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she

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "she"

Translingual

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Etymology

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Clipping ofEnglishSheko.

Symbol

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she

  1. (international standards)ISO 639-3language code forSheko.

See also

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English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology

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Inherited fromMiddle Englishsche,scho,hyo,ȝho(“she”), whence also Yorkshire dialectalshoo(“she”),Scotsshe,sho(“she”).

Probably fromOld Englishhēo[1][2] (whence dialectalEnglishhoo), with an irregular change in stress fromhēo toheō/hjoː/, then a development from/hj-/ to/ç/ to/ʃ-/,[3][4] similar to the derivation ofShetland from Old NorseHjaltland. In this case,she is fromProto-West Germanic*hiju, fromProto-Germanic*hijō f(“this, this one”), fromProto-Indo-European*ḱe-,*ḱey-(“this, here”), and is cognate withSaterland Frisianjo,ju,West Frisianhja,North Frisianjü,Danishhun,Swedishhon; more athe.

A derivation fromOld Englishsēo(“that one”, occasionally “she”) is also possible, though less likely.[2][3][4] In that case,sēo would have undergone a change in stress fromsēo toseō/sjoː/, then a change from/sj-/ to/ʃ-/, similar to the derivation ofsure from Old Frenchseur.[4][5] It would then be cognate toDutchzij andGermansie.

Neither etymology would be expected to yield the modernvocalism in/iː/ (the expected form would beshoo, which is in fact found dialectally). It may be due to influence fromhe,[1] but bothhēo andsēo also have rare variants (hīe andsīe) that may give modern English/iː/.[4][6]

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

she (third-person singular, feminine, nominative case,oblique and possessiveher,possessivehers,reflexiveherself)

  1. (personal) Thefemale (typically) person or animal previously mentioned or implied.
    I asked Mary, butshe said thatshe didn't know.
    After the cat killed a mouse,she left it on our doorstep.
    She seems a clever girl, your Isabel.
    • 1590,Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto IX”, inThe Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] forWilliam Ponsonbie,→OCLC:
      Goodlyshe entertaind those noble knights, / And brought them vp into her castle hall[…]
    • 1917, Anton Chekhov, translated by Constance Garnett,The Darling and Other Stories‎[1],Project Gutenberg, published 9 September 2004,→ISBN, page71:
      The mother, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who at one time had been handsome, but now, asthmatic, depressed, vague, and over-feeble for her years, tried to entertain me with conversation about painting. Having heard from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka,she had hurriedly recalled two or three of my landscapes which she had seen in exhibitions in Moscow, and now asked what I meant to express by them.
    • 2024 June 25, Issy Ronald, “Kevin, world’s tallest male dog, dies shortly after securing record”, inCNN‎[2]:
      His family, who live in West Des Moines, Iowa, have been left “devastated,” his owner Tracy Wolfe said in GWR press release. “He was just the best giant boy,”she added.
    • 2024 December 31, Brooke Kato, “What is ‘microretirement’? Gen Z and millennials spawn new career trend to help with woes”, inNew York Post‎[3]:
      Morgan Sanner, a 27-year-old human resources worker in Ohio, told New York magazine’s The Cut thatshe felt inspired to follow in the footsteps of other people — whoshe noticed were “taking significant breaks” from their careers — after going abroad for the first time.
  2. (personal, sometimes endearing) A ship or boat.
    She could do forty knots in good weather.
    She is a beautiful boat, isn’tshe?
  3. (personal, dated, sometimes endearing) A country, or sometimes a city, province, planet, etc.
    She is a poor place, but has beautiful scenery and friendly people.
  4. (personal, endearing or poetic, chiefly dated) A thing, especially a machine or other object, such as acar, acomputer, or (poetically) aseason.
    She only gets thirty miles to the gallon on the highway, butshe’s durable.
    • 1928,The Journal of the American Dental Association, page765:
      Prodigal in everything, summer spreads her blessings with lavish unconcern, and waving her magic wand across the landscape of the world,she bids the sons of men to enter in and possess. Summer is the great consummation.
    • 1977, “57 Chevy”, inKansas City Slickers, performed by The Leopards:
      She is my 57 Chevy / My 57 Chevy runs so fine / No one can beat my 57 Chevy
    • 2017,David Walliams [pseudonym; David Edward Williams],Bad Dad, London:HarperCollins Children’s Books,→ISBN:
      The car’s engine revved up, and the back wheels screeched. Thenshe lurched forward at terrific speed.
  5. (personal, nonstandard) A person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant(used in a work, along with or in place ofhe, as an indefinite pronoun).
    • 1990,Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience:
      Optimal experience is thus something that wemake happen. For a child, it could be placing with trembling fingers the last block on a towershe has built, higher than anyshe has built so far; for a swimmer, it could be trying to beat his own record; for a violinist, mastering an intricate musical passage.

