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sam

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "sam"
Languages (28)
Translingual • English
Atong (India) • Charrua • Chuukese • Garo • Hokkien • Lhao Vo • Livonian • Macanese • Maltese • Mizo • Nga La • Old English • Old Irish • Old Norse • Old Polish • Phalura • Polish • Rohingya • Romani • Serbo-Croatian • Silesian • Slovene • Swedish • Vietnamese • Ye'kwana • Zhuang
Page categories

Translingual

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Etymology

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Clipping ofEnglishSamaritan.

Symbol

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sam

  1. (international standards)ISO 639-2 &ISO 639-3language code forSamaritan Aramaic.

See also

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English

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishsammen,samnen, fromOld Englishsamnian,ġesamnian(to collect, assemble, bring together, gather, join, unite, compose, meet, glean), fromProto-West Germanic*samnōn, fromProto-Germanic*samnōną(to gather), fromProto-Indo-European*sem-(one). Cognate withDutchzamelen(to collect),Germansammeln(to collect, gather),Swedishsamla(to gather, collect),Icelandicsamna(to gather, collect). More atsame.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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sam (third-person singular simple presentsams,present participlesamming,simple past and past participlesammed)

  1. (transitive, UK dialectal) Toassemble.
  2. (transitive, UK dialectal, of persons) To bringtogether;join (in marriage, friendship, love, etc.).
  3. (transitive, UK dialectal, of things) To bring together;collect; put in order;arrange.
  4. (intransitive, UK dialectal) To assemble;come together.
  5. (transitive, UK dialectal) Tocoagulate;curdle (milk).
Usage notes
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Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishsām(together), fromOld Englishsamen(together), fromProto-West Germanic*saman, fromProto-Germanic*samanai(together), fromProto-Indo-European*sem-(together, one).

Adverb

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sam (notcomparable)

  1. (obsolete)Together

Etymology 3

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FromMiddle Englishsam-(prefix), fromOld Englishsam-, fromProto-Germanic*sēmi-(half), fromProto-Indo-European*sēmi-(half). Related tosemi- (viaLatin).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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sam (notcomparable)

  1. (dialectal)Half or imperfectly done.
  2. (of food) Half-heated.
Related terms
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Etymology 4

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Possibly fromUncle Sam.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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sam (pluralsams)

  1. (slang) Federal narcotics agent.

Anagrams

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Atong (India)

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bodo-Garo*sam¹(grass). Related toGarosamsi,Garosam.

Noun

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sam (Bengali scriptসাম)

  1. grass;weed
  2. medicine
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Verb

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sam- (Bengali scriptসাম)

  1. towait

Etymology 3

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Classifier

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sam- (Bengali scriptসাম)

  1. used with any bilateral body part, hands, eyes, etc. and also tires

References

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Charrua

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Numeral

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sam

  1. two

References

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  • El último charrúa: de Salsipuedes a la actualidad (1996)
  • Idioma español y habla criolla: Charrúas y vilelas (1968)
  • Čestmír Loukotka, ‎Johannes Wilbert (editor),Classification of South American Indian Languages (1968, Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California), page(s) 62

Chuukese

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Noun

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sam

  1. father

Garo

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bodo-Garo*sam¹(grass). Related toAtong (India)sam.

Noun

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sam

  1. grass;herb
  2. medicine
  3. curry

Etymology 2

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Classifier

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sam

  1. used with any bilateral body part, hands, eyes, etc.

Further reading

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  • Burling, R. (2003),The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon[2],Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page275

Hokkien

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For pronunciation and definitions ofsam – see (“three; theother woman; theother man; etc.”).
(This term is thepe̍h-ōe-jī form of).
For pronunciation and definitions ofsam – see (“unlinedgarment;T-shirt;shirt;top; etc.”).
(This term is thepe̍h-ōe-jī form of).
For pronunciation and definitions ofsam – see.
(This term is thepe̍h-ōe-jī form of).
For pronunciation and definitions ofsam – see (“Three Stars mansion; etc.”).
(This term is thepe̍h-ōe-jī form of).

Lhao Vo

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Etymology

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FromProto-Sino-Tibetan*kV-sum(three). Cognate withBurmeseသုံး(sum:,three).

Numeral

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sam

  1. three

References

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  • Dr. Ola Hanson,A Dictionary of the Kachin Language (1906).

