Movatterモバイル変換

(interrogative pronoun)
1. (in the masculine singular, not agreeing with any other word)who
  Quis custōdiet ipsōs custōdēs? ―<But>who will watch the watchmen themselves?
  - 106BCE – 43BCE,Cicero,Pro S. Roscio Amerino 76.10:^[1]
    Nuntium misit. Quem aut adquem?
    1903 translation by C. D. Yonge
    He sent a messenger—whom? or towhom?
2. (in the neuter singular, not agreeing with any other word)what
  Quid accidit? ―What happened?
  - 106BCE – 43BCE,Cicero,De Domo Sua 72.3:
    Quid est enim exsul?
    Forwhat is an exile?
  - 54BCE,Cicero,Pro Plancio80.5:
    Quid est pietas nisi voluntas grata in parentes?
    1923 translation by N. H. Watts
    What is filial affection, if not a benevolent gratitude to one’s parents?
3. (agreeing in gender with a noun in a copular sentence)what
  - 70BCE,Cicero,In Verrem2.4.7.6-7:
    Pro deum hominumque fidem!Quid hoc est?Quae haec causa est?Quae ista impudentia?
    For heaven's sake!What is this?What is the cause?What is this impudence of yours?
  - 44BCE – 43BCE,Cicero,Philippicae6.14:
    Quis est iste ordo?
    2010 translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey
    What category is this?
  - c. 45BCE,Cicero,Tusculan Disputations4.70.6:
    Quis est enim iste amor amicitiae?
    What is this love of friendship then?
  - c. 4BCE – 65CE,Seneca the Younger,Hercules Furens 1138:
    Quis hic locus,quae regio,quae mundi plaga?
    What (is) this place?What area?What region of the world?
4. (as predicate agreeing in gender and number with subject)who
  Quis es? ―Who are you?(with the default emphasis onyou)
  Quis es tū? ―Who are you?(with the marked emphasis onare)
  Quī sumus? ―Who are we?
5. (in the neuterquid)why,what for
  - 163BCE,Publius Terentius Afer,Heauton Timorumenos831:
    Quid stās, lapis? Quīn accipis?
    Why are you standing there, stupid? Take it!
(indefinite pronoun, alone and aftersi,nisi,num,ne)someone,something,anyone,anything;any
- c. 52BCE,Julius Caesar,Commentarii de Bello Gallico7.9:
  ut siquid etiam de sua salute ab Aeduis iniretur consili
  in order that ifany <plot> concerning his own safety should have been organized by theAedui
- 70BCE – 19BCE,Virgil,Eclogues6.9–10:
  Sīquis tamen haec quoque, sīquis
  captus amōre leget, tē nostrae, Vāre, myrīcae,
  tē nemus omne canet
  Ifanyone, ifanyone reads this captured by love [for these verses], ourtamarisks shall sing of you, Varus, and of you every grove shall sing.
- 405CE,Jerome,Vulgate Evangelium secundum Ioannem.3.5:
  Respondit Iēsūs: āmēn āmēn, dīcō tibi, nisiquis renātus fuerit ex aquā et Spīritū, nōn potest introīre in rēgnum Deī.
  Jesus replied, "verily verily, I say to you, unlessa person is reborn out of water and Spirit, that person can't enter into the kingdom of God."
- 405CE,Jerome,Vulgate Epistula ad Hebraeos.12.16:
  Nēquis fornicātor, aut profānus ut Esau, quī propter ūnam ēscam vendidit prīmitīva sua.
  Do not letanyone be a fornicator, nor a profane person like Esau, who sold his birthright for a single meal.

Usage notes

[edit]

When used as a question word,quis usually occupies the first position in a clause, regardless of its syntactic function (although it may be preceded by a connector or a pragmatically fronted constituent).^[2]
In a question that does not contain acopular verb, the interrogative pronoun is usually masculine singular (quis) when asking for the identity of some person(s) and neuter singular (quid) when asking for the identity of some thing. In all periods of Latin, the masculine forms ofquis can be used as a generic,epicene interrogative pronoun with a scope including both male and female beings despite its masculine grammatical gender (compare the generic sense of the masculine nounhomo(“man, human being”)).
- In the early Latin of Ennius, Pacuvius, and Plautus,^[3] the nominative singular formquis is sometimes used in reference to a specific woman as a feminine interrogative pronoun or adjective (seeCitations:quis). This use ofquis as a feminine pronoun (as opposed to an epicene pronoun) is scarcely attested in authors of later time periods. The feminine nominative singular formquae is also attested in reference to a woman or in agreement with a feminine noun (seeCitations:quae), although it can be difficult to determine whether feminine interrogativequae is a form of the pronounquis(“who”), or a form of the interrogative adjectivequī(“which”) (which can be used substantivally).
In questions that contain a form ofesse and a nominative noun in addition to a nominative form ofquis, the form ofquis may match the gender and number of the noun by attraction. Therefore, in this context,quis (with a masculine noun) orquae (with a feminine noun) can mean "what", rather than "who". However, it is also possible alternatively for neuter singularquid to be used as a predicative pronoun with the sense "what" in a question with a masculine, feminine or plural subject, with no agreement in gender or number between the subject and the predicate. According to Lebreton, agreement is rarer than the use of the non-agreeing neuter interrogative pronoun, but neither is exceptional.^[4] In questions withesse, it is not always simple to determine whether a form ofquis is acting as an interrogative pronominal subject, an interrogative pronominal predicate, or an interrogative adjective (see alsoquī), since the same grammatical case is used for all of these functions, and Latin regularly places an interrogative word first regardless of its syntactic function in a clause.

