monte Carlo.
    • 2006,Tim Pratt, “The Third-Quarter King”, inJonathan Strahan, Jeremy G Byrne, editors,Eidolon I,→ISBN, page 2:
      In recent years his friend the fourth-quarter king summered, autumned, andspringed in nearby Southern California, which was how they stayed so easily in touch.
    • 2010, Larry Stettner, Bill Morrison,Cooking for the Common Good: The Birth of a Natural Foods Soup Kitchen, Berkeley, Calif.:North Atlantic Books,→ISBN, page84:
      Larry and Bill had planned to hold a white-linen “fancy” fund-raiser dinner in late June or early July, which would bring out the moneyed crowd who “summered” on the Island. If you summer or winter somewhere you are affluent, Larry knew. (Funny, though, he had never heard of anyone who “autumned” in Vermont or who was “springing” in Colorado.)
Translations
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to spend the springtime

See also

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Seasons in English ·seasons(layout ·text) ·category
springsummerautumn,fallwinter

References

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Afrikaans

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Etymology

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FromDutchspringen.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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spring (presentspring,present participlespringende,past participlegespring)

  1. toleap,jump

Derived terms

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Danish

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Etymology

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Verbal noun tospringe.

Noun

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spring n (singular definitespringet,plural indefinitespring)

  1. (athletics, gymnastics)spring,jump,vault,leap

Declension

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Declension ofspring
neuter
gender		singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativespringspringetspringspringene
genitivespringsspringetsspringsspringenes

Related terms

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Verb

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spring

  1. imperative ofspringe

Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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spring

  1. inflection ofspringen:
    1. first-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. (in case ofinversion)second-personsingularpresentindicative
    3. imperative

German

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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spring

  1. singularimperative ofspringen
  2. (colloquial)first-personsingularpresent ofspringen

Icelandic

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Verb

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spring

  1. inflection ofspringa:
    1. first-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. second-personsingularimperative

Middle English

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Etymology 1

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Noun

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spring

  1. Alternative form ofspryng

Etymology 2

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Verb

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spring

  1. Alternative form ofspryngen

North Frisian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromProto-Germanic*springaną.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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spring

  1. (Föhr-Amrum, Sylt) tojump,leap

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofspring (Föhr-Amrum dialect)
infinitive Ispring
infinitive II(tu) springen
past participlesprüngen
imperative singularspring
imperative pluralspring’m
 presentpast
1st singularspringsproong
2nd singularsprangstsproongst
3rd singularsprangtsproong
pluralspringsproong
 perfectpluperfect
1st singularsan sprüngenwiar sprüngen
2nd singularbeest sprüngenwiarst sprüngen
3rd singularas sprüngenwiar sprüngen
pluralsan sprüngenwiar sprüngen
 future (skel)future (wel)
1st singularskal springwal spring
2nd singularskääl springwääl spring
3rd singularskal springwal spring
pluralskel springwel spring
Conjugation ofspring (Sylt dialect)
infinitive Ispring
infinitive II(tö) springen
past participlesprüngen
imperativespring
 presentpast
1st singularspringsproong
2nd singularspringstsproongst
3rd singularspringtsproong
plural / dualspringsproong
 perfectpluperfect
1st singularsen sprüngenwiar sprüngen
2nd singularbest sprüngenwiarst sprüngen
3rd singulares sprüngenwiar sprüngen
plural / dualsen sprüngenwiar sprüngen
 future (skel)future (wel)
1st singularskel springwel spring
2nd singularsket springwet spring
3rd singularskel springwel spring
plural / dualskel springwel spring

Norwegian Bokmål

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Verb

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spring

  1. imperative ofspringe

Norwegian Nynorsk

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Verb

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spring

  1. present ofspringa

Old English

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*spring, fromProto-Germanic*springaz

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /sprinɡ/,[spriŋɡ]

Noun

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spring m

  1. aspring(source of water)
  2. anulcer,sore,pustule

Declension

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Stronga-stem:

singularplural
nominativespringspringas
accusativespringspringas
genitivespringesspringa
dativespringespringum

Descendants

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Scots

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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spring (pluralsprings)

  1. spring,springtime
  2. growth ofvegetation in springtime

Verb

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tae spring (third-person singular simple presentsprings,present participlespringin,simple pastsprang,past participlesprung)

  1. tospring
  2. toleapover, cross at a bound
  3. toput forth,send up orout
  4. toburst,split,breakapart, breakinto
  5. todance areel

Swedish

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Noun

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spring n

  1. arunning (back and forth)
    • 1918,Goss-skolan i Plumfield, the Swedish translation of Louisa M. Alcott,Little Men: Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys (1871)
      Eftermiddagen tillbragtes med att ordna sakerna, och närspringet och släpet och hamrandet var förbi, inbjödos damerna att beskåda anstalten.
      The afternoon was spent in arranging things, and when the running and lugging and hammering was over, the ladies were invited to behold the institution.
    Barnen hadespring i benen
    The children had lots of energy ("running in the legs")

Declension

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Declension ofspring
nominativegenitive
singularindefinitespringsprings
definitespringetspringets
pluralindefinite——
definite——

Verb

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spring

  1. imperative ofspringa

References

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