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polish

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:Polish

English

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishpolishen, fromOld Frenchpoliss-, stem of some of the conjugated forms ofpolir, fromLatinpolīre(“to polish, make smooth”), fromProto-Indo-European*pelh₂-(“to drive, strike, thrust”), from the notion of fulling cloth.

Pronunciation

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(UK)enPR:pŏl'ĭsh,IPA^(key): /ˈpɒl.ɪʃ/
(US)enPR:pä'lĭsh,IPA^(key): /ˈpɑ.lɪʃ/
Audio(US): (file)

Noun

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polish (countable anduncountable,pluralpolishes)

Asubstance used to polish.
A good silverpolish will remove tarnish easily.
Cleanliness; smoothness, shininess.
The floor was waxed to a highpolish.
Refinement; cleanliness in performance or presentation.
The lecturer showed a lot ofpolish at his last talk.

Synonyms

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(substance):wax
(smoothness, shininess):finish,sheen,shine,shininess,smoothness
(cleanliness in performance or presentation):class,elegance,panache,refinement,style

substance used to polish

Armenian:լաք (hy)(lakʻ)
Bulgarian:лак (bg) m(lak),гланц (bg) m(glanc),политура (bg) f(politura)
Catalan:poliment m
Czech:leštidlo n
Danish:pudsecreme c,politur c
Dutch:poets (nl),poetsmiddel (nl)
Esperanto:polurilo
Finnish:kiillote,kiillotusaine
French:vernis (fr) m
German:Politur (de) f
Indonesian:poles (id)
Italian:lucido (it) m,cera (it) f
Japanese:研磨剤(kenma-zai)
Persian:پولیش (fa)(poliš)
Polish:pasta do polerowania f
Portuguese:cera (pt) f,graxa (pt) f
Romanian:pastă de lustruit f
Scottish Gaelic:lìomh f
Spanish:pulidor m,abrillantador (es) m,pulimento (es) m,betún (es) m(shoe polish)
Swedish:polityr (sv),polermedel,putsmedel
Turkish:parlatma maddesi

cleanliness; smoothness; shininess

Bulgarian:лъскавина (bg) f(lǎskavina),блясък (bg) m(bljasǎk)
Danish:glans c,glathed c
Dutch:glans (nl) m
Esperanto:poluro (eo)
Finnish:(shininess)kiilto (fi),(smoothness)tasaisuus (fi)
German:Glanz (de) m
Italian:lucidità (it) f,lucentezza (it) f,brillantezza (it) f,levigatezza f
Japanese:(cleanliness)綺麗 (ja)(kirei),清らか(kiyoraka),清潔 (ja)(seiketsu),(smoothness)平ら (ja)(taira),平坦 (ja)(heitan),(shininess)輝き (ja)(kagayaki),つや (ja)(tsuya),艶 (ja)(tsuya),光沢 (ja)(kōtaku)
Polish:połysk (pl) m
Portuguese:polimento (pt) m
Swedish:polish (sv),glans (sv)

cleanliness in performance or presentation

Danish:elegance c,forfinelse c
Finnish:viimeistely (fi),selkeys (fi),tyyli (fi)
German:Schliff (de) m
Italian:raffinatezza (it) f
Japanese:洗練 (ja)(senren)
Portuguese:polimento (pt) m
Swedish:finess (sv),polityr (sv)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Interlingua:^{(pleaseverify)}cera (de polimento)
Persian:^{(pleaseverify)}جلا (fa)(jalâ)

Verb

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polish (third-person singular simple presentpolishes,present participlepolishing,simple past and past participlepolished)

(transitive) Toshine; to make a surface verysmooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding.
Hepolished up the chrome until it gleamed.
(transitive) Torefine; remove imperfections from.
The band haspolished its performance since the last concert.
- 1699,William Temple,Heads designed for an essay on conversations‎^[1]:
  Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the otherpolishes it.
(transitive) Toapply shoe polish to shoes.
(intransitive) To become smooth, as from friction; to receive a gloss; to take a smooth and glossy surface.
Steelpolishes well.
- a.1626,Francis Bacon,Inquisitions touching the compounding of metals:
  The other [gold], whether it will polish so well Wherein for the latter [brass] it is probable it will
(transitive) Torefine; to wear off the rudeness, coarseness, or rusticity of; to make elegant and polite.
- 1667,John Milton, “Book IX”, inParadise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […];[a]nd by Robert Boulter […];[a]nd Matthias Walker, […],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […],1873,→OCLC:
  Arts thatpolish Life.