Usage notes

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  • Since at least the 1920s and 30s, somegay orqueer men refer to other gay or queer men and/or themselves withshe/her pronouns, as well as with other feminine terms such asMiss andgirl, to signal their sexuality rather than their gender identity;[7] this has sometimes been termed "thegay she":[8][9]
examples, details, and additional references
  • 1997, Anna Livia, Kira Hall,Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality, page359:
    In English, gay men often use the female pronounshe to refer to other gay men:
    SPEAKER A: Speaking of fags, where is Miss Thing?
    SPEAKER B: You mean Ron?
    SPEAKER A: Yeah.
    SPEAKER B: I don't know where she is.
    (Rudes and Healy ['Is She For Real'] 1979: 61)
    […] this linguistic strategy is not intended to reflect a feminine persona so much as to dissociate the speaker from heterosexual alliance. As such, it is a statement of sexual orientation rather than of sexual [/gender] identity. The men who use these feminine forms to refer to themselves or to other gay men are designating themselves, as well as the referents, as traitors to heterosexual masculinity.
  • 1994, George Chauncey,Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940, pages 56-57:
    One indication of the extent to which men became accustomed to thinking of fairies as pseudo-women was provided in 1939 by a State Liquor Authority investigator who casually referred to a fairy (who went by a woman's name but dressed in conventional male attire) as "she," even though he was testifying at a formal hearing of the Authority. "We did get in a conversation with Beverly," he testified, "and she stated she liked us very much." When asked by an attorney whether he meant "she" or "he," he explained that the fairies "address themselves by these effeminate names and refer to one another in the effeminate terms," and promptly continued: "She [the fairy] made a date with Mr. Van Wagner and myself for Saturday night."

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Related terms

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Translations

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person
ship
country, planet, machine, season etc.

See also

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English personal pronouns

Dialectal and obsolete or archaic forms are initalics.

personal pronounpossessive
pronoun		possessive
determiner
subjectiveobjectivereflexive
first
person		singularI
me (colloquial)		memyself
me
mysen		minemy
mine(before vowels, archaic)
me
pluralweusourselves
ourself
oursen		ours
ourn(obsolete outside dialects)		our
second
person		singularstandard
(historically
formal)		youyouyourself
yoursen		yours
yourn(obsolete outside dialects)		your
archaic
(historically
informal)		thoutheethyself
theeself
thysen		thinethy
thine(before vowels)
pluralstandardyou
ye(archaic)		youyourselvesyours
yourn(obsolete outside dialects)		your
colloquialyou all
y'all
you guys		you all
y'all
you guys		y'allselvesall yours
y'all's
you guys'
your guys'		all your
y'all's
your all's(nonstandard)
you guys'
your guys'
informal /
dialectal		(see list of dialectal forms atyou and inflected forms in those entries)
third
person		singularmasculinehehimhimself
hisself(archaic)
hissen		his
hisn(obsolete outside dialects)		his
femininesheherherself
hersen		hers
hern(obsolete outside dialects)		her
neuterit
hit		it
hit		itself
hitself		its
his(archaic)		its
his(archaic)
hits
genderless1theythemthemself,themselvestheirstheir
nonspecific
(formal)		oneoneoneself–one's
pluraltheythem
hem,'em		themselves
theirsen		theirs
theirn(obsolete outside dialects)		their

Noun

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she (pluralshes)