Declension

[edit]

Interrogative and indefinite pronoun.

	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
	singular			plural
nominative	quis quī¹	quae qua² quis³	quid	quī¹	quae	quae qua²
genitive	cuius¹			quōrum	quārum	quōrum
dative	cui¹			quibus quīs¹
accusative	quem	quam quem³	quid	quōs	quās	quae qua²
ablative	quō quī	quā quī	quō quī	quibus quīs¹
vocative	—			—

¹In Republican Latin or earlier, alternative spellings could be found for the following forms ofquī/quis and its compounds: the masculine nominative singular or pluralquī (old spellingquei), the genitive singularcuius (old spellingquoius), the dative singularcui (old spellingquoi orquoiei), the dative/ablative pluralquīs (old spellingqueis).
²When used as an indefinite word (pronoun or adjective), the feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative/accusative plural is usuallyqua (with shortă) instead ofquae. Indefinitequă is generally only found directly aftersī,nisi,num, ornē and may be considered to be either enclitic to the preceding word or (in Priscian's view) forming a compound with it; accordingly,sīqua,numqua, andnēqua are sometimes written together (as also are the masculinessīquis,numquis, andnēquis). The formquă is never used for the feminine plural, nor for any form of the relative pronoun or of the interrogative pronoun or adjective.
³Femininequis andquem are attested mainly in early Latin authors (Ennius, Pacuvius, and Plautus).

An archaic form of the nominative plural isquēs (found on theSenatus consultum de Bacchanalibus).

Adjective

[edit]

quisorquī (femininequae,neuterquod);relative/interrogative pronoun

(alternative nominative singular form of adjectival interrogative pronounquī)which;what
- 29BCE,Virgil,Georgics2.177–178:
  Nunc locus arvorum ingeniis, quae robora cuique,
  quis color et quae sit rebus natura ferendis.
  Now give we place to the genius of soils, the strength of each, its hue, its native power for bearing.
- 29BCE – 19BCE,Virgil,Aeneid1.615, (exclamatory):
  Quis te, nate dea, per tanta pericula casus / insequitur? quae vis immanibus applicat oris?
  (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
- 29BCE – 19BCE,Virgil,Aeneid3.317:
  heu!quis te casus deiectam coniuge tanto / excipit? aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit, / Hectoris Andromache?
  (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
- 116CE,Tacitus,Annales1.48:
  Tunc signo inter se dato inrumpunt contubernia, trucidant ignaros, nullo nisi consciis noscente quod caedis initium,quis finis.
  Then, passing the signal to one another, they broke into the tents and struck down their unsuspecting victims; while no one, apart from those in the secret, knew how the massacre had begun or where it was to end.

Declension

[edit]

Seequī.

Derived terms

[edit]

Related terms

[edit]

Latin correlatives^(edit)