Synonyms

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(to make smooth and shiny by rubbing):wax,shine,buff,furbish,burnish,smooth,bone
(refine):hone,perfect,refine

Derived terms

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Related terms

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polite

Translations

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make a surface smooth or shiny

Arabic:لَمَّعَ (ar)(lammaʕa)
Armenian:հղկել (hy)(hġkel),ողորկել (hy)(oġorkel)
Bulgarian:лъскам (bg)(lǎskam),полирам (bg)(poliram)
Catalan:polir (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin:擦亮 (zh)(cāliàng)
Czech:leštit
Danish:polere (da),blanke,pudse(make shiny),glatte (da)(make smooth)
Dutch:polijsten (nl),poetsen (nl),oppoetsen (nl)
Esperanto:poluri
Finnish:kiillottaa (fi)(make shiny),hioa (fi)(make smooth),puunata (fi)(colloquial);lankata (fi)(shoes)
French:polir (fr)
Galician:puír (gl)
Georgian:please add this translation if you can
German:polieren (de)
Greek:γυαλίζω (el)(gyalízo),λουστράρω (el)(loustráro)
Hebrew:ליטש(litésh),מֵרֵק (he)(meréq)
Hungarian:kifényesít (hu),políroz (hu),fényez (hu)
Ido:briligar (io),polisar (io)
Interlingua:polir,(metal)furbir,(shoes)lustrar,(to smooth)lisiar
Italian:lucidare (it),levigare (it),lustrare (it),brillantare (it),tirare a lucido
Japanese:磨く (ja)(migaku),(for rice)研ぐ (ja)(togu)
Khmer:ពួត (km)(puət),បង្ខាត់(bɑŋkʰat),ខាត់ (km)(kʰat)
Korean:닦다 (ko)(dakda)
Lao:please add this translation if you can
Latin:poliō
Maori:whakapiata,whakamahine,whakamaheni,whakamahine,whakapīrata
Norman:poli
Norwegian:
Bokmål:polere,pusse (no)
Ottoman Turkish:مهره‌لمك(mührelemek)
Persian:پولیش کردن(poliš kardan)
Polish:polerować (pl),wygładzać (pl)
Portuguese:polir (pt)
Romanian:lustrui (ro)
Russian:(reflective surface)полирова́ть (ru)(polirovátʹ),(matte surface)шлифова́ть (ru)(šlifovátʹ)
Sanskrit:घर्षति(gharṣati)
Scottish Gaelic:lìomh
Spanish:pulir (es),acicalar (es),polir (es)(disused),pulimentar (es),lustrar (es)
Swedish:polera (sv),putsa (sv)
Thai:please add this translation if you can
Tocharian B:kānt-
Turkish:parlatmak (tr),mührelemek (tr)
Ukrainian:полірува́ти impf(poliruváty),пополірува́ти pf(popoliruváty),відполіро́вувати impf(vidpoliróvuvaty),відполірува́ти pf(vidpoliruváty),шліфува́ти impf(šlifuváty),пошліфува́ти pf(pošlifuváty),відшліфо́вувати impf(vidšlifóvuvaty),відшліфува́ти pf(vidšlifuváty)
Vietnamese:đánh bóng (vi)

to refine; improve imperfections from

Arabic:صَقَل(ṣaqal)
Catalan:polir (ca)
Danish:forfine,^{(pleaseverify)}pudse af
Dutch:oppoetsen (nl)
Finnish:hioa (fi),parannella (fi),kehittää (fi)
Galician:puír (gl)
German:perfektionieren (de)
Italian:perfezionare (it),smussare (it),levigare (it)
Japanese:洗練する(senren-suru)
Polish:szlifować (pl) impf
Portuguese:polir (pt)
Romanian:perfecționa (ro)
Spanish:pulir (es),acicalar (es),polir /alcorzar(disused)
Swedish:polera (sv),putsa (sv)

to apply shoe polish

Bulgarian:лъскам (bg)(lǎskam)
Finnish:kiillottaa kenkiä,lankata (fi)
Galician:lustrar (gl)
German:wichsen (de)
Ido:cirajizar (io)
Italian:lustrare (it),lucidare (it)
Navajo:náyiishį́į́h
Norman:bliatchinner
Romanian:lustrui (ro)
Scottish Gaelic:lìomh

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked