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spirit

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Spirit,spírit,andšpirit

English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishspirit, fromOld Frenchespirit(spirit), fromLatinspīritus(breath; spirit), fromProto-Indo-European*(s)peys-(to blow, breathe). Compareinspire,respire,transpire, all ultimately from Latinspīrō(I breathe, blow, respire). In this sense, displaced nativeMiddle Englishgast (fromOld Englishgāst), whence modernEnglishghost.Doublet ofspiritus,spirytus,sprite,spright, andesprit.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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spirit (countable anduncountable,pluralspirits)

  1. Thesoul of a person or other creature.
    • 1918,W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter VII, inThe Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
      [] St. Bede's at this period of its history was perhaps the poorest and most miserable parish in the East End of London. Close-packed, crushed by the buttressed height of the railway viaduct, rendered airless by huge walls of factories, it at once banished lively interest from a stranger's mind and left only a dull oppression of thespirit.
    • 1967, MacCormack,Woman Times Seven:
      [] a triumph of thespirit over the flesh.
    • 2004,George Carlin, “THAT'S THE SPIRIT”, inWhen Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops?[1],New York:Hyperion Books,→ISBN,→OCLC,→OL,page20:
      I don't understand these people who call themselves spiritual advisors. Franklin Graham, the unfortunate son of Billy Graham, is George Bush's spiritual advisor. Bill Clinton had Jesse Jackson.
      Here's the part I don't understand: How can someone else advise you on yourspirit? Isn'tspirit an intensely personal, internal thing? Doesn't it, by its very nature, elude definition, much less analysis? What kind of advice could some drone who has devoted his life to the self-deception of religion possibly give you about yourspirit? It sounds like a hustle to me.
    • 2008,BioWare,Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts,→ISBN,→OCLC, PC, scene: Turians: Religion Codex entry:
      Turians believe that groups and areas have "spirits" that transcend the individual. For example, a military unit would be considered to have a literalspirit that embodies the honor and courage it has displayed. A city'sspirit reflects the accomplishments and industry of its residents. An ancient tree'sspirit reflects the beauty and tranquility of the area it grows within.
      Thesespirits are neither good nor evil, nor are they appealed to for intercession. Turians do not believespirits can affect the world, butspirits can inspire the living. Prayers and rituals allow an individual to converse with aspirit for guidance or inspiration. For example a turian who finds his loyalty tested may appeal to thespirit of his unit, hoping to reconnect with the pride and honor of the group. A turian who wishes to create a work of art may attempt to connect with thespirit of a beautiful location.
  2. Asupernatural being, often but not exclusively without physical form;ghost,fairy,angel.
    A wanderingspirit haunts the island.
    He has seenspirits roam the house.
    • 1693,John Locke,Some Thoughts Concerning Education:
      Whilst young, preserve his tender mind from all impressions and notions ofspirits and goblins[] in the dark.
    • 1980,AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page258:
      An unusual custom is followed atLlangennith, when shotguns are fired at a wedding - to scare offevil spirits from the newlyweds.
    • 2009,Alexander Perls, “With a Spirit” (track 10), in009 Sound System, performed byAlexander Perls:
      Walk slowly with aspirit by your side.
  3. Enthusiasm.
    Schoolspirit is at an all-time high.
    • 2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2-2 West Brom”, inBBC Sport:
      The result may not quite give the Wearsiders a sweet ending to what has been a sour week, following allegations of sexual assault and drug possession against defender Titus Bramble, but it does at least demonstrate that theirspirit remains strong in the face of adversity.
  4. The manner or style of something.
    In thespirit of forgiveness, we didn't press charges.
    • 1897 December (indicated as1898),Winston Churchill, chapter IV, inThe Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.:The Macmillan Company; London:Macmillan & Co., Ltd.,→OCLC,page46:
      No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or[]. And at last I began to realize in my harassed soul that all elusion was futile, and to take such holidays as I could get, when he was off with a girl, in aspirit of thankfulness.
    • 1711 May, [Alexander Pope],An Essay on Criticism, London: [] W[illiam] Lewis []; and sold by W[illiam] Taylor [], T[homas] Osborn[e] [], and J[ohn] Graves [],→OCLC:
      A perfect judge will read each work of wit / With the samespirit that its author writ.
  5. Intent; real meaning; opposed to theletter, or formal statement.
    thespirit of an enterprise, or of a document
  6. (usually in theplural) A volatile liquid, such asalcohol.The plural formspirits is a generic term for distilled alcoholic beverages.
    • 1807,A New and Complete Encyclopaedia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Vol III[2], page48:
      CRYSTALS of Venus or ofcopper, called also vitriol of Venus, is copper reduced into the form of vitriol byspirit of nitre, or by dissolving verdegris in good distilled vinegar, till the acid be saturated; it is very caustic and used to eat off proud flesh. It is also used by painters, and manufacturers, and sold under the name of distilled vinegar. See CHEMISTRY.
    • 2004, Maurice P. Crosland,Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry[3], page89:
      Another pair of terms which caused some confusion wereSpirit of Saturn andSpirit of Venus, names suggesting compounds of lead and copper respectively. Jean Beguin described the preparation from minium and distilled vinegar of a liquid he calledburningspirit of Saturn, because it was inflammable and he thought it was a compound of lead. Actually the lead takes no part in the reaction and the product of distilling lead acetate is impure acetone. Beguin’s terminology did not go without comment however, for Christopher Glaser later referred to ‘A burningSpirit of Saturn (as it is called) but rather, aSpirit of the Volatile Salt of Vinegar’. Tachenius referred to the product of distillation of copper acetate as ‘pretendedspirit of Venus’ because it was really only distilled vinegar - the meaning which Macquer gave to the expression. It is typical of the confusion of terminology in early chemistry that theLondon Pharmacopoeia of 1721 gave the nameSpiritus Veneris to sulphuric acid obtained by the distillation of copper sulphate.
  7. Energy;ardour.
    • 1655,Thomas Fuller,The Church-history of Britain; [], London: [] Iohn Williams [],→OCLC,(please specify |book=I to XI):
      "Write it then, quickly," replied Bede; and summoning all hisspirits together, like the last blaze of a candle going out, he indited it, and expired.
  8. One who is vivacious or lively; one who evinces great activity or peculiar characteristics of mind or temper.
    a rulingspirit; a schismaticspirit
    • 1697,Virgil, “(please specify the book number)”, inJohn Dryden, transl.,The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. [], London: [] Jacob Tonson, [],→OCLC:
      Suchspirits as he desired to please, such would I choose for my judges.
  9. (often in theplural) Temper or disposition of mind; mental condition or disposition; intellectual or moral state.
    to be cheerful, or in goodspirits; to be down-hearted, or in badspirits
    • 1667,Robert South,Sermon VII:
      God has[] made aspirit of building succeed aspirit of pulling down.
  10. (obsolete) Air set in motion by breathing; breath; hence, sometimes, life itself.
  11. (obsolete) A rough breathing; anaspirate, such as the letterh; also, amark denotingaspiration.
    • 1640,Ben Jonson,The English Grammar:
      Be it a letter orspirit, we have great use of it.
  12. (alchemy, obsolete) Any of the four substances:sulphur,sal ammoniac,quicksilver, andarsenic (or, according to some,orpiment).
  13. (dyeing)Stannic chloride.