  1. Afemale.
    Pat is definitely ashe.
    • 1749,Henry Fielding,The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume(please specify |volume=I to VI), London:A[ndrew] Millar, […],→OCLC:
      Come, come, we know very well what all the matter is; but if one won’t, another will; so pretty a gentleman need never want a lady. I am sure, if I was you, I would see the finestshe that ever wore a head hanged, before I would go for a soldier for her.
    • 1609,William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 130”, inShake-speares Sonnets. […], London: ByG[eorge] Eld forT[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold byWilliam Aspley,→OCLC:
      And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As anyshe belied with false compare.
    • 1847 January –1848 July,William Makepeace Thackeray,Vanity Fair […], London:Bradbury and Evans […], published1848,→OCLC:
      he came home to find[…] honest Swartz in her favourite amber-coloured satin, with turquoise bracelets, countless rings, flowers, feathers, and all sorts of tags and gimcracks, about as elegantly decorated as ashe chimney-sweep on May-day.
    • 1913,Edgar Rice Burroughs,The Return of Tarzan, New York: Ballantine Books, published1963, page199:
      “They were all hairy-faced bulls but one,” he said, “and that one was ashe, lighter in color even than this stranger,” and he chucked a thumb at Tarzan.
    • 1920,Agatha Christie,The Mysterious Affair at Styles, London: Pan Books, published1954, page12:
      “Then,” I said, much amused, “you think that if you were mixed up in a crime, say a murder, you’d be able to spot the murderer right off?” “Of course I should. Mightn’t be able to prove it to a pack of lawyers. But I’m certain I’d know. I’d feel it in my fingertips if he came near me.” “It might be a ‘she’,” I suggested.
    • 1972, Lou Reed, “Walk on the Wild Side”, inTransformer:
      Plucked her eyebrows on the way / Shaved her legs and then he was ashe
    • 2000, Sue V. Rosser,Building inclusive science volume 28, issues 1–2, page 189:
      A world where the hes are so much more common than theshes can hardly be seen as a welcoming place for women.

Verb

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she

  1. (transitive) Torefer to (someone) usingshe/her pronouns.
    • 2019 April 16, Natalia Deeb-Sossa,Community-Based Participatory Research: Testimonios from Chicana/o Studies, University of Arizona Press,→ISBN, page193:
      If somebody wants to go by “he,” continually “sheing” them [is invalidating].
    • 2023 December 7, Laura L. Paterson,The Routledge Handbook of Pronouns, Taylor & Francis,→ISBN:
      In his conversation with the woman, Ari would 'he' himself using the masculine pronoun and she would reply by consistently'sheing' him. Such examples share something about the emotional quality of language […]

Determiner

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she

  1. (African-American Vernacular)Synonym ofher.

See also

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References

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  1. ↑1.01.1Roger Lass (1992), “Phonology and Morphology”, in Norman Blake, editor,Cambridge History of the English Language, volume II, pages118-119
  2. ↑2.02.1“she,pron.¹, n., and adj.”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press, September 2013.
  3. ↑3.03.1R. D. Fulk (2012),An Introduction to Middle English: Grammar and Texts, pages64-65
  4. ↑4.04.14.24.3Cecily Clark,The Peterborough Chronicle, 1070-1154 (1970), page lxvi-lxvii: "Most favoured recently has been derivation fromheo/hie, though a chain of development [hi] > [hj] > [ç] > [ʃ]. The decisive change [ç] > [ʃ] has been various explained, either as an example of a Norse sound-change found elsewhere only in a few place-names (the so-called "Shetland theory") or as substitution of a common initial phoneme for a rare one, linked with the need to maintain the distinction both from masculinehe and from second-person pluralȝe. Geographical distribution ofh- andsch- forms during the Middle English period is said to support derivation from stress-shifted [hjè]. [... There] still seems, however, something to be said for the older theory put forward inNED: thatscæ developed fromsie, through [sjè]. Certainly the demonstrativeseo was used as an emphatic pronoun, as, for instance, inSermo in Festis S. Marie; and, although the variant nom. sing.sie is regularly used only in theVespasian Psalter Gloss (once inRushworth St. Matthew), such forms assy ea in the E Preface (beside DFseo) andsi [...] in theNorthhamptonshire Geld-Roll suggest that it may have been current in Peterborough usage as well. This theory explains better than that of derivation from stress-shiftedheo/hie the coexistence ofsch- andh-forms in the same text, as inSir Gawain (scho andho) andWilliam of Palerne (sche andhe). Its weakness lies in failing to explain why the [ʃ], regular in the pronoun, never occurs in the demonstrative [...]"
  5. ^E. E. Wardale,An Introduction to Middle English (1937 [2016]), chapter VI (pp. 91-92 and notes), covers other proposed explanations, including that it is from a mixture of bothhēo andsēo
  6. ^Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey, editors (2018), “hē, hēo, hit”, inDictionary of Old English: A to LeFree access subject to limited trial; subscription normally required⁠, Toronto:University of Toronto,→OCLC.
  7. ^Greville G. Corbett,The Expression of Gender (2013), page 26: "There are uses of she to refer to people who are attributed and claim male sex. Rudes and Healy 1979 give many examples collected in their ethnolinguistic investigation among gay males in Buffalo, NY."
  8. ^Kirby Conrod, "Pronouns in motion", inLavender Linguistics (2018), page 11
  9. ^Anna T.,Opacity - Minority - Improvisation: An Exploration of the Closet Through Queer Slangs and Postcolonial Theory (→ISBN, 2020), pages 84-85