Livonian

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Etymology

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FromProto-Finnic*samo. Cognate withEstoniansamm.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈsɑˀm/,[ˈsɑˀm]

Noun

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sa’m

  1. step,pace

Declension

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Declension ofsa’m (84)
singular(ikšlu’g)plural(pǟgiņlu’g)
nominative(nominatīv)sa’msamūd
genitive(genitīv)sa’msamūd
partitive(partitīv)sa’mtõsamīdi
dative(datīv)sa’mmõnsamūdõn
instrumental(instrumentāl)sa’mkõkssamūdõks
illative(illatīv)sa’mmõsamīž
inessive(inesīv)sa’msõsa’mši
elative(elatīv)sa’mstõsa’mšti

References

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  • Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “sa’m”, inLīvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎[3] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

Macanese

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Verb

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sam

  1. alternative form ofsâm

Maltese

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Root
s-w-m
3 terms

Etymology

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FromArabicصامَ(ṣāma).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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sam (imperfectjsum,active participlesajjem,verbal nounsawm)

  1. tofast

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofsam(Form I)
positive forms
singularplural
1st person2nd person3rd person1st person2nd person3rd person
perfectmsomtsomtsamsomnasomtusamu
fsamet
imperfectmnsumssumjsumnsumussumujsumu
fssum
imperativesumsumu

Mizo

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Kuki-Chin*sham, fromProto-Sino-Tibetan*(t)sam.

Noun

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sam

  1. hair(of the head)
  2. antenna(of insects)

Etymology 2

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Adjective

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sam

  1. easy,simple

Nga La

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Etymology

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FromProto-Kuki-Chin*sham, fromProto-Sino-Tibetan*(t)sam.

Noun

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sam

  1. hair (of the head)

References

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  • Matu (Chin) Dictionary by Ropna Saruum, Matupi 2007

Old English

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Conjunction

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sam

  1. whether,or

References

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Old Irish

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Etymology

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FromProto-Celtic*samos(summer) (compareWelshhaf), fromProto-Indo-European*sm̥-h₂-ó- (compareOld Englishsumor,Old Armenianամառն(amaṙn)).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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sam m (genitive unattested,no plural)

  1. summer

Inflection

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Masculine o-stem
singulardualplural
nominativesam
vocativesaim
accusativesamN
genitivesaimL
dativesamL
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Synonyms

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Mutation

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Mutation ofsam
radicallenitionnasalization
samṡamsam

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

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Old Norse

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Verb

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sam

  1. second-personsingularimperative ofsama

Old Polish

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Etymology 1

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European*sem-
    Proto-Indo-European*somHós
    Proto-Slavic*samъ
    Old Polishsam

    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*samъ. First attested in the 14th century.

    Pronunciation

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    Pronoun

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    sam

    1. alone,by oneself, withoutcompany
    2. myself,yourself,himself, etc.(emphaticdeterminer, used similarly to "no other than" or "thevery", as in "I myself")
    3. The meaning of this term is uncertain.
    Descendants
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    Etymology 2

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European*ḱe
    Proto-Indo-European*ís
    Proto-Indo-European*ḱís
    Proto-Balto-Slavic*śis
    Proto-Slavic*sь
    Proto-Slavic*-mo
    Proto-Slavic*sěmo
    Old Polishsam

    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*sěmo. First attested in the 14th century.

    Pronunciation

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    Adverb

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    sam

    1. here;hither
    Descendants
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    References

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    • B. Sieradzka-Baziur,Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “1. sam”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN
    • B. Sieradzka-Baziur,Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “2. sam”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN

    Phalura

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    Etymology

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    (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

    Pronunciation

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    Adverb

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    sam (Perso-Arabic spellingسم)

    1. equally

    References

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    • Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “sam”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎[4], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN

    Polish

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    Pronunciation

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    • Audio:(file)
    • Rhymes:-am
    • Syllabification:sam

    Etymology 1

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European*sem-
    Proto-Indo-European*somHós
    Proto-Slavic*samъ
    Old Polishsam
    Polishsam

    Inherited fromOld Polishsam.

