Short forsë(“not”) (not to be confused withadjectival articlesë andconjunctionse(“that (as), when”)). This is in turn fromProto-Albanian*tśe, fromProto-Indo-European*kʷíd(“that (relative)”)[1]
1=-Please seeModule:checkparams for help with this warning.
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| strong/subject | weak (direct object) | weak (indirect object) | possessive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proclitic | enclitic | proclitic | enclitic | |||||
| singular | 1st person | standard | jo,mi3 | em,m’ | -me,’m | em,m’ | -me,’m | meu |
| majestic1 | nós | ens | -nos,’ns | ens | -nos,’ns | nostre | ||
| 2nd person | standard | tu | et,t’ | -te,’t | et,t’ | -te,’t | teu | |
| formal1 | vós | us | -vos,-us | us | -vos,-us | vostre | ||
| very formal2 | vostè | el,l’ | -lo,’l | li | -li | seu | ||
| 3rd person | m | ell | el,l’ | -lo,’l | li | -li | seu | |
| f | ella | la,l’4 | -la | li | -li | seu | ||
| n | ho | -ho | li | -li | seu | |||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1st person | nosaltres | ens | -nos,’ns | ens | -nos,’ns | nostre | ||
| 2nd person | standard | vosaltres | us | -vos,-us | us | -vos,-us | vostre | |
| formal2 | vostès | els | -los,’ls | els | -los,’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person | m | ells | els | -los,’ls | els | -los,’ls | seu | |
| f | elles | les | -les | els | -los,’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person reflexive | si | es,s’ | -se,’s | es,s’ | -se,’s | seu | ||
| adverbial | ablative/genitive | en,n’ | -ne,’n | |||||
| locative | hi | -hi | ||||||
1 Behaves grammatically as plural. 2 Behaves grammatically as third person.
3 Only as object of a preposition. 4 Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.
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| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Combined | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | first | — | io | mi,m',-mi | me | me | — | |||
| second | — | tu | ti,t',-ti | te | te | |||||
| third | m | lui | si2,s',-si | lo,l',-lo | gli,-gli | glie,se2 | lui,sé | ci,c', vi,v'(formal) | ne,n' | |
| f | lei,Lei1 | la,La1,l',L'1,-la,-La1 | le3,Le1,-le3,-Le1 | lei,Lei1,sé | ||||||
| Plural | first | — | noi | ci,c',-ci | ce | noi | — | |||
| second | — | voi,Voi4 | vi,Vi4,v',V'4,-vi,-Vi4 | ve | voi,Voi4 | |||||
| third | m | loro,Loro1 | si,s',-si | li,Li1,-li,-Li1 | gli,-gli,loro(formal), Loro1 | glie,se | loro,Loro1,sé | ci,c', vi,v'(formal) | ne,n' | |
| f | le,Le1,-le,-Le1 | |||||||||
| 1 | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||
| 2 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||
| 3 | Often replaced bygli,-gli in informal language. | |||||||||
| 4 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous). | |||||||||
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Only used with adjectives. When nouns are equated with each other, useshe.
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s' m orf(Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese)
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