Anagrams

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Achang

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Pronunciation

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  • (Myanmar)/ʃɛ˧/
  • (Lianghe)[ʂɛ⁵⁵]
  • (Longchuan)[ʂa⁵⁵]
  • (Luxi)[sə³⁵]
  • (Xiandao)[ʂa⁵⁵]

Verb

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she

  1. topull,drag

Further reading

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  • Inglis, Douglas; Sampu, Nasaw; Jaseng, Wilai; Jana, Thocha (2005),A preliminary Ngochang–Kachin–English Lexicon‎[4], Payap University, page116

Albanian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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A derivative ofshi.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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she m (pluralshe, definitesheu, definite pluralshetë)

  1. undryingrivulet,torrent,rapidstream

Declension

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Declension ofshe
singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativeshesheusheshetë
accusativesheun
dativesheusheutshevesheve
ablativeshesh

Related terms

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References

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  1. ^Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “she”, inAlbanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill,→ISBN, page409

Further reading

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  • FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎[5],1980
  • “she”, inFGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian),2006
  • Mann,S. E. (1948), “shé”, inAn Historical Albanian–English Dictionary, London: Longmans, Green & Co., page470

Ido

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Etymology

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Froms (/ʃ/) +‎-e.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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she (pluralshe-i)

  1. The name of theLatin script letterQ/q.

See also

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Japanese

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Romanization

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she

  1. Thekatakana syllableシェ(she) inHepburn-like romanization.

Mandarin

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Romanization

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she

  1. nonstandard spelling ofshē
  2. nonstandard spelling ofshé
  3. nonstandard spelling ofshě
  4. nonstandard spelling ofshè

Usage notes

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  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Manx

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Etymology

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FromOld Irishised(“itisso”). CompareIrishsea,Scottish Gaelicseadh.

Particle

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she (dependent formnee)

  1. Present/future copula form
    She ynseyder eh Juan. ―John is a teacher.(definition: predicate is indefinite)
    She Juan yn ynseyder. ―John is the teacher.(identification: predicate is definite)
    She mish honnick eh. ―It's me who saw him.(cleft sentence)
    She Juan ta ny ynseyder. ―It's John who is a teacher.(cleft sentence)

Usage notes

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Used in present and future sentences for identification or definition of a subject as the person/object identified in the predicate of the sentence. Used to introducecleft sentences, which are extremely common in Manx. It is not a verb. For the particle that introduces adjectives, sees'.

She has no past tense; the appropriate conjugation ofve must be used instead.

  • Shenva'n soilshey firrinagh.
    That was the true light.

Middle English

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Pronoun

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she

  1. alternative form ofsche

Nkangala

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*-ncè

Determiner

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-she

  1. all

References

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  • The Word for the World Translation,Nkangala Bible Translation

Wutunhua

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Etymology

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FromMandarin十(shí).

Numeral

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she

  1. ten

References

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  • Erika Sandman (2016),A Grammar of Wutun‎[6], University of Helsinki (PhD),→ISBN
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