    Adjective

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    sam (not generallycomparable,comparativebardziejsam,superlativenajbardziejsam,no derived adverb)

    1. alone(oneself without company)
    2. alone(oneself without help)

    Adverb

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    sam (not generallycomparable,comparativebardziejsam,superlativenajbardziejsam)

    1. alone,by oneself, withoutcompany
      Synonyms:osobno,samodzielnie
    2. (Middle Polish or dialectal, Central Greater Poland, Kuyavia)here(at this place)
      Alternative forms:(dialectal)sa,(dialectal)samoj
      Synonyms:tu,tutaj

    Particle

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    sam

    1. emphatic determiner, used similarly to "no other than" or "the very", as in "I myself";oneself
      Przygotowując intrygę przeciwko szefowi, pani Magdalena kazała swojej córce ubrać się skromnie, asama założyła sukienkę z głębokim dekoltem.
      Preparing the intrigue against the boss, Ms. Magdalena told her daughter to dress modestly, while sheherself put on a dress with a deep neckline.
      Poszedł dosamego końca.
      He went to thevery end.
    2. byoneself,alone(by one's own volition or power, without outside help or encouragement)
    Declension
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    Declension ofsam (irregular)
    singularplural
    masculine animatemasculine inanimatefeminineneutervirile (= masculine personal)non-virile
    nominative/vocativesamsamasamosamisame
    genitivesamegosamejsamegosamych
    dativesamemusamejsamemusamym
    accusativesamegosamsamąsamosamychsame
    instrumentalsamymsamąsamymsamymi
    locativesamymsamejsamymsamych

    Alternative forms

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    Derived terms

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    adjectives
    adverbs
    nouns
    particles

    Related terms

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    adjectives
    adverb
    nouns
    verbs

    Etymology 2

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  • Etymology tree
    Polishsam

    Clipping ofsklep samoobsługowy.

    Alternative forms

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    Noun

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    sam inan

    1. (colloquial)self-serviceshop
      Synonym:sklep samoobsługowy
    Declension
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    Declension ofsam
    singularplural
    nominativesamsamy
    genitivesamusamów
    dativesamowisamom
    accusativesamsamy
    instrumentalsamemsamami
    locativesamiesamach
    vocativesamiesamy

    Trivia

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    According toSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990),sam is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 159 times in scientific texts, 70 times in news, 120 times in essays, 231 times in fiction, and 302 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 882 times, making it the 48th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

    References

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    1. ^Ida Kurcz (1990), “sam”, inSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page518

    Further reading

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    • sam inWielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
    • sam in Polish dictionaries at PWN
    • SAM_I”, inElektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 22 February 2023
    • SAM_II”, inElektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 22 February 2023
    • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “sam”, inSłownik języka polskiego
    • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “sam”, inSłownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
    • J. Karłowicz,A. Kryński,W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “sam”, inSłownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page11
    • sam in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
    • Stanisław Ciszewski (1916), “sam”, in “Przyczynek do słownika gwary wielkopolskiej”, inPrace Filologiczne (in Polish), volume8, z. 1, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page98
    • Władysław Matlakowski (1892), “sam”, inSłownik wyrazów ludowych zebranych w Czerskiem i na Kujawach (in Polish), Kraków: nakł. Akademii Umiejętności; Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego pod zarządem A. M. Kosterkiewicza, page16

    Rohingya

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

    Noun

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    sam (Hanifi spelling𐴏𐴝𐴔)

    1. skin
      Synonym:samra

    Romani

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    Verb

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    sam

    1. first-personpluralpresentindicative ofsi

    Serbo-Croatian

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    Etymology 1

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    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*samъ, fromProto-Indo-European*somHós.

    Adjective

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    sȃm (Cyrillic spellingса̑м,definitesȃmī)

    1. alone,sole
    2. unaided,single-handed
    3. absolute,very,mere,unmixed
    4. solitary,secluded
    Declension
    [edit]
    indefinite forms
    singularmasculinefeminineneuter
    nominativesamsamasamo
    genitivesamasamesama
    dativesamusamojsamu
    accusativeinanimate
    animate
    sam
    sama
    samusamo
    vocativesamsamasamo
    locativesamusamojsamu
    instrumentalsamimsamomsamim
    pluralmasculinefeminineneuter
    nominativesamisamesama
    genitivesamihsamihsamih
    dativesamim(a)samim(a)samim(a)
    accusativesamesamesama
    vocativesamisamesama
    locativesamim(a)samim(a)samim(a)
    instrumentalsamim(a)samim(a)samim(a)
    definite forms
    singularmasculinefeminineneuter
    nominativesamisamasamo
    genitivesamog(a)samesamog(a)
    dativesamom(u/e)samojsamom(u/e)
    accusativeinanimate
    animate
    sami
    samog(a)
    samusamo
    vocativesamisamasamo
    locativesamom(e/u)samojsamom(e/u)
    instrumentalsamimsamomsamim
    pluralmasculinefeminineneuter
    nominativesamisamesama
    genitivesamihsamihsamih
    dativesamim(a)samim(a)samim(a)
    accusativesamesamesama
    vocativesamisamesama
    locativesamim(a)samim(a)samim(a)
    instrumentalsamim(a)samim(a)samim(a)
    Alternative forms
    [edit]
    • sȃm