Derived terms

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English terms starting with “spirit”

Translations

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soul
supernatural being
enthusiasm
manner or style
alcohol

See also

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Verb

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spirit (third-person singular simple presentspirits,present participlespiriting,simple past and past participlespirited)

  1. Tocarry off,especially inhaste,secrecy, ormystery.
    • 1835,Nathaniel Parker Willis,Pencillings by the Way:
      I felt as if I had beenspirited into some castle of felicity.
    • 1986 July 28,R.E.M., “I Believe”, inLifes Rich Pageant:
      When I was young and full of grace, Isprited arattlesnake.
      When I was young, a fever fell my spirit; I will not tell.
      You'reon your honor not to tell.
    • 2009 February 8, Dave Kehr, “Buñuel at His Wildest, in Circulation Again”, inNew York Times[4]:
      God does not make an appearance, but the Devil (Ms. Pinal) emphatically does: first in the guise of a schoolgirl who tries to lure Simon down with the sight of her shapely legs; then as a bearded but blatantly female Jesus carrying a lamb; and finally as a stylishly coiffed woman who succeeds inspiriting Simon off, by means of a jet, to a Manhattan discotheque — Buñuel’s persuasive idea of hell.
  2. Sometimes followed byup: toanimate withvigour; toexcite; toencourage; toinspirit.
    Civil dissensions oftenspirit the ambition of private men.
    • 1714 February, [Jonathan Swift],The Publick Spirit of the Whigs: Set forth in Their Generous Encouragement of the Author of the Crisis: [], London: [] [John Barber] forJohn Morphew, [],→OCLC,page39:
      [H]e left behind many Officers and private Men, vvho novvſpirit-up and aſſiſt thoſe obſtinate People to continue in their Rebellion.

Derived terms

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Anagrams

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Indonesian

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Etymology

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FromDutchspirit, fromEnglishspirit, fromMiddle Englishspirit, fromOld Frenchespirit(spirit), fromLatinspīritus(breath; spirit), fromProto-Indo-European*(s)peys-(to blow, breathe).Doublet ofspiritus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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spirit (pluralspirit-spirit)

  1. spirit:
    1. the soul of a person or other creature.
      Synonyms:jiwa,roh,sukma
    2. enthusiasm;energy;ardour
      Synonym:semangat
  2. methylated spirit
    Synonym:spiritus

Derived terms

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Related terms

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Further reading

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Middle English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromOld Frenchespirit(spirit), fromLatinspīritus(breath; spirit), fromProto-Indo-European*(s)peys-(to blow, breathe).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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spirit (pluralspirites)

  1. life, vitalbreath
  2. Aliving,rational creature.

Descendants

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References

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Romanian

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromLatinspiritus. Compare alsospiriduș.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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spirit n (pluralspirite)

  1. spirit,ghost
    Synonym:duh
  2. essence,psyche
  3. wit,genius
  4. manner,style

Declension

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singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominative-accusativespiritspiritulspiritespiritele
genitive-dativespiritspirituluispiritespiritelor
vocativespiritulespiritelor

Related terms

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See also

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Tok Pisin

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Etymology

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FromEnglishspirit.

Noun

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spirit

  1. spirit (physical form of God)
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