type	demonstrative			anaphoric	identity	interrogative			indefinite					negative	other
type	proximal	medial	distal	anaphoric	identity	indefinite	irrelative / emphatic	relative		indefinite	free choice	universal	negative polarity	negative	other
basic	hic	iste istic	ille illic	is	ipse īdem	ecquis ecquī ecquisnam ecquīnam quisquamne	quisnam quīnam	quis quī	quisquis quīcumque	quis quī quīdam aliquis aliquī quispiam	quīvis quīlibet	quisque	quisquam ūllus °aliquisquam	nēquisquam nēmō nihil nūllus	alius
possessive*						eccuius cuiusquamne	cuiusnam	cuius	cuiuscumque	alicuius cuiusdam	cuiusvīs	cuiusque	cuiusquam	nēcuiusquam
comparative (likeness)	huiusmodī huiuscemodī	istī̆usmodī	illī̆usmodī	eiusmodī	eiusdemmodī			cuiusmodī	cuiusmodīcumque	alicuiusmodī cuiusdammodī	cuiusvīsmodī	cuiusquemodī	cuiusquammodī	nēcuiusquammodī
dual						uterne	uternam	uter	utercumque	alteruter	utervīs uterlibet	uterque		neuter	alter
place	hīc	istīc	illīc	ibī̆	ibī̆dem	usquamne	ubinam	ubī̆	ubī̆cumque ubiubī̆	alicubī̆ uspiam	ubivīs ubilibet	ubīque usque	usquam	nusquam nūllibī	alibī aliās
source	hinc	istinc	illinc	inde	indidem	°undiquamne	undenam	unde	undecumque undeunde	alicunde	°undelibet	undique	°undiquam	°nēundiquam °nūllunde	aliunde
destination	hūc °hōrsum	istūc °istōrsum	illūc °illōrsum	eō	eōdem	ecquō °quōquamne	quōnam	quō quōrsum	quōcumque quōquō °quōrsumcumque	aliquō quōpiam °aliquōvorsum	quōvīs quōlibet	quōque	quōquam	nusquam °nūllōrsum	aliō aliōrsum
method, means, path, place	hāc	istāc	illāc	eā	eādem	ecquā °quāquamne	quānam	quā	quācumque quāquā	aliquā	quāvīs quālibet	quāque	°quāquam ūllā	nēquāquam haudquāquam	aliā
distance	hāctenus	istātenus istāctenus	illātenus illāctenus	eātenus		ecquātenus °quāquamne tenus	quātenusnam	quātenus	°quātenuscumque °quāquātenus	aliquātenus quādantenus	quātenusvīs quātenuslibet		°quāquamtenus ūllātenus	nūllātenus	aliātenus
manner	hōcmodō	istōmodō	illōmodō	ita sīc, eōmodō	item itidem	°quīquamne	utinam	ut prout quī quōmodō quōmodo quemadmodum	utcumque utut proutcumque quōmodocumque °quemadmodumcumque	quī quōdammodō aliquōmodō	quōmodolibet	utīque	°utiquam °quīquam ūllōmodō	nihil neutiquam neutī̆que nēquīquam nūllōmodō	aliter aliōquī alterō/aliōmodō
time	†num nunc	†dum dunc dūdum	ōlim	tum tunc	simul	ecquandō umquamne	quandōnam	quandō ‡cum	cumque quandōcumque quandōque °quandōnē °quandōquandō °cumcumque	quondam aliquandō	quandōlibet	quandōque	umquam	numquam	aliās
quantity	†nam			tam	†tamen †tandem	quamquamne		quam	quamcumque †quamquam	aliquam	quamvīs quamlibet	quamque	†quamquam
size				tantus	tantusdem			quantus	quantuscumque quantusquantus	aliquantus	quantusvīs quantuslibet	quantusque
extend				tantum	tantundem			quantum °quantillum	quantumcumque	aliquantum	quantumvīs quantumlibet	quantumque
intensity				tantō tantopere				quantō quantopere	quantōcumque	aliquantō aliquantopere	quantōlibet	quantōque
size (smallness)				tantulus				quantulus °quantillus	quantuluscumque	aliquantulus	°quantuluslibet
size (greatness)				tammagnus				quammagnus	quammagnuscumque	aliquammagnus	°quammagnuslibet
quality				tālis		ecquālis	quālisnam	quālis	quāliscumque quālisquālis	aliquālis	quālislibet	quālisque		nihilī
number				tot	totidem		quotinam	quot	quotquot quotcumque	aliquot	quotlibet
order/fractional				totus				quotus	quotuscumque	aliquotus	quotuslibet
repetition				totiēns				quotiēns	quotiēnscumque	aliquotiēns	quotiēnslibet	quotiēnsque
time (continuous)				tamdiū tantīsper				quamdiū quantīsper	quamdiūcumque	aliquamdiū aliquantīsper	quamdiūlibet	quamque diū
account				eāpropter				cūr quāpropter	quāproptercumque	aliquāpropter
beauty				tampulcher				quampulcher	quampulchercumque	aliquampulcher
multiplication				totuplex				quotuplex
proportion				totuplus				quotuplus
distributive								quotēnus
time (future)								°quantūrus
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimilated ° Rare ‡ Only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative. * Old Latin; ridiculed by most grammarians in later stages.

Descendants

[edit]

Seequi.

Etymology 2

[edit]

See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

Pronunciation

[edit]

(Classical Latin)IPA^(key): [ˈkʷiːs]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key): [ˈkʷis]

Verb

[edit]

quīs

second-person singular present active indicative ofqueō

References

[edit]

^M. Tullius Cicero.The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, literally translated by C. D. Yonge. London. George Bell & Sons. 1903.Perseus
^Harm Pinkster (2015),The Oxford Latin Syntax, volume 2,page954
^John Wordsworth (1874),Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin,page101
^Jules Lebreton (1901),Études sur la langue et la grammaire de Cicéron,page31