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*(j)esmь, fromProto-Balto-Slavic*esmi, fromProto-Indo-European*h₁ésmi.

    Verb

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    sȁm (Cyrillic spellingса̏м)

    1. first-personsingularpresent tenseenclitic form ofbiti.
      Tusam. — I'm here.

    Silesian

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]
  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European*ḱe
    Proto-Indo-European*ís
    Proto-Indo-European*ḱís
    Proto-Balto-Slavic*śis
    Proto-Slavic*sь
    Proto-Slavic*-mo
    Proto-Slavic*sěmo
    Old Polishsam
    Silesiansam

    Inherited fromOld Polishsam.

    Pronunciation

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    Pronoun

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    sam

    1. here
      Synonym:tukej
    2. hither

    Further reading

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    • sam in silling.org

    Slovene

    [edit]

    Etymology

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    FromProto-Slavic*samъ, fromProto-Indo-European*somHós.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Adjective

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    sȃm (notcomparable)

    1. alone,sole
    2. unaided,single-handed,by oneself

    Declension

    [edit]
    Thediacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.
    Hard
    masculinefeminineneuter
    nom. sing.sámsámasámo
    singular
    masculinefeminineneuter
    nominativesámind
    sámidef
    sámasámo
    genitivesámegasámesámega
    dativesámemusámisámemu
    accusativenominativeinan or
    genitive
    anim
    sámosámo
    locativesámemsámisámem
    instrumentalsámimsámosámim
    dual
    masculinefeminineneuter
    nominativesámasámisámi
    genitivesámihsámihsámih
    dativesámimasámimasámima
    accusativesámasámisámi
    locativesámihsámihsámih
    instrumentalsámimasámimasámima
    plural
    masculinefeminineneuter
    nominativesámisámesáma
    genitivesámihsámihsámih
    dativesámimsámimsámim
    accusativesámesámesáma
    locativesámihsámihsámih
    instrumentalsámimisámimisámimi

    Derived terms

    [edit]

    Further reading

    [edit]
    • sam”, inSlovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
    • sam”, inTermania, Amebis
    • See also thegeneral references

    Swedish

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    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    sam

    1. pastindicative ofsimma

    Anagrams

    [edit]

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    Highly unlikely due to irregular sound change.Possibly fromProto-Mon-Khmer*kt₁aam(crab) (Norman & Mei, 1976; mistakenly glossed as "king crab"). However, Shorto (2006) includes no such derivation. CompareVietnameseđam(field crab) andLingaosam¹(horseshoe crab).

    Noun

    [edit]

    (classifiercon) sam (,,𧏰,𧓰,𪓫)

    1. ahorseshoe crab
      đuôi sama horseshoe crab's tail; a braid/plait
    See also
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    (classifiercây) sam ()

    1. common purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
      Synonym:rau sam

    Ye'kwana

    [edit]

    Alternative forms

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Ideophone

    [edit]

    sam

    1. zooming
    2. (of food)stinging,biting

    References

    [edit]
    • Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “samm”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[5], Lyon, page166

    Zhuang

    [edit]
    Zhuang cardinal numbers
     <  234  > 
       Cardinal :sam

    Etymology

    [edit]

    FromProto-Tai*saːm(three), fromMiddle Chinese (MC sam, “three”). Cognate withThaiสาม(sǎam),Northern Thaiᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ,Laoສາມ(sām),ᦉᦱᧄ(ṡaam),Tai Damꪎꪱꪣ,Shanသၢမ်(sǎam),Tai Nüaᥔᥣᥛᥴ(sáam),Ahom𑜏𑜪(saṃ),Bouyeisaaml.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Numeral

    [edit]

    sam (1957–1982 spellingsam)

    1. three
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=sam&oldid=87221